• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.390-399
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• 2016

Purpose: The objective of this study was to examine the effect of plant scale and cooking conditions on the quality characteristics of sausages during refrigerated storage. Methods: Sausages used in this study were classified into two groups: those submitted to $1^{st}$ cooked treatments and those submitted to $2^{nd}$ cooked treatments. The pH, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), gas production ratio, and microorganisms were measured in triplicate. Results: The change of quality in the products was assessed every 7 days by measuring pH, VBN levels, total microbes, coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, and pathogenic bacteria in the products. Pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium perfringens, and E. coli were not detected in the sausages with $1^{st}$ cooked treatments. The results showed that the pH of the sausages decline as storage time increased. The pH value of the sausages with $2^{nd}$ cooked treatments changed gradually. VBN levels were generally lower in products with $2^{nd}$ cooked treatments than in those with $1^{st}$ cooked treatments, but they varied with the type of products. On the $35^{th}$ day, the number of total microbes ranged between 6.13-7.12 log CFU/g in products with $1^{st}$ cooked treatments and 3.44-6.92 log CFU/g in products with $2^{nd}$ cooked treatments, showing fewer bacteria in the latter products. Conclusions: $1^{st}$ cooked treatments were effective in microbial control, but $2^{nd}$ cooked treatments could prolong the shelf life of the sausages, indicating a need for differential management of each product.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.141-150
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• 2015

Purpose: In the present study, a difference in tear volume between the cornea and the rigid gas permeable (RGP) lens relative to corneal shape and corneal astigmatism was investigated by the alignment fitting status of spherical and aspherical RGP lenses. Methods: Spherical and aspherical RGP lenses were fitted with alignment in 77 subjects (135 eyes) who were in their 20~30s. Tear volume stained with fluorescein was qualitatively analyzed by dividing cornea into center, mid-peripheral and peripheral parts. Results: For the spherical RGP lens fitting, tear volume differences were found in each part in all corneal types. For the aspherical RGP lens fitting, tear volume differences were in each corneal part in symmetric bow tie- and asymmetric bow tie-type corneas. However, the tear was equally distributed from the center to the peripheral part in round- and oval-type corneas. In the group with corneal astigmatism lower than 1.25 D, tear volume between center and peripheral parts, and mid-peripheral and peripheral parts, was different when a spherical RGP lens was fitted. However, tear volume in each part was not different in the group with corneal astigmatism over 1.50 D. Moreover, the tear volumes of the central and mid-peripheral parts were proportionally increased with increasing corneal astigmatism in both spherical and aspherical RGP lenses. Furthermore, aspherical RGP lenses showed greater increments than spherical RGP lenses. Conclusions: The results revealed that the difference in tear volume between aspherical RGP lens and cornea was less than spherical RGP lens, and the difference in tear volume varied according to corneal shape and astigmatism. In addition, the method of measuring relative tear volume between RGP lens and cornea that was established in the present study can be used to evaluate tear volume between contact lens and cornea.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.519-525
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• 2014

Purpose: On this study, we investigated the relationship between the kinetic visual acuity (KVA) and the dynamic stereoacuity and the effects of anisometropia with measuring KVA and the dynamic stereoacuity. Methods: For 63 adults (male 30, female 33), KVA and the dynamic stereoacuity were measured by using the kinetic visual acuity tester (KOWA AS-4A) and the Howard-Dolman test (H-D test) at distance 2.5 m after conducted full correction of subjects' refractive error respectly. Results: The means of KVA were $0.49{\pm}0.25$ for total subjects, $0.58{\pm}0.26$ for male, $0.40{\pm}0.22$ for female, and LogMAD (Log minimum angle of displacement) dynamic stereoacuities were $1.27{\pm}0.44$($28.44{\pm}25.03sec$ of arc) for total subjects, $1.28{\pm}0.44$($28.23{\pm}23.34sec$ of arc) for male, $1.27{\pm}0.45$($28.63{\pm}26.83sec$ of arc) for female. KVA showed a statistically significant difference between male and female (p=0.00), but dynamic stereoacuity was no significant difference (p=0.97). No significant correlation was present between KVA and dynamic stereoacuity (r=0.03). Also there were no significant differences in the dynamic stereoacuity of the three group which were classified according to the low, middle, high range of KVA (p=0.99). The anisometropia were less than 1 D and over 1 D when divided into two groups, KVA and dynamic stereoacuity showed no significant difference between each (p=0.11, p=0.99). There was no significant correlation between anisometropia and KVA (r=0.33), dynamic stereoacuity (r=0.18) but the correlation between KVA and anisometropia revealed more higer than between dynamic stereoacuity and anisometropia. Conculsions: The KVA for adults showed a significant difference between male and female and male was higher than female for KVA. The dynamic stereoacuity due to the KVA, the KVA and dynamic stereoacuity due to anisometropia were not significant differences between each and also were not great correlations.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.609-614
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• 2002

Purpose : The purpose of our investigation was to explore the natural course, and the factors that influence the natural course, in ostium secundum atrial septal defect(ASD) diagnosed within the first 4 weeks of life. Methods : We studied patients with ASD diagnosed within the first 4 weeks of life during the period from September 1995 to September 1999 in our hospital. The diagnosis and measuring of the size of ASD was carried out by two-dimensional echocardiogram(2DE, Hewlett-Packard Sonos $2500^{(R)}$) from subcostal long and short axis views. Results : There were 61 patients - 29 males and 32 females. According to the size of their defects, we divided them into four groups; group A(less than 4 mm : 24 cases), group B(four mm-six mm : 27 cases), group C(six mm-eight mm : six cases), group D(more than eight mm : four cases). In groups A and B, 22 of 24 patients(91.7%) and 23 of 27 patients(85.2%) had each closed spontaneously. In group C, four of six patients had closed spontaneously. In group D, no patient had closed spontaneously and three of four patients had been closed surgically. There were significant differences in the rate of spontaneous closure between less than six mm group and more than six mm group in the size of the defect(P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the rate of spontaneous closure between ASD combined with simple cardiac defect and isolated secundum ASD. Conclusion : We conclude that defects smaller than six mm in diameter are very likely to close spontaneously.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.297-304
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• 2018

Coptis chinensis is used in oriental medicine for soothing, anti-inflammation, antimicrobial and antipyretic properties, and its main ingredient berberine is known to have strong antibacterial activity. In this study, we investigated the anti-microbial effect of hot water extract of Coptis chinensis (CW) on skin related microorganism and the airborne microbe, the antifungal effects of fungi, which are frequently detected in residential environments. CW showed antibacterial effect against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, against the airborne microbe, which was collected in four different places. At the concentration of 100 mg/mL, the antimicrobial activity continued for 42 days, showed heat stability without change in the antimicrobial activity even after heat treatment. The MIC and MBC of CW against S. aureus was 0.03, 0.05 mg/mL, against S. epidermidis was 0.50, 0.75 mg/mL and against P. acne was 0.10, 0.15 mg/mL. As a result of measuring the MIC of four kinds of fungi with high detection frequency in the surrounding environment, Gliocladium virens was 65 mg/mL by determined as MIC which can inhibit one hundred percent of mycelial growth. The concentration 90 mg/mL was determined as MIC against Aureobasidium pullulans and 100 mg/mL against Penicilium pinophilum and Chaetomium globosum. CW was considered a safe extract that showed no irritation even in the ocular mucous membrane irritation evaluation test, a patch test. Therefore, these results suggest that Coptis chinensis has antimicrobial, antifungal and safety on human body and can be applied to the development of materials for cosmetic and residential environment industries.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2009

Purpose: In treating head and neck cancer, it is very important to irradiate uniform dose on the junction of the bilateral irradiation field of the upper head and neck and the anterior irradiation field of the lower neck. In order to improve dose distribution on the junction, this study attempted to correct non uniform dose resulting from under dose and over dose using the field-in-field technique in treating the anterior irradiation field of the lower neck and to apply the technique to the treatment of head and neck cancer through comparison with conventional treatment. Materials and Methods: In order to examine dose difference between the entry point and the exit point where beam diffusion happens in bilateral irradiation on the upper head and neck, we used an anthropomorphic phantom. Computer Tomography was applied to the anthropomorphic phantom, the dose of interest points was compared in radiation treatment planning, and it was corrected by calculating the dose ratio at the junction of the lower neck. Dose distribution on the junction of the irradiated field was determined by placing low-sensitivity film on the junction of the lower neck and measuring dose distribution on the conventional bilateral irradiation of the upper head and neck and on the anterior irradiation of the lower neck. In addition, using the field-in-field technique, which takes into account beam diffusion resulting from the bilateral irradiation of the upper head and neck, we measured difference in dose distribution on the junction in the anterior irradiation of the lower neck. In order to examine the dose at interest points on the junction, we compared and analyzed the change of dose at the interest points on the anthropomorphic phantom using a thermoluminescence dosimeter. Results: In case of dose sum with the bilateral irradiation of the upper head and neck when the field-in-field technique is applied to the junction of the lower neck in radiation treatment planning, The dose of under dose areas increased by 4.7~8.65%. The dose of over dose areas also decreased by 2.75~10.45%. Moreover, in the measurement using low-sensitivity film, the dose of under dose areas increased by 11.3%, and that of over dose areas decreased by 5.3%. In the measurement of interest point dose using a thermoluminescence dosimeter, the application of the field-in-field technique corrected under dose by minimum 7.5% and maximum 17.6%. Thus, with the technique, we could improve non.uniform dose distribution. Conclusion: By applying the field-in-field technique, which takes into account beam divergence in radiation treatment planning, we could reduce cold spots and hot spots through the correction of dose on the junction and, in particular, we could correct under dose at the entry point resulting from beam divergence. This study suggests that the clinical application of the field-in-field technique may reduce the risk of lymph node metastasis caused by under dose on the cervical lymph node.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.77-81
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• 2014

Purpose : In the current whole brain Radiation Therapy, Optimold was used to immobilize the head. However, skin dose was increased about 22% due to the scattering radiation by the Optimold. Since the minimum dose causing cataracts was 2 Gy, it could be seen that the effects were large especially on the lens. Therefore, in the whole brain Radiation Therapy, it was to compare and to evaluate the lens absorbed dose according to the presence of Optimold in the eyeball part. Materials and Methods : In order to compare and to evaluate the lens absorbed dose according to the presence of Optimold in the eyeball part, the Optimold mask was made ??up to 5mm bolus on the part of the eye lens in the human model phantom (Anderson Rando Phantom, USA). In the practice treatment, to measure the lens dose, the simulation therapy was processed by placing the GafChromic EBT3 film under bolus, and after the treatment plan was set up through the treatment planning system (Pinnacle, PHILIPS, USA), the treatments were measured repeatedly three times in the same way. After removing the Optimold mask in the eyeball part, it was measured in the same way as above. After scanning the film and measuring the dose by using the Digital Flatbed Scanner (Expression 10000XL, EPSON, USA), the doses were compared and evaluated according to the presence of Optimold mask in the eyeball part. Results : When there was the Optimold mask in the eyeball part, it was measured at $10.2cGy{\pm}1.5$ in the simulation therapy, and at $24.8cGy{\pm}2.7$ in the treatment, and when the Optimold mask was removed in the eye part, it was measured at $12.9cGy{\pm}2.2$ in the simulation therapy, and at $17.6cGy{\pm}1.5$ in the treatment. Conclusion : In case of removing the Optimold mask in the eyeball part, the dose was increased approximately 3 cGy in the simulation therapy and was reduced approximately 7 cGy in the treatment in comparison to the case that the Optimold mask was not removed. During the whole treatment, since the lens absorbed dose was reduced about 27%, the chance to cause cataracts and side effects was considered to be reduced due to decrease of the absorbed dose to the eye lens which had the high sensitivity on the radiation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.674-680
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• 2005

The purposes of this study were to compare the effect of several reheating treatments (heating in the frying pan, convection oven and microwave oven) on sensory characteristics and to evaluate the safety during storage period of cook/chill Pajeon. The sensory evaluations were made on 5 sensory attributes by a 9-member panel using quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA). The fresh cooked Pajeon and the Pajeon reheated in the frying pan obtained a significantly (p<0.01) higher score in taste than the ones reheated in a convection oven and microwave oven. The reheated cook/chill Pajeon had a significantly (p<0.01) lower score in flavor than the freshed cooked one. Regardless of the reheating methods, sensory scores in texture of the Pajeon reheated at $v$ for 1 day were not different from that of fresh cooked one. However, the scores of the reheated ones in a convection oven and in a microwave oven decreased with storage time up to 5 days at $3^{\circ}C$. On the other hand, the Pajeon reheated in the frying pan, even after 3 days' storage at $3^{\circ}C$, was not found to be inferior to the freshed cook one in every quality attributes except flavor. Therefore, the reheating treatment in frying pan may be superior to those in a convection oven and a microwave oven. The safety of Pajeon was also evaluated by measuring total count, coliform count, psychrotrophic count, acid value and peroxide value during 5 days of storage periods at $4^{\circ}C$. Total counts of Pajeon was ranged from not detectable to $5.2\times10^2$ CFU/g. The coliform and psychrotroph were not detected at all experiments. The acid values were ranged from 1.90 to 4.03 mg of KOH/g of fat until 5 days at $4^{\circ}C$. And the peroxide values were ranged from 3.63 to 12.50 meq of peroxide/kg of fat until 5 days of storage period. Therefore, these results demonstrated that Pajeon is microbiologically and chemically safe during 5 days of storage period at refligeration temperature.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.55-68
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to analyze the distribution, relationship, prognosis and improvement score of idiopathic facial palsy inpatients according to constitutional differentiation ; Sasang constition, Hyungsang classification, Sasang constition combined with Hyungsang classification. Methods : A study was done on 102 patients who were diagnosed and treated as idiopathic facial palsy from April 2012 to Nomember 2012 at the Department of Acupuncture and Moxibution Medicine, Dong-eui Oriental University Hospital. Medical records of inpatinets who underwent facial ENoG, NET test were analyzed. Changes of HBGS grade and Yanagihara's score were also evaluated. We classified inpaients acording to Sasang constitution by consulting to Department of Sasang constitutinal medicine, and to Hyungsang classification(Dam-body, Bangkwang-body) by measuring under medical system of 3D facial shapes(RS-400FL). The constitutional differentiation and general characteristics were initially analyzed, and valuse on ENoG, NET were correlated with constitutinal differentiation. Results of HBGS and Yanagihara's score were also correlated with constitutinal differentiation. Results : 1. Each 39.2 percent of idiopathic facial palsy inpatients were the Taeeumin and Soyangin, 21.6 percent were the Soeumin. 2. 75.5 percent of idiopathic facial palsy inpatients were the Bangkwang-body, 24.5 percent were the Dam-body. 3. 34.3 percent of idiopathic facial palsy inpatinets were the Taeeum-Bangkwang, 21.6 percent were the Soyang-Bangkwang, 19.6 percent were the Soeum-Bangkwang, 17.6 percent were the Soyang-Dam, 4.9 percent were the Taeem-Dam, 2 percent were the Soeum-Dam. 4. By sex, the each ratio of Taeeumin, Soeumin, Bangkwang-body, Taeeum-Bangkwang, Soeum-Bangkwang, Soyang-Bangkwang was higher in female, that of Dam-body, Taeeum-Dam, Soyang-Dam was higher in male. 5. By relations between Sasang constitution and Hyungsang classification, the each ratio of Taeeumin and Soeumin was higher in Bangkwang-body. 6. By values on ENoG and NET, evaluations of HBGS's grade and Yanagihara's score, there were no significant difference. Conclusions : In idiopathic facial palsy inpatients, the proportion of Taeeum and Soyang among the Sasang constitution was higher, that of Dam among the Hyungsang classification was higher, that of Taeeum-Bangkwang among the Sasang combined with Hyungsang was the highest. It would seem that Bangkwang-body, female were closely related to Taeeumin, Soeumin. Also, Dam-body were closely related to male. But when comparing groups, there was no statistically significant difference in prognosis and improvement.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.93-102
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• 2011

Purpose: The study aimed to evaluate working environment for dental technician by measuring dust level, ventilation conditions and the use of personal protective equipment and to provide basic information required to improve working environment and develop health education programs for dental technician. Methods: A total of 240 dental technician who are registered with the Daegu Association of Dental technician and working at 34 dental laboratories participated in the study. And the dust level was measured at 21 different spots in 16 dental laboratories out of 34. Results: Of 34 dental laboratories, 31 (91.2%) were equipped with a ventilator, but the remaining 3 (8.8%) did not have a ventilator. By the number of ventilator, 1 to 3 ventilators were found in 22 dental laboratories (71.0%), 4 to 6 ventilators were in 7 laboratories (22.5%) and more than 7 ventilators in 2 laboratories(6.5%). According to the frequence of changing filters in dust collector, 20 dental laboratories (58.9%) changed filters every four weeks, 10 laboratories (29.4%) changed them every six weeks and 4 laboratories (11.7%) changed them every eight weeks. Of total respondents, 114 (61.3%) said they wore a mask all the time while working, 56 (29.6%) said they frequently wore a mask, 19 (10.1%) said they did not wear a mask. As for the type of masks, 159 (84.1%) used a disposable mask, 25 (13.2%) used a cotton mask and 5 (2.7%) used an anti-dust mask. For dust sat on their outfits while working, 102 (54.0%) shook their uniforms inside workplace to keep dust off the uniforms, 64 (33.9%) did not anything until they wash their uniforms and 23 (12.1%) shook their uniforms outside workplace to keep dust off the uniforms. Of total respondents, 182 (96.3%) had a particle in their eyes while carrying out grinding work. Based on the measurement of floating dust at workplace, 3 dental laboratories showed dust concentration exceeding the minimum level of 10 mg/$m^3$ allowed under the permit for environment. Of those, 1 laboratory had the dust concentration that was more than 1.5 times higher than the minimum level. Dust concentration was higher in laboratories that used a dust collector with 0.5 horse power and changed filters more than 3 weeks ago. Dust comprised of nickel (more than 70%), chrome (9%) and others. The mean chrome concentration was more than twice higher than the minimum permissible level of 0.5 mg/$m^3$. There were two laboratories that showed chrome concentration exceeding the level of 0.4 mg/$m^3$. Like dust concentration, chrome level was higher in laboratories that used a dust collector with 0.5 horse power and changed filters more than 3 weeks ago. There were six laboratories that had nickel concentration exceeding the minimum permissible level of 1 mg/$m^3$. Of those, one laboratory had nickel concentration that was more than three times higher than the minimum permissible level. Nickel concentration was also higher in laboratories that used a dust collector with 0.5 horse power and changed filters more than 3 weeks ago. Conclusion: It is not likely that heavy metal concentrations found in the study constitute respiratory dust. It is however necessary for health of dental technician to apply the Industrial Safety and Healthy Law to dental laboratories and make recommendations for the use of personal protective equipment, installation of a proper number of ventilators, more frequent change of filters in dust collector and improved ventilation for polishing work. At the same time, dental technician need education on how to use personal protective equipment and how to efficiently remove dust from their uniforms.