• 한국농공학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.3225-3262
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• 1974

The purposes of this thesis are to clarify experimentally the variation of ground water temperature in tube wells during the irrigation period of paddy rice, and the effect of ground water irrigation on the growth, grain yield and yield components of the rice plant, and, furthermore, when and why the plant is most liable to be damaged by ground water, and also to find out the effective ground water irrigation methods. The results obtained in this experiment are as follows; 1. The temperature of ground water in tube wells varies according to the location, year, and the depth of the well. The average temperatures of ground water in a tubewells, 6.3m, 8.0m deep are $14.5^{\circ}C$ and $13.1^{\circ}C$, respercively, during the irrigation period of paddy rice (From the middle of June to the end of September). In the former the temperature rises continuously from $12.3^{\circ}C$ to 16.4$^{\circ}C$ and in the latter from $12.4^{\circ}C$ to $13.8^{\circ}C$ during the same period. These temperatures are approximately the same value as the estimated temperatures. The temperature difference between the ground water and the surface water is approximately $11^{\circ}C$. 2. The results obtained from the analysis of the water quality of the "Seoho" reservoir and that of water from the tube well show that the pH values of the ground water and the surface water are 6.35 and 6.00, respectively, and inorganic components such as N, PO4, Na, Cl, SiO2 and Ca are contained more in the ground water than in the surface water while K, SO4, Fe and Mg are contained less in the ground water. 3. The response of growth, yield and yield components of paddy rice to ground water irrigation are as follows; (l) Using ground water irrigation during the watered rice nursery period(seeding date: 30 April, 1970), the chracteristics of a young rice plant, such as plant height, number of leaves, and number of tillers are inferior to those of young rice plants irrigated with surface water during the same period. (2) In cases where ground water and surface water are supplied separately by the gravity flow method, it is found that ground water irrigation to the rice plant delays the stage at which there is a maximum increase in the number of tillers by 6 days. (3) At the tillering stage of rice plant just after transplanting, the effect of ground water irrigation on the increase in the number of tillers is better, compared with the method of supplying surface water throughout the whole irrigation period. Conversely, the number of tillers is decreased by ground water irrigation at the reproductive stage. Plant height is extremely restrained by ground water irrigation. (4) Heading date is clearly delayed by the ground water irrigation when it is practised during the growth stages or at the reproductive stage only. (5) The heading date of rice plants is slightly delayed by irrigation with the gravity flow method as compared with the standing water method. (6) The response of yield and of yield components of rice to ground water irrigation are as follows: \circled1 When ground water irrigation is practised during the growth stages and the reproductive stage, the culm length of the rice plant is reduced by 11 percent and 8 percent, respectively, when compared with the surface water irrigation used throughout all the growth stages. \circled2 Panicle length is found to be the longest on the test plot in which ground water irrigation is practised at the tillering stage. A similar tendency as that seen in the culm length is observed on other test plots. \circled3 The number of panicles is found to be the least on the plot in which ground water irrigation is practised by the gravity flow method throughout all the growth stages of the rice plant. No significant difference is found between the other plots. \circled4 The number of spikelets per panicle at the various stages of rice growth at which_ surface or ground water is supplied by gravity flow method are as follows; surface water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥ 98.5. Ground water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥62.2 Ground water at the tillering stage‥‥‥‥‥ 82.6. Ground water at the reproductive stage ‥‥‥‥‥ 74.1. \circled5 Ripening percentage is about 70 percent on the test plot in which ground water irrigation is practised during all the growth stages and at the tillering stage only. However, when ground water irrigation is practised, at the reproductive stage, the ripening percentage is reduced to 50 percent. This means that 20 percent reduction in the ripening percentage by using ground water irrigation at the reproductive stage. \circled6 The weight of 1,000 kernels is found to show a similar tendency as in the case of ripening percentage i. e. the ground water irrigation during all the growth stages and at the reproductive stage results in a decreased weight of the 1,000 kernels. \circled7 The yield of brown rice from the various treatments are as follows; Gravity flow; Surface water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥514kg/10a. Ground water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥428kg/10a. Ground water at the reproductive stage‥‥‥‥‥‥430kg/10a. Standing water; Surface water at all growh stages‥‥‥‥‥‥556kg/10a. Ground water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥441kg/10a. Ground water at the reproductive stage‥‥‥‥‥‥450kg/10a. The above figures show that ground water irrigation by the gravity flow and by the standing water method during all the growth stages resulted in an 18 percent and a 21 percent decrease in the yield of brown rice, respectively, when compared with surface water irrigation. Also ground water irrigation by gravity flow and by standing water resulted in respective decreases in yield of 16 percent and 19 percent, compared with the surface irrigation method. 4. Results obtained from the experiments on the improvement of ground water irrigation efficiency to paddy rice are as follows; (1) When the standing water irrigation with surface water is practised, the daily average water temperature in a paddy field is 25.2$^{\circ}C$, but, when the gravity flow method is practised with the same irrigation water, the daily average water temperature is 24.5$^{\circ}C$. This means that the former is 0.7$^{\circ}C$ higher than the latter. On the other hand, when ground water is used, the daily water temperatures in a paddy field are respectively 21.$0^{\circ}C$ and 19.3$^{\circ}C$ by practising standing water and the gravity flow method. It can be seen that the former is approximately 1.$0^{\circ}C$ higher than the latter. (2) When the non-water-logged cultivation is practised, the yield of brown rice is 516.3kg/10a, while the yield of brown rice from ground water irrigation plot throughout the whole irrigation period and surface water irrigation plot are 446.3kg/10a and 556.4kg/10a, respectivelely. This means that there is no significant difference in yields between surface water irrigation practice and non-water-logged cultivation, and also means that non-water-logged cultivation results in a 12.6 percent increase in yield compared with the yield from the ground water irrigation plot. (3) The black and white coloring on the inside surface of the water warming ponds has no substantial effect on the temperature of the water. The average daily water temperatures of the various water warming ponds, having different depths, are expressed as Y=aX+b, while the daily average water temperatures at various depths in a water warming pond are expressed as Y=a(b)x (where Y: the daily average water temperature, a,b: constants depending on the type of water warming pond, X; water depth). As the depth of water warning pond is increased, the diurnal difference of the highest and the lowest water temperature is decreased, and also, the time at which the highest water temperature occurs, is delayed. (4) The degree of warming by using a polyethylene tube, 100m in length and 10cm in diameter, is 4~9$^{\circ}C$. Heat exchange rate of a polyethylene tube is 1.5 times higher than that or a water warming channel. The following equation expresses the water warming mechanism of a polyethylene tube where distance from the tube inlet, time in day and several climatic factors are given: {{{{ theta omega (dwt)= { a}_{0 } (1-e- { x} over { PHI v })+ { 2} atop { SUM from { { n}=1} { { a}_{n } } over { SQRT { 1+ {( n omega PHI) }^{2 } } } } LEFT { sin(n omega t+ { b}_{n }+ { tan}^{-1 }n omega PHI )-e- { x} over { PHI v }sin(n omega LEFT ( t- { x} over {v } RIGHT ) + { b}_{n }+ { tan}^{-1 }n omega PHI ) RIGHT } +e- { x} over { PHI v } theta i}}}}{{{{ { theta }_{$\infty$ }(t)= { { alpha theta }_{a }+ { theta }_{ w'} +(S- { B}_{s } ) { U}_{w } } over { beta } , PHI = { { cpDU}_{ omega } } over {4 beta } }}}} where $\theta$$\omega$; discharged water temperature($^{\circ}C$) $\theta$a; air temperature ($^{\circ}C$) $\theta$$\omega$';ponded water temperature($^{\circ}C$) s ; net solar radiation(ly/min) t ; time(tadian) x; tube length(cm) D; diameter(cm) ao,an,bn;constants determined from $\theta$$\omega$(t) varitation. cp; heat capacity of water(cal/$^{\circ}C$ ㎥) U,Ua; overall heat transfer coefficient(cal/$^{\circ}C$ $\textrm{cm}^2$ min-1) $\omega$;1 velocity of water in a polyethylene tube(cm/min) Bs ; heat exchange rate between water and soil(ly/min)

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.197-210
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• 2003

무부자망은 망구의 전개 및 예망시 중저층에서의 예방수심 조절이 효과적이었지만, 표층～30m에서는 예망이 어렵다는 것이 확인되었다. 따라서 본 연구는 이것을 극복하기 위하여 카이트(Kite)의 적용을 검토한 것으로 무부자 쌍끌이 중층망의 뜸줄에 연결된 대형망목부에 부분적으로 카이트를 부착하여 회류수조에서 모형실험으로 그 전개성능을 비교 조사하고 우리나라 쌍끌이 중층망에 적용 가능성을 검토하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 예망수심은 카이트망이 기준형과 무부자망보다 유속별 예망수심이 모두 상승하였으며, 실제 조업시의 예망속도 4.9knot일때는 기준으로 2개의 카이트를 부착했을 때는 약 20m였고, 4개의 카이트를 부착했을 때는 약 5m였다. 또한, 카이트망의 추와 날개 끝 추의 무게가 증가함에 따른 예망수심의 변화는 거의 없었으며, 발줄의 깊이만 각각 약15m와 10m 침강하였다. 그리고, 아래끌줄의 길이(dL)의 증가에 따른 예망수심의 변화는 없었고, 발줄의 깊이만 약 22m 침강하였다. 2. 유체저항은 유속이 2.0～5.0knot로 증가함에 따라 거의 직선적으로 증가하였으며, 그 증가율은 유속이 증가함에 따라 커지는 경향을 보였다. 또, 카이트망의 유체저항은 무부자망과 기준형에 비해 약 5～10ton 더 컸다. 그리고, 카이트망의 유체저항은 4.0knot를 기준으로 추의 무게가 1.40～3.50ton 으로 증가할 때 약 3ton, 날개끝 추의 무게가 0～1.11ton으로 증가할 때 약 4ton 증가하였으며, 아래끌줄의 길이(dL)가 0～40m로 증가할 때 유체저항은 약 5.5ton 증가하였다. 3. 망고는 4.0knot를 기준으로 카이트의 면적이 $2,270mm^2(2kite)에서; 4,540mm^2(4kite)$로 증가할 때 약 10m 증가하였으며, 카이트의 면적이 $4,540mm^2$(4kite)일 때 기준망보다는 약 50m, 무부자망보다는 약 30m 증가하였다. 망폭의 변화는 모든 경우에서 유속의 변화에 따라 5m 내외로 거의 일정하였다. 4. 여과량은 카이트망이 기준형과 무부자망에 비해 유속이 2.0knot일 때는 약 28%, 34% 더 컸으며, 3.0knot일 때는 약 42%, 41%이었고, 4.0knot일 때는 약 62%, 45%이었으며, 5.0knot일 때는 약 74%, 54%로 더 컸다. 각 어구별 적정 예망속도는 뜸이 있는 기준형은 약 3.0knot, 무부자망은 4.0knot이상 이였으며, 카이트망은 5.0knot 이상에서도 가능한 것으로 판단된다. 5. 망구면적당 유체저항의 비는 기준형, 무부자형, 카이트망의 순으로 전개효율은 카이트망이 가장 우수하였으며 다음으로 무부자망, 기준형의 순이었다. 실제 예망속도인 4.0knot를 기준으로 카이트망은 기준형에 비해서는 약50%, 무부자형에 비해서는 약 25%로 더 효율적인 것으로 나타났다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.211-232
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• 2014

Recently, there is a growing interest toward social commerce using SNS(Social Networking Service), and the size of its market is also expanding due to popularization of smart phones, tablet PCs and other smart devices. Accordingly, various studies have been attempted but it is shown that most of the previous studies have been conducted from perspectives of the users. The purpose of this study is to derive user-centered CSF(Critical Success Factor) of social commerce from the previous studies and analyze the CSF perception gap between social commerce service providers and users. The CSF perception gap between two groups shows that there is a difference between ideal images the service providers hope for and the actual image the service users have on social commerce companies. This study provides effective improvement directions for social commerce companies by presenting current business problems and its solution plans. For this, This study selected Korea's representative social commerce business Ticket Monster, which is dominant in sales and staff size together with its excellent funding power through M&A by stock exchange with the US social commerce business Living Social with Amazon.com as a shareholder in August, 2011, as a target group of social commerce service provider. we have gathered questionnaires from both service providers and the users from October 22, 2012 until October 31, 2012 to conduct an empirical analysis. We surveyed 160 service providers of Ticket Monster We also surveyed 160 social commerce users who have experienced in using Ticket Monster service. Out of 320 surveys, 20 questionaries which were unfit or undependable were discarded. Consequently the remaining 300(service provider 150, user 150)were used for this empirical study. The statistics were analyzed using SPSS 12.0. Implications of the empirical analysis result of this study are as follows: First of all, There are order differences in the importance of social commerce CSF between two groups. While service providers regard Price Economic as the most important CSF influencing purchasing intention, the users regard 'Trust' as the most important CSF influencing purchasing intention. This means that the service providers have to utilize the unique strong point of social commerce which make the customers be trusted rathe than just focusing on selling product at a discounted price. It means that service Providers need to enhance effective communication skills by using SNS and play a vital role as a trusted adviser who provides curation services and explains the value of products through information filtering. Also, they need to pay attention to preventing consumer damages from deceptive and false advertising. service providers have to create the detailed reward system in case of a consumer damages caused by above problems. It can make strong ties with customers. Second, both service providers and users tend to consider that social commerce CSF influencing purchasing intention are Price Economic, Utility, Trust, and Word of Mouth Effect. Accordingly, it can be learned that users are expecting the benefit from the aspect of prices and economy when using social commerce, and service providers should be able to suggest the individualized discount benefit through diverse methods using social network service. Looking into it from the aspect of usefulness, service providers are required to get users to be cognizant of time-saving, efficiency, and convenience when they are using social commerce. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the usefulness of social commerce through the introduction of a new management strategy, such as intensification of search engine of the Website, facilitation in payment through shopping basket, and package distribution. Trust, as mentioned before, is the most important variable in consumers' mind, so it should definitely be managed for sustainable management. If the trust in social commerce should fall due to consumers' damage case due to false and puffery advertising forgeries, it could have a negative influence on the image of the social commerce industry in general. Instead of advertising with famous celebrities and using a bombastic amount of money on marketing expenses, the social commerce industry should be able to use the word of mouth effect between users by making use of the social network service, the major marketing method of initial social commerce. The word of mouth effect occurring from consumers' spontaneous self-marketer's duty performance can bring not only reduction effect in advertising cost to a service provider but it can also prepare the basis of discounted price suggestion to consumers; in this context, the word of mouth effect should be managed as the CSF of social commerce. Third, Trade safety was not derived as one of the CSF. Recently, with e-commerce like social commerce and Internet shopping increasing in a variety of methods, the importance of trade safety on the Internet also increases, but in this study result, trade safety wasn't evaluated as CSF of social commerce by both groups. This study judges that it's because both service provider groups and user group are perceiving that there is a reliable PG(Payment Gateway) which acts for e-payment of Internet transaction. Accordingly, it is understood that both two groups feel that social commerce can have a corporate identity by website and differentiation in products and services in sales, but don't feel a big difference by business in case of e-payment system. In other words, trade safety should be perceived as natural, basic universal service. Fourth, it's necessary that service providers should intensify the communication with users by making use of social network service which is the major marketing method of social commerce and should be able to use the word of mouth effect between users. The word of mouth effect occurring from consumers' spontaneous self- marketer's duty performance can bring not only reduction effect in advertising cost to a service provider but it can also prepare the basis of discounted price suggestion to consumers. in this context, it is judged that the word of mouth effect should be managed as CSF of social commerce. In this paper, the characteristics of social commerce are limited as five independent variables, however, if an additional study is proceeded with more various independent variables, more in-depth study results will be derived. In addition, this research targets social commerce service providers and the users, however, in the consideration of the fact that social commerce is a two-sided market, drawing CSF through an analysis of perception gap between social commerce service providers and its advertisement clients would be worth to be dealt with in a follow-up study.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권12호
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• pp.1880-1892
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 급식관리자를 대상으로 감성지능의 수준에 따른 관리자의 관련 변인, 직무 태도, 조직성과와의 관련성을 토대로 감성지능의 효과성 모형을 구축하고 구조방정식을 이용하여 모형검증을 위하여 경로분석을 실시하였다. 감성지능은 자신 및 타인의 감성을 인지하고 이해하며, 자신의 감성을 이해하고 조절할 수 있는 능력의 정도와 자신의 감성을 활용할 줄 아는 능력으로 정의된다. 조사대상자인 급식관리자의 감성지능 수준에 있어서는 급식관리자 본인의 감정 상태와 원인을 인식하고 있는 정서자각 능력과 동료의 감정에 대해 인지하고 이해하는 능력인 정서이해 능력이 5.10점으로 4개의 감성지능 영역에서 가장 높은 점수를 보였으며, 그 다음으로 정서적 사고촉진이 높은 점수(4.90점)로 조사되었고, 본인의 감정을 조절하고 해결하는 정서관리 능력이 가장 낮은 점수(4.55점)로 조사되었다. 급식관리자의 인구통계학적 특성에 따라 감성지능 수준을 살펴보면, 급식관리자의 연령이 높아질수록 감성지능의 4요인 모두 정(+)의 상관성을 보였다. 즉 연령이 높아질수록 감성지능 수준은 높아진다고 할 수 있다. 학력이 높을수록 감성지능의 '정서지각', '정서관리' 요인에서 모두 유의하게 높았다. 또한 감성지능의 '정서지각', '정서이해', '정서적 사고촉진', '정서관리'와 급식업계근무경력은 정(+)의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 급식 관리자의 직무에 대한 태도를 분석하기 위하여 직무만족, 조직몰입, 이직의사를 분석한 결과 직무만족에 있어서는 '동료들과의 관계'에 대해서는 상당히 만족하고 있었으며, '자신의 업무'에 대한 만족도가 비교적 높은 편이였으나, '급여수준'이나 '승진제도'에 대해서는 불만족하고 있는 것으로 나타나 급여나 승진 등의 근무조건 개선이 여겨졌으며, '전반적인 만족도'는 3.04로 '보통(3점)'을 약간 상회하는 정도였다. 전반적인 조직몰입의 수준은 3.41로 '보통(3점)'을 상회하는 수준이었다. 조직몰입도가 특히 높은 항목은 '현재회사의 선택', '타인에게의 현재 회사에 대한 평', '회사에 대한 충성심'으로 분석된 반면, '자신이 일할 수 있는 회사 중 가장 좋은 곳이라는 인지', '상황변화에 따른 타사로의 이직희망도' 측면에서는 몰입도가 비교적 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 조직몰입 요인 2가지 중 '충성도' 요인이 3.57로 '일체감' 요인 3.33보다 높았다. 회사를 이직하고자 하는 견해에 따라 4단계로 나누어 조사하였다. 회사를 이직하고자 하는 견해에 따라 '자발적 이직 의향', '이직 모색단계', '구체적 실천단계: 동종업계', '구체적 실천단계: 타업계'로 나누어 구분하여 조사한 결과, 전반적인 이직 의사수준은 '보통(3점)' 이하(2.82)로 나타났고 대부분은 주로 이직 행동 단계 중 '자발적 이직 의향 단계'에 머물러 있는 것으로 분석되었으며, 이직 할 경우 급식업계 내에서보다는 타업계로의 이직 희망도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 조직성과는 조직의 초점을 내부적 차원과 외부적 차원으로 구분하고 각 차원에 대해 구현되는 성과를 능률성(efficiency), 효과성(effectiveness), 공정성(fairness) 3가지 차원으로 구성하여 조사하였으며, 전반적인 조직성과의 인식수준은 3.34로 '보통(3점)'을 상회하는 수준이었고, 조직성과가 특히 높은 항목은 '비용절감 노력'으로 분석된 반면, '인사관리에 있어서의 공정성', '직책에 상관없이 공정한 대우'에 있어서는 상대적으로 낮은 성과를 보였다. 급식관리자의 감성지능 수준과 급식관리자 관련 변수인 직무만족, 조직몰입, 조직성과 이직의사간의 관련성을 파악하기 위하여 상관분석을 실시한 결과, 급식관리자의 감성지능 4가지 모든 요인 '정서지각', '정서이해', '정서적 사고촉진', '정서관리'는 직무만족, 조직몰입, 조직성과와는 정(+)의 상관관계를 가지는 것으로 분석되었다. 감성지능 '정서지각', '정서이해', '정서적 사고촉진', '정서관리'는 이직의사 4요인 중 '구체적실천단계: 타업체'와 모두 부(-)의 상관관계를 보였으며, '정서이해'는 '이직의향'과 '구체적실천단계: 타업체'와 부(-)의 상관성이 있음이 분석되었다. '정서관리'는 이직의사 4요인 모두와 부(-)의 상관관계를 보였다. 이를 토대로 관리자 개인의 감성지능의 수준은 스스로의 직무만족과 조직몰입, 조직성과와 정(+)상관성이 있으며, 이직의사와는 부(-)의 상관성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 감성지능 관련선행 연구 이론을 근거로 본 연구에서 측정된 개념인 감성지능의 수준과 조직 및 종사자 관련 변인, 조직성과에 대한 가설을 토대로 감성리더십의 효과성 모형을 구축하여 구조 방정식(SEM)을 이용하여 이를 검증하였다. 경로계수를 중심으로 검증한 결과 관리자의 감성지능의 수준은 조직몰입, 조직성과에 정(+)의 방향으로 영향을 미쳤으며, 관리자의 직무만족과 조직몰입은 이직의사에 부(-)의 방향으로 영향을 미쳤다. 또한 관리자의 직무만족과 조직몰입은 조직성과에 정(+)의 방향으로 영향을 미쳤다. 감성지능에 대한 연구가 현재까지 대부분 교육학 심리학 분야에서 연구되어 왔으나, 최근 감성역량, 감성경영이 기업의 조직성과에 중요한 영향을 미친다는 결과들이 보고되면서 경영분야에서 관심이 뜨겁게 대두되고 있다. 특히 감성능력이 타고난 개인적인 능력뿐 아니라 지속적인 개발이 가능하며, 유동적이고 끊임없이 변화함이 알려지면서 감성능력의 개발은 기업의 경영에 있어서 필수요소가 되어지고 있다. 특히 본 연구의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 다른 산업분야에 비해 인적의존도가 높은 급식업계에서 감성능력의 개발과 감성능력이 높은 관리자, 종사자가 높은 성과를 나타내고 있어, 향후 급식회사의 최고 경영층은 감성능력에 관심을 가지고 관련 프로그램을 개발하여 급식 현장에 접목하고, 경영활동에 적용하는 것이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 본 연구는 급식회사의 급식관리자를 대상으로 하였으므로 향후 학교급식, 병원급식, 군대급식 등의 다양한 단체급식 영역과 패밀리레스토랑, 패스트푸드레스토랑 등의 다양한 외식산업 영역을 대상으로 확대하여 감성지능 관련 연구가 이루어져야 하겠다.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.85-107
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• 2019

온라인 소비자는 쇼핑 웹사이트에서 특정 제품군이나 브랜드에 속한 제품들을 둘러보고 구매를 진행할 수 있고, 혹은 단순히 넓은 범위의 탐색 반경을 보이며 여러 페이지들을 돌아보다 구매를 진행하지 않고 이탈할 수 있다. 이러한 온라인 소비자의 행동과 구매에 관련된 연구는 꾸준히 진행되어왔으며, 실무에서도 소비자들의 행동 데이터를 바탕으로 한 서비스 및 어플리케이션이 개발되고 있다. 최근에는 빅데이터 기술의 발달로 소비자 개인 단위의 맞춤화 전략 및 추천 시스템이 활용되고 있으며 사용자의 쇼핑 경험을 최적화하기 위한 시도가 진행되고 있다. 하지만 이와 같은 시도에도 온라인 소비자가 실제로 웹사이트를 방문해 제품 구매 단계까지 전환될 확률은 매우 낮은 실정이다. 이는 온라인 소비자들이 단지 제품 구매를 위해 웹사이트를 방문하는 것이 아니라 그들의 쇼핑 동기 및 목적에 따라 웹사이트를 다르게 활용하고 탐색하기 때문이다. 따라서 단지 구매가 진행되는 방문 외에도 다양한 방문 형태를 분석하는 것은 온라인 소비자들의 행동을 이해하는데 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 관점에서 본 연구에서는 온라인 소비자의 탐색 행동의 다양성과 복잡성을 설명하기 위해 실제 E-commerce 기업의 클릭스트림 데이터를 기반으로 세션 단위의 클러스터링 분석을 진행해 탐색 행동을 유형화하였다. 이를 통해 각 유형별로 상세 단위의 탐색 행동과 구매 여부가 차이가 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 소비자 개인이 여러 방문에 걸친 일련의 탐색 유형에 대한 패턴을 분석하기 위해 순차 패턴 마이닝 기법을 활용하였으며, 같은 기간 내에 제품 구매까지 완료한 소비자와 구매를 진행하지 않은 채 방문만 진행한 소비자들의 탐색패턴에 대한 차이를 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 시사점은 대규모의 클릭스트림 데이터를 활용해 온라인 소비자의 탐색 유형을 분석하고 이에 대한 패턴을 분석해 구매 과정 상의 행동을 데이터 기반으로 설명하였다는 점에 있다. 또한 온라인 소매 기업은 다양한 형태의 탐색 유형에 맞는 마케팅 전략 및 추천을 통해 구매 전환 개선을 시도할 수 있으며, 소비자의 탐색 패턴의 변화를 통해 전략의 효과를 평가할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.37-63
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• 2012

가맹사업에 있어 배타적 영업지역보호정책의 문제는 경제학 및 경영학 분야뿐만 아니라 사회 정치적으로 매우 중요한 쟁점이다. 본 연구는 배타적 영업지역과 관련한 기존 문헌을 토대로 가맹사업에서의 효율성 관점에서 배타적 영업지역보호에 영향을 미치는 변수와 배타적 영업지역 보호가 가맹본부 및 가맹점의 성과에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 있다. 가맹점의 대부분이 중소상인들이란 점을 감안하면 유통정책적으로도 중요한 의미가 있다고 할 수 있다. 본연구는 사회적으로도 잇슈가 될 수 있는 기업의 전략을 타당성과 당위성, 그리고 논리성으로만 평가하는 것이 아니라 실제 자료를 근거로 분석하였다. 또, 정책연구들이 가지고 있는 자료와 이론의 한계를 감안한 탐색적 방법론을 활용하여 보다 실질적이고 현실적용성이 뛰어난 분석을 제안하였다. 분석 결과, 배타적 영업지역보호는 긍정적인 효과가 있기는 하지만 통계적으로 유의하지 못하였으며, 가맹점과 가맹본부간의 로얄티가 많아서 위험공유성향이 클때에는 배타적 영업지역보호를 하지 않는 것이 효과적이었고, 가맹점을 모집하기 위해 배타적 영업지역보호를 해주거나 배타적 영업지역보호를 통해서 가맹사업본부내의 효율성을 키우기 위한 경우에는 긍정적인 효과가 유의하게 나타나는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 하지만 외부경쟁으로부터 직영점을 보호하기 위하거나 시장성장을 활용하기 위한 배타적 영업지역보호는 좋은 성과를 내지 못하였다. 또한 쉽게 배타적 영업지역보호를 할 수 있기에 이런 제도를 도입하는 것도 역시 좋은 성과를 내지 못한 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 배타적 영업지역보호가 기업의 운영효율을 증대시키기 위하여 하는 경우는 성과가 좋으나 다른 목적을 위하여 배타적 영업지역보호를 활용하는 것은 바람직한 결과를 못내는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 분석결과를 토대로 영업지역 보호를 획일적으로 활용하거나 법으로 강제하기 보다는 가맹사업본부와 가맹점의 관계 및 상황, 또 동기에 맞추어 탄력적으로 적용하는 것이 바람직하다는 제안을 하고 있으며, 이를 근거로 몇 가지 정책적 시사점을 제시하였다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.13-40
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• 1972

Much has teed changed in the field of hospital administration in the It wake of the rapid development of sciences, techniques ana systematic hospital management. However, we still have a long way to go in organization, in the quality of hospital employees and hospital equipment and facilities, and in financial support in order to achieve proper hospital management. The above factors greatly effect the ability of hospitals to fulfill their obligation in patient care and nursing services. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal methods of standardization and quality nursing so as to improve present nursing services through investigations and analyses of various problems concerning nursing administration. This study has been undertaken during the six month period from October 1971 to March 1972. The 41 comprehensive hospitals have been selected iron amongst the 139 in the whole country. These have been categorized according-to the specific purposes of their establishment, such as 7 university hospitals, 18 national or public hospitals, 12 religious hospitals and 4 enterprise ones. The following conclusions have been acquired thus far from information obtained through interviews with nursing directors who are in charge of the nursing administration in each hospital, and further investigations concerning the purposes of establishment, the organization, personnel arrangements, working conditions, practices of service, and budgets of the nursing service department. 1. The nursing administration along with its activities in this country has been uncritical1y adopted from that of the developed countries. It is necessary for us to re-establish a new medical and nursing system which is adequate for our social environments through continuous study and research. 2. The survey shows that the 7 university hospitals were chiefly concerned with education, medical care and research; the 18 national or public hospitals with medical care, public health and charity work; the 2 religious hospitals with medical care, charity and missionary works; and the 4 enterprise hospitals with public health, medical care and charity works. In general, the main purposes of the hospitals were those of charity organizations in the pursuit of medical care, education and public benefits. 3. The survey shows that in general hospital facilities rate 64 per cent and medical care 60 per-cent against a 100 per cent optimum basis in accordance with the medical treatment law and approved criteria for training hospitals. In these respects, university hospitals have achieved the highest standards, followed by religious ones, enterprise ones, and national or public ones in that order. 4. The ages of nursing directors range from 30 to 50. The level of education achieved by most of the directors is that of graduation from a nursing technical high school and a three year nursing junior college; a very few have graduated from college or have taken graduate courses. 5. As for the career tenure of nurses in the hospitals: one-third of the nurses, or 38 per cent, have worked less than one year; those in the category of one year to two represent 24 pet cent. This means that a total of 62 per cent of the career nurses have been practicing their profession for less than two years. Career nurses with over 5 years experience number only 16 per cent: therefore the efficiency of nursing services has been rated very low. 6. As for the standard of education of the nurses: 62 per cent of them have taken a three year course of nursing in junior colleges, and 22 per cent in nursing technical high schools. College graduate nurses come up to only 15 per cent; and those with graduate course only 0.4 per cent. This indicates that most of the nurses are front nursing technical high schools and three year nursing junior colleges. Accordingly, it is advisable that nursing services be divided according to their functions, such as professional, technical nurses and nurse's aides. 7. The survey also shows that the purpose of nursing service administration in the hospitals has been regulated in writing in 74 per cent of the hospitals and not regulated in writing in 26 per cent of the hospitals. The general purposes of nursing are as follows: patient care, assistance in medical care and education. The main purpose of these nursing services is to establish proper operational and personnel management which focus on in-service education. 8. The nursing service departments belong to the medical departments in almost 60 per cent of the hospitals. Even though the nursing service department is formally separated, about 24 per cent of the hospitals regard it as a functional unit in the medical department. Only 5 per cent of the hospitals keep the department as a separate one. To the contrary, approximately 12 per cent of the hospitals have not established a nursing service department at all but surbodinate it to the other department. In this respect, it is required that a new hospital organization be made to acknowledge the independent function of the nursing department. In 76 per cent of the hospitals they have advisory committees under the nursing department, such as a dormitory self·regulating committee, an in-service education committee and a nursing procedure and policy committee. 9. Personnel arrangement and working conditions of nurses 1) The ratio of nurses to patients is as follows: In university hospitals, 1 to 2.9 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 4.0 for out-patients; in religious hospitals, 1 to 2.3 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 5.4 for out-patients. Grouped together this indicates that one nurse covers 2.2 hospitalized patients and 4.3 out-patients on a daily basis. The current medical treatment law stipulates that one nurse should care for 2.5 hospitalized patients or 30.0 out-patients. Therefore the statistics indicate that nursing services are being peformed with an insufficient number of nurses to cover out-patients. The current law concerns the minimum number of nurses and disregards the required number of nurses for operation rooms, recovery rooms, delivery rooms, new-born baby rooms, central supply rooms and emergency rooms. Accordingly, tile medical treatment law has been requested to be amended. 2) The ratio of doctors to nurses: In university hospitals, the ratio is 1 to 1.1; in national of public hospitals, 1 to 0.8; in religious hospitals 1 to 0.5; and in private hospitals 1 to 0.7. The average ratio is 1 to 0.8; generally the ideal ratio is 3 to 1. Since the number of doctors working in hospitals has been recently increasing, the nursing services have consequently teen overloaded, sacrificing the services to the patients. 3) The ratio of nurses to clerical staff is 1 to 0.4. However, the ideal ratio is 5 to 1, that is, 1 to 0.2. This means that clerical personnel far outnumber the nursing staff. 4) The ratio of nurses to nurse's-aides; The average 2.5 to 1 indicates that most of the nursing service are delegated to nurse's-aides owing to the shortage of registered nurses. This is the main cause of the deterioration in the quality of nursing services. It is a real problem in the guest for better nursing services that certain hospitals employ a disproportionate number of nurse's-aides in order to meet financial requirements. 5) As for the working conditions, most of hospitals employ a three-shift day with 8 hours of duty each. However, certain hospitals still use two shifts a day. 6) As for the working environment, most of the hospitals lack welfare and hygienic facilities. 7) The salary basis is the highest in the private university hospitals, with enterprise hospitals next and religious hospitals and national or public ones lowest. 8) Method of employment is made through paper screening, and further that the appointment of nurses is conditional upon the favorable opinion of the nursing directors. 9) The unemployment ratio for one year in 1971 averaged 29 per cent. The reasons for unemployment indicate that the highest is because of marriage up to 40 per cent, and next is because of overseas employment. This high unemployment ratio further causes the deterioration of efficiency in nursing services and supplementary activities. The hospital authorities concerned should take this matter into a jeep consideration in order to reduce unemployment. 10) The importance of in-service education is well recognized and established. 1% has been noted that on the-job nurses. training has been most active, with nursing directors taking charge of the orientation programs of newly employed nurses. However, it is most necessary that a comprehensive study be made of instructors, contents and methods of education with a separate section for in-service education. 10. Nursing services'activities 1) Division of services and job descriptions are urgently required. 81 per rent of the hospitals keep written regulations of services in accordance with nursing service manuals. 19 per cent of the hospitals do not keep written regulations. Most of hospitals delegate to the nursing directors or certain supervisors the power of stipulating service regulations. In 21 per cent of the total hospitals they have policy committees, standardization committees and advisory committees to proceed with the stipulation of regulations. 2) Approximately 81 per cent of the hospitals have service channels in which directors, supervisors, head nurses and staff nurses perform their appropriate services according to the service plans and make up the service reports. In approximately 19 per cent of the hospitals the staff perform their nursing services without utilizing the above channels. 3) In the performance of nursing services, a ward manual is considered the most important one to be utilized in about 32 percent of hospitals. 25 per cent of hospitals indicate they use a kardex; 17 per cent use ward-rounding, and others take advantage of work sheets or coordination with other departments through conferences. 4) In about 78 per cent of hospitals they have records which indicate the status of personnel, and in 22 per cent they have not. 5) It has been advised that morale among nurses may be increased, ensuring more efficient services, by their being able to exchange opinions and views with each other. 6) The satisfactory performance of nursing services rely on the following factors to the degree indicated: approximately 32 per cent to the systematic nursing activities and services; 27 per cent to the head nurses ability for nursing diagnosis; 22 per cent to an effective supervisory system; 16 per cent to the hospital facilities and proper supply, and 3 per cent to effective in·service education. This means that nurses, supervisors, head nurses and directors play the most important roles in the performance of nursing services. 11. About 87 per cent of the hospitals do not have separate budgets for their nursing departments, and only 13 per cent of the hospitals have separate budgets. It is recommended that the planning and execution of the nursing administration be delegated to the pertinent administrators in order to bring about improved proved performances and activities in nursing services.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.3-35
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• 2005

The meaning of Online ADR lies in the prompt and economical resolution of disputes by applying the information/communication element (Internet) to existing ADR. However, if the promptness and economical efficiency are overemphasized, the fairness and appropriateness of dispute resolution may be compromised and consequently Online ADR will be belittled and criticized as second-class trials. In addition, as communication is mostly made using texts in Online ADR it is difficult to investigate cases and to create atmosphere and induce dynamic feelings, which are possible in the process of dispute resolution through face-to-face contact. Despite such difficulties, Online ADR is expanding its area not only in online but also in offline due to its advantages such as promptness, low expenses and improved resolution methods, and is expected to develop rapidly as the electronic government decided to adopt it in the future. Accordingly, the following points must be focused on for the continuous First, in the legal and institutional aspects for the development of Online ADR, it is necessary to establish a framework law on ADR. A framework law on ADR comprehending existing mediation and arbitration should be established and it must include contents of Online ADR, which utilizes electronic communication means. However, it is too early to establish a separate law for Online ADR because Online ADR must develop based on the theoretical system of ADR. Second, although Online ADR is expanding rapidly, it may take time to be settled as a tool of dispute resolution. As discussed earlier, additionally, if the amount of money in dispute is large or the dispute is complicated, Online ADR may have a negative effect on the resolution of the dispute. Thus, it is necessary to apply Online ADR to trifle cases or domestic cases in the early stage, accumulating experiences and correcting errors. Moreover, in order to settle numerous disputes effectively, Online ADR cases should be analyzed systematically and cases should be classified by type so that similar disputes may be settled automatically. What is more, these requirements should reflected in developing Online ADR system. Third, the application of Online ADR is being expanded to consumer disputes, domain name disputes, commercial disputes, legal disputes, etc., millions of cases are settled through Online ADR, and 115 Online ADR sites are in operation throughout the world. Thus Online ADR requires not temporary but continuous attention, and mediators and arbitrators participating in Online ADR should be more intensively educated on negotiation and information technologies. In particular, government-led research projects should be promoted to establish Online ADR model and these projects should be supported by comprehensive researches on mediation, arbitration and Online ADR. Fourth, what is most important in the continuous development and expansion of Online ADR is to secure confidence in Online ADR and advertise Online ADR to users. For this, incentives and rewards should be given to specialists such as lawyers when they participate in Online ADR as mediators and arbitrators in order to improve their expertise. What is more, from the early stage, the government and public institutions should have initiative in promoting Online ADR so that parties involved in disputes recognize the substantial contribution of Online ADR to dispute resolution. Lastly, dispute resolution through Online ADR is performed by organizations such as Korea Institute for Electronic Commerce and Korea Consumer Protection Board and partially by Korean Commercial Arbitration Board. Online ADR is expected to expand its area to commercial disputes in offline in the future. In response to this, Korean Commercial Arbitration Board, which is an organization for commercial dispute resolution, needs to be restructured.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.67-77
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• 2002

과수농가에서 시용하고 있는 대체농업자재들을 대상으로 과실수량 및 품질에 대한 효과를 조사하고, 또한 이들 자재들이 사과에서 발생하는 주요병해에 대한 방제효과를 검토하기 위하여 시험을 수행하였다. 비료와 농약을 시용하지 않고 대체농업자재만을 사용하여 재배한 과수원에서는 과실 수확량이 관행농법의 56%수준으로 낮은 경향이었으며, 과일의 크기도 적어 상품성 있는 과실 생산이 어려운 것으로 나타났다. 품질면에서 처리간 과실중의 당함량은 비슷하였으나 비타민C 함량은 환경농법구에서 많은 경향이었다. 농약대용으로 사용하고 있는 목초액, 유산균, 천혜녹즙, 현미식초, 키토산을 사과원에서 처리한 결과 키토산 처리구에서 사과병해에 약간 감소하는 경향이었고, 그 외 처리는 관행농법구보다 병해발생이 많았다. 키토산, 현미식초, 천혜녹즙과 아미노산처리구에서 생산된 과실중에 당함량이 다소 많았으며 키토산, 현미식초, 활성탄과 목탄처리구에서는 비타민C 함량이 많은 경향이었다. 따라서 과수원에서 농약을 전혀 시용하지 않고 대체농업자재에 의존한 과수원 경영은 매우 곤란한 것으로 생각되며, 대체농업자재는 비료와 농약 사용량을 줄이면서 보조적인 수단으로 시용하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 생각되고 특히 영년생인 과수의 경우는 장기간 동안 대체농업자재를 처리한 후에 토양의 비옥도 변화, 토양미생물상 변동, 천적 생물의 변동 등을 고려한 종합적인 효과를 검토해야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2012년도 제43회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.154-155
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• 2012

The promise of nano-crystalites (nc) as a technological material, for applications including display backplane, and solar cells, may ultimately depend on tailoring their behavior through doping and crystallinity. Impurities can strongly modify electronic and optical properties of bulk and nc semiconductors. Highly doped dopant also effect structural properties (both grain size, crystal fraction) of nc-Si thin film. As discussed in several literatures, P atoms or radicals have the tendency to reside on the surface of nc. The P-radical segregation on the nano-grain surfaces that called self-purification may reduce the possibility of new nucleation because of the five-coordination of P. In addition, the P doping levels of ${\sim}2{\times}10^{21}\;at/cm^3$ is the solubility limitation of P in Si; the solubility of nc thin film should be smaller. Therefore, the non-activated P tends to segregate on the grain boundaries and the surface of nc. These mechanisms could prevent new nucleation on the existing grain surface. Therefore, most researches shown that highly doped nc-thin film by using conventional PECVD deposition system tended to have low crystallinity, where the formation energy of nucleation should be higher than the nc surface in the intrinsic materials. If the deposition technology that can make highly doped and simultaneously highly crystallized nc at low temperature, it can lead processes of next generation flexible devices. Recently, we are developing a novel CVD technology with a neutral particle beam (NPB) source, named as neutral beam assisted CVD (NBaCVD), which controls the energy of incident neutral particles in the range of 1~300eV in order to enhance the atomic activation and crystalline of thin films at low temperatures. During the formation of the nc-/pm-Si thin films by the NBaCVD with various process conditions, NPB energy directly controlled by the reflector bias and effectively increased crystal fraction (~80%) by uniformly distributed nc grains with 3~10 nm size. In the case of phosphorous doped Si thin films, the doping efficiency also increased as increasing the reflector bias (i.e. increasing NPB energy). At 330V of reflector bias, activation energy of the doped nc-Si thin film reduced as low as 0.001 eV. This means dopants are fully occupied as substitutional site, even though the Si thin film has nano-sized grain structure. And activated dopant concentration is recorded as high as up to 1020 #/$cm^3$ at very low process temperature (＜ $80^{\circ}C$) process without any post annealing. Theoretical solubility for the higher dopant concentration in Si thin film for order of 1020 #/$cm^3$ can be done only high temperature process or post annealing over $650^{\circ}C$. In general, as decreasing the grain size, the dopant binding energy increases as ratio of 1 of diameter of grain and the dopant hardly be activated. The highly doped nc-Si thin film by low-temperature NBaCVD process had smaller average grain size under 10 nm (measured by GIWAXS, GISAXS and TEM analysis), but achieved very higher activation of phosphorous dopant; NB energy sufficiently transports its energy to doping and crystallization even though without supplying additional thermal energy. TEM image shows that incubation layer does not formed between nc-Si film and SiO2 under later and highly crystallized nc-Si film is constructed with uniformly distributed nano-grains in polymorphous tissues. The nucleation should be start at the first layer on the SiO2 later, but it hardly growth to be cone-shaped micro-size grains. The nc-grain evenly embedded pm-Si thin film can be formatted by competition of the nucleation and the crystal growing, which depend on the NPB energies. In the evaluation of the light soaking degradation of photoconductivity, while conventional intrinsic and n-type doped a-Si thin films appeared typical degradation of photoconductivity, all of the nc-Si thin films processed by the NBaCVD show only a few % of degradation of it. From FTIR and RAMAN spectra, the energetic hydrogen NB atoms passivate nano-grain boundaries during the NBaCVD process because of the high diffusivity and chemical potential of hydrogen atoms.