• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.35
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• pp.415-443
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• 2012

The moral instruction expresses and conveys a abstract objects so called moral. And it pursues occurrence of moral meaning contained a emotion. In these respects, there is a resemblance between moral instruction and artistic symbolic language. Meanwhile, the poetry are a typical form of artistic symbolic language, and especially poetic symbolism is a representative and possible way that expresses accepting a meaning of abstract objects. Then a moral instruction needs to be poetic symbolism. The poetic symbolism that a moral instruction intends to resemble is a linguistic expression, but at the same time that is a expression beyond a linguistic limitation for conveying the metaphysical meaning. For this, the poetic symbolism reveals visible and concrete vehicles that imply invisible and metaphysical tenor. At this point, poetic symbolism is characterized with sameness, implicitness, polysemy, context, allness. The poetic symbolism having these characters appears personal symbol of poet as combined with creative imagination, and is experienced poetic meaning as combined with creative imagination of reader. The moral instruction as a poetic symbolism offers learning experience similar to poetic experience. The moral instruction as a poetic symbolism would be constructed not a logical or prosaic explain but symbolic form that can draw various moral meaning. For this construction, first, we might find a symbolic media for materialization of teaching contents. Second, moral teaching should be constructed to be searching moral meaning of symbolic media. Third, moral teaching should be constructed to be interpreting moral meaning of symbolic media. When teacher can construct moral instruction as possible as similar to poetic symbolism, student can learn moral meaning combined with emotion through their response and interpretation to the teaching. It is very similar to good poem that is sympathized and accommodated poet's theme by reader.

• Architectural research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.45-56
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• 2014

The objective of this article, positively recognizing existing researches, is to revisit some aspects regarding the Vāstupuruṣamaṇḍala with a square grid work which is a fundamental planning guideline to control the construction of a Hindu temple and a mathematical doctrine to lead ritual programs. Hence, this paper suggests some reservations as to certain details such as temple constructions. In order to lay hold on its meaning, this paper touches upon the specific matters about the Vāstupuruṣamaṇḍala in the building construction of Hindu temples, which set out to shed light on four concerns; first, it explores the formation process of the Vāstupuruṣamaṇḍala in concert with the evolution of Hindu temples over time; second, it considers differences and similarities in comparison with other texts intimately articulated with the construction of temples, and then understands the relationship between their local languages and applications to the Vāstupuruṣamaṇḍala; third, it examines the symbolic and sanctified process of the temple's construction on the Vāstupuruṣamaṇḍala grids with two- or three-dimensional computer graphics (by means of the Auto Cad and Rhino tools), invisibly situating the divinities within it and illuminating the roles of ornamentation in the structural terms of temples; fourth, it presents that there are another rules on the building construction based upon architect-priest's craftsmanship skilled as a stonemason or a carpenter in the manual processes of the temples' construction for proper measurements and truncations of stone and wood closely linked together structural stability of completed temples. In conclusion, proceeding from what has been said above, this thesis shows that the Vāstupuruṣamaṇḍala grid includes both practical and spiritual meanings to construct a Hindu temple.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 2013

Inter-organizational Relationships (IORs) governance is one of the emerging research areas that have been studied in different contexts (e.g. economics, strategy, organization, and management). This view, particularly, attracted rising attention from academics and practitioners in the context of construction projects, due to the complex forms of IORs in terms of inter-firm exchanges (e.g. engineering, procurement, finance, construction, and operation) in these projects. The focus of IORs governance is to control Inter-organizational relationships among two or more cooperative parties to alleviate conflict and achieve mutual gains. One of the mechanisms that have been identified in the related literature is formal governance mechanism. Although many empirical studies have been conducted using formal governance terms and indicators, there isn't yet a consensual definition of this mechanism and its components that may cause misinterpretation of research results and also impede future research. This paper makes contribution to the concept of IORs governance by clarifying the meaning of formal governance mechanism and identifying different indicators of this mechanism that have been used and identified in previous studies. This provides an innovative and useful framework to understand formal governance mechanism and its application in construction projects.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2013.01a
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• pp.321-327
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• 2013

Inter-organizational Relationships (IORs) governance is one of the emerging research areas that have been studied in different contexts (e.g. economics, strategy, organization, and management). This view, particularly, attracted rising attention from academics and practitioners in the context of construction projects, due to the complex forms of IORs in terms of inter-firm exchanges (e.g. engineering, procurement, finance, construction, and operation) in these projects. The focus of IORs governance is to control Inter-organizational relationships among two or more cooperative parties to alleviate conflict and achieve mutual gains. One of the mechanisms that have been identified in the related literature is formal governance mechanism. Although many empirical studies have been conducted using formal governance terms and indicators, there isn't yet a consensual definition of this mechanism and its components that may cause misinterpretation of research results and also impede future research. This paper makes contribution to the concept of IORs governance by clarifying the meaning of formal governance mechanism and identifying different indicators of this mechanism that have been used and identified in previous studies. This provides an innovative and useful framework to understand formal governance mechanism and its application in construction projects.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.141-147
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• 2005

Usually, processing whole project or a part of frame work delays due to acceleration, changing orders, management, characters of project. overtime, worker crowding, early occupation in the field of construction. Through a whole project, these factors cause decreasing construction labor-productivity which is the most dependent in business of construction. These kind of decreasing of construction labor-productivity cause many negative effects, just as extension of time, increasing cost in project of construction. Regardless of characters of construction or decreasing labor-productivity, extension of time is a incident which needs acceleration, also it cause a high possibility of claim and dispute. The productivity has just a broad meaning in business of construction. That's why it's difficult to apply in the field of construction. Especially, factors increasing or decreasing labor-productivity is defined by analysis of working as qualitative and outlined evaluation. However, study of the each factor decreasing construction labor-productivity analysis has not researched, because of difficulty of systematic measurement and management. The existed studies about management of productivity are just focused on estimation of productivity, not on evaluation of productivity. It was true that I couldn't examine clearly about the analysis of how much important per each the factor which have influence on labor-productivity because of the characteristic as qualitative that the labor productivity have On this study, i tried to get the factors decreasing of labor- productivity with gathering opinions of panels of expert's studies about the factors decreasing of labor-productivity on project of construction through Delphi method and i evaluated the result factors as quantitatively and subjectively about importance of factors decreasing construction labor-productivity Analysis, using AHP Method by Saaty. Also, using Delphi and AHP method, 1 suggest substantiated method qualitative factors are measured by quantitative criteria.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.2107-2114
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• 2011

To carry out the evaluation of performance of railway product/system, 3 step verification process(design review-lab test-field test) should be done. In advanced countries, for the effective field test, test-only-oriented track have been constructed and used. In Korea, government announced "The construction plan of railroad test track" at 2009.06. This paper will summarize 'need of test track', 'technical meaning of test track', 'current status of foreign test track', 'fundamental plan and process strategy of Korea Railroad Test Track'. It is no need to say that the wisdom of all railroad related people is required for the successful construction and usage of Korea Railroad Test Track.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.161-166
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• 2020

The primary aim of this paper is to analyze the resultative adjunct clause, i.e., (thus/thereby/hence) ~ing participle and provide explicit syntactic, semantic and sociolinguistic explanation on the question what causes the cause-focused causal construction with resultative (thus/thereby/hence) ~ing participle in English. What comes first is either cause or effect clause. This study explores the recent style shift of causal constructions from the effect-focused pattern to the cause-focused pattern. In this study, we argue that the increasing number of the cause-focused main clause with a resultative ~ing participle clause shows the process of the style evolution improving speech/wring style in many respects including syntactic simplification, clarification of the sentence meaning with impact on the focused clauses, and improvement of the flow of speech/writing. The style shift found in the English resultative adjunct clauses, i.e., (thus/hence/thereby) ~ing participle constructions prove to be the style evolution from syntactic, semantic and sociolinguistic point of views.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2007.03a
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• pp.106-118
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• 2007

Little attention has been focussed on a precise definition and evaluation mechanism for project management risk specifically related to contractors. When bidding, contractors traditionally price risks using unsystematic approaches. The high business failure rate our industry records may indicate that the current unsystematic mechanisms contractors use for building up contingencies may be inadequate. The reluctance of some contractors to include a price for risk in their tenders when bidding for work competitively may also not be a useful approach. Here, instead, we first define the meaning of contractor contingency, and then we develop a facile quantitative technique that contractors can use to estimate a price for project risk. This model will help contractors analyse their exposure to project risks; and also help them express the risk in monetary terms for management action. When bidding for work, they can decide how to allocate contingencies strategically in a way that balances risk and reward.

• Architectural research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.67-73
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to reveal the meaning of ramp of Le Corbusier's Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts focused on experience of architectural promenade. The Carpenter Center was completed in 1964, only a year earlier than the death of Le Corbusier and also, this building is the only building actually constructed in North America. Despite these important facts, the meanings of the ideas of this building have not been paid attention as much as other buildings constructed at the same period, such as, Venice Hospital and Un Pavillion D'exposition in Zurich. In his book, 'Oeuvre Complete 1957-1965', Le Corbusier mentioned Carpenter Center as an architectural experiments of his ideas. The study of carpenter center will be an important architectural subject to clarify the meaning of his later works and ideas.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.168-185
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• 1991

A written association test has been conducted to establish the concept, the meaning and the process of hope. The test consists of the major question : List of three words related to “hope”. The question was given to 55 nurses(rehabilitation /cancer /internal medicine care wards units) and 61 patients. A total of 289 words have been collected, and the collection was analyzed with categorization by the value or meaning of listed words. The analysis yields three major categories, namely, componants of hope, metaphores /symbols, and synonyms. The three major categories may be further partitioned into subcategories. The results are significant to define the nature of the hope and process of the hope. These understanding will facilitate the development of effective methods of nursing or chronic or cancer patients disabled.