• 한국습지학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.256-262
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• 2018

생태계 내에서 개체군 변동을 이해하는데 다양한 시간 스케일에서의 분석이 유용한 방법이 될 수 있다. 최근까지 다양한 시간 스케일에서의 개체군 변동에 대한 연구는 거의 드물다. 본 연구는 2014년부터 2017년까지 4년간 충남 당진시 석문면 논에 도래하는 백로류 개체군을 대상으로 시간 스케일에 따른 이들 개체군 변동에 영향을 미치는 요인을 확인하기 위해 수행되었다. 백로류는 황로, 왜가리, 중대백로, 중백로, 쇠백로만을 대상으로 하였으며, 고정된 지점에 설치된 무인모니터링 시스템을 활용하여 백로류의 개체군 변동을 다른 시간 단위의 스케일인 월 단위와 일 단위 변동으로 나누어 확인하였다. 그 결과, 월별 개체군 변동에 영향을 미치는 요인은 시기, 평균 온도, 평균 강수량으로 나타났고, 일별 개체군 변동에 영향을 미치는 요인은 평균 온도와 서식지 유형이 중요한 것으로 확인되었다. 시기의 통계적 유의성이 일 단위에서는 나타나지 않고 월 단위에서 확인된 이유는 백로류의 논 이용 패턴이 일 단위보다는 월 단위 스케일에서 명확히 구별되기 때문으로 판단된다. 이를 통해 시간 스케일에 따라 백로류에 영향을 미치는 요인에 차이가 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.151-158
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• 2012

Objectives: Bioaerosols released by treating organic-waste resources cause a variety of environmental and hygiene problems. The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution characteristics of the airborne bacteria emitted from a pig manure composting plant, a principal site for organic-waste resource facilities. Methods: Three types of pig manure composting plant were selected based on fermentation mode: screw type, rotary type and natural-dry type. Each site was visited and investigated on a monthly basis between September 2009 and August 2010. A total of 36 air samplings were obtained from the pig manure composting plants. The air sampling equipment was a six-stage cascade impactor. Quantification and qualification of airborne bacteria in the air samples was performed by agar culture method and identification technique, respectively. Results: The mean concentrations of airborne bacteria in pig manure composting plant were 7,032 (${\pm}1,496$) CFU $m^{-3}$ for screw type, 3,309 (${\pm}1,320$) CFU $m^{-3}$ for rotary type, and 5,580 (${\pm}1,106$) CFU $m^{-3}$ for natural dry type. The screw type pig manure composting plant showed the highest concentration of airborne bacteria, followed by the natural dry type and the rotary type. The ratio of respirable to total airborne bacteria was approximately 40-60%. The predominant genera of airborne bacteria identified were Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia spp. Conclusion: Monthly levels of airborne bacteria were highest in August and lowest in November regardless of fermentation mode. There was no significant correlation relationship between airborne bacteria and environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity and particulate matters in pig manure composting plants.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.407-414
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• 2012

Objectives: This study was performed to assess based on field investigation the distribution characteristics of airborne fungi in an area of Seongdong-gu, Seoul. Methods: Three sites, a living area, forest and traffic site, were selected for evaluation of monthly level of outdoor airborne fungi. An on-site survey was executed between January 2009 and December 2009. During the experimental period, air sampling was performed every month in the afternoon (2:00 pm-5:00 pm) using a cascade impactor. Results: Outdoor airborne fungi measured in Seoul, Korea over one year showed a concentration range from 850CFU $m^{-3}$ to 15,200CFU $m^{-3}$. The mean respirable fraction of outdoor airborne fungi was 67% compared to total concentration. Regardless of measurement site, there was no significant concentration difference in outdoor airborne fungi between periods of yellow dust and non-yellow dust (p>0.05). There was no significant correlation relationship between outdoor airborne fungi and atmospheric factors such as temperature and relative humidity. The predominant genera of airborne fungi identified were Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Paecilomyces and Penicillium. Conclusion: Monthly levels of outdoor airborne fungi were highest in April and November and lowest in August. In seasonal concentration distribution, the autumn showed the highest level of outdoor airborne fungi, followed by spring, summer and winter. In regional concentration distribution, the highest level of outdoor airborne fungi was generally found in the forest, followed by the living area and traffic site.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.45-55
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• 2008

The impact on streamflow and groundwater recharge considering future potential climate and land use change was assessed using SLURP (Semi-distributed Land-Use Runoff Process) continuous hydrologic model. The model was calibrated and verified using 4 years (1999-2002) daily observed streamflow data for a $260.4km^2$ which has been continuously urbanized during the past couple of decades. The model was calibrated and validated with the coefficient of determination and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency ranging from 0.8 to 0.7 and 0.7 to 0.5, respectively. The CCCma CGCM2 data by two SRES (Special Report on Emissions Scenarios) climate change scenarios (A2 and B2) of the IPCC (Intergovemmental Panel on Climate Change) were adopted and the future weather data was downscaled by Delta Change Method using 30 years (1977 - 2006, baseline period) weather data. The future land uses were predicted by CA (Cellular Automata)-Markov technique using the time series land use data of Landsat images. The future land uses showed that the forest and paddy area decreased 10.8 % and 6.2 % respectively while the urban area increased 14.2 %. For the future vegetation cover information, a linear regression between monthly NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) from NOAA/AVHRR images and monthly mean temperature using five years (1998 - 2002) data was derived for each land use class. The future highest NDVI value was 0.61 while the current highest NDVI value was 0.52. The model results showed that the future predicted runoff ratio ranged from 46 % to 48 % while the present runoff ratio was 59 %. On the other hand, the impact on runoff ratio by land use change showed about 3 % increase comparing with the present land use condition. The streamflow and groundwater recharge was big decrease in the future.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.353-353
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• 2017

Rice yield of South Korea in 2015 was the highest of the last 30 years. It is important issue to establish food policy whether the historically highest yield in 2015 can be continued or just one-off event. Therefore, it is necessary to understand whether such a high yield as 2015 will be reoccurred. The aim of this study was to find out what climatic factor affect rice yield and how often these climatic factor could occur. For this study, the yield monitoring data from National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration and the meteorological data provided by Korea Meteorological Administration are used to identify the weather conditions could cause high yield, and how often these conditions occurred in the past. Our results indicated that such as high yield as 2015 could occur only when the mean sunshine hours of July and the mean sunshine hours from the end of August to early September was more than 5.1 hours and 6 hours, respectively. Mean sunshine hour of July may be related to grain number. The mean sunshine hour from the end of August to early September was presumed to relate to grain filling ratio. The relationship between monthly mean temperature and yield or yield component was not clear in this study. In this study, any cycle of high weather condition was not found. Therefore, the probability of high yield weather condition was expressed by frequency. The frequency of the sunshine hour, could make high yield, were 8/35 (23%) over the past 35 years. And the frequency of two years consecutive sunshine hour condition, which could cause high yield, was 1/35 (2.9%). The frequency of recurrence of sunshine hour making high yield within the next 5 years or 10 years after high yield weather condition were 4/35 (11.4%). After all, the high yield as much as yield of 2015 could not be one-off event. But it was not also consecutive event.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.701-718
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• 2006

The average ratio of the daily UV-B to total solar (75) irradiance at Busan (35.23$^{\circ}$N, 129.07$^{\circ}$E) in Korea is found as 0.11%. There is also a high exponential relationship between hourly UV-B and total solar irradiance: UV-B=exp (a$\times$(75-b))(R$^2$=0.93). The daily variation of total ozone is compared with the UV-B irradiance at Pohang (36.03$^{\circ}$N, 129.40$^{\circ}$E) in Korea using the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data during the period of May to July in 2005. The total ozone (TO) has been maintained to a decreasing trend since 1979, which leading to a negative correlation with the ground-level UV-B irradiance doting the given period of cloudless day: UV-B=239.23-0.056 TO (R$^2$=0.52). The statistical predictions of daily total ozone are analyzed by using the data of the Brewer spectrophotometer and TOMS in East Asia including the Korean peninsula. The long-term monthly averages of total ozone using the multiplicative seasonal AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model are used to predict the hourly mean UV-B irradiance by interpolating the daily mean total ozone far the predicting period. We also can predict the next day's total ozone by using regression models based on the present day's total ozone by TOMS and the next day's predicted maximum air temperature by the Meteorological Mesoscale Model 5 (MM5). These predicted and observed total ozone amounts are used to input data of the parameterization model (PM) of hourly UV-B irradiance. The PM of UV-B irradiance is based on the main parameters such as cloudiness, solar zenith angle, total ozone, opacity of aerosols, altitude, and surface albedo. The input data for the model requires daily total ozone, hourly amount and type of cloud, visibility and air pressure. To simplify cloud effects in the model, the constant cloud transmittance are used. For example, the correlation coefficient of the PM using these cloud transmissivities is shown high in more than 0.91 for cloudy days in Busan, and the relative mean bias error (RMBE) and the relative root mean square error (RRMSE) are less than 21% and 27%, respectively. In this study, the daily variations of calculated and predicted UV-B irradiance are presented in high correlation coefficients of more than 0.86 at each monitoring site of the Korean peninsula as well as East Asia. The RMBE is within 10% of the mean measured hourly irradiance, and the RRMSE is within 15% for hourly irradiance, respectively. Although errors are present in cloud amounts and total ozone, the results are still acceptable.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1975

광양만의 수온과 염분의 관측을 1974년 5월부터 격월로 1975년 5월까지 7회 걸쳐서 실시한 자료와 그밖에 여수 측후소의 기상관측 자료를 분석한 결과, 그것을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 수온은 9월이 최고로 23.8~24.2$^\circ C$였고, 1월이 최저로 2.5~5.2$^\circ C$여서 연변화량이 19~21$^\circ C$이다. 2)표면에서의 열수지가 (+)일 때는 수심이 얕은 묘도 서쪽해역이 비교적 높은 수온을 나타내며(-)인때는 수심이 깊은 여수해만쪽의 수온이 높게 나타난다. 3)수면의 열수지는 1974년 5월이 93cal/$cm^2$로 가장 크게 나타났고 1975년 1월이 -340cal/$cm^2$로 최저로 나타났다. 4)수심이 얕은 St.E에서의 표층염분의 년변화는 7월이 20.8$\textperthousand$,최고는 3월이 32.5%로 연변화량은 7.3%밖에 되지 않는다. 5)St.A에서 10m층의 염분의 연변화량은 7월이 30.8 로 최저,최고는 3월이 33.0$\textperthousand$로 연변화량 2.2%밖에 되지 않아 섬진강의 하천수영 항이 10m이상 깊이에는 크게 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 해석된다. 6)St.A의 10m층과 St.E의 표층수의 염분의 차는 P-E값이 큰 7월이 10 로 최고이고 P-E값이 최저인 11월은 1.0$\textperthousand$로 역시 최저이다. 이것으로 보아 만내의 수심이 얕은 해역에서의 염분은 강수량이나 증발량과 밀접한 관계가 있다. 7)표층수를 분류하면 섬진강의 하천수와 대기의 영향을 가장많이 받는곳이 묘도 서쪽의 C해역이고 그 다음이 묘도 주위의 B해역이며,여수해만과 노량수도를 잇는 A해역은 가장 적게 영향을 받는다. 8) 강수량이 많고 수면에서 열수지도(+)인 5월과 7월은 표층과 10m층의 안정도가 커서 $251\times10^-6~297\times10^-6$이며 수면에서 열손실이 크고 강수량이 적었던 11월,1월 그리고 3월은 수직 안정도가 /-1\times10^-6~14\times10^-6$으로 수직혼합이 쉽게 일어날수 있어 오염물질의 확산이 훨씬 잘도리 것으로 사료된다. 9)수직안정도는 조류의 영향을 별로 받지 않는다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.105-111
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• 1999

제주도 서부 연안역인 한림 정치망어장의 해황과 어획량 변동과의 관계를 파악하기 위해 1995년$\~$1996년에 실시한 정선 및 정점조사의 수온 및 염분자료, 시계열분석, 단기변동, 해수유동상황과 1994년$\~$1996년의 한림 정치망의 어획량 변동에 관해 검토가 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 한림 정치망에 가장 많이 잡히는 어종은 전갱이 ($69.2\%$)이고 그 다음으로 고등어 ($18.4\%$), 갈치 ($5.6\%$), 오징어($2.7\%$), 독가시치 ($1.4\%$)의 순이며. 조업기간은 5월에서 12월까지로 6월과 10월에 어획량의 피크가 있고 이중 10월에 년중 최고 어획량이 나타난다. 2) 한림 정치망에서는 밀물인 북류성분과 썰물인 남류성분이 명료히 나타나 해수의 연직혼합이 원활하고 남류의 지속기간(3시간 이상)이 길어 외측의 중$\cdot$저층수가 강하게 영향을 미쳐 어장까지 공급되어, 일별 평균수온이 낮고 염분 상승내지는 고염분수가 출현할 때 좋은 어획량을 보이는 경향이 있다. 또 대조기인 망이나 삭보다 소조기인 상$\cdot$하현에 어획량이 많g으며, 남$\~$남동풍이 3$\~$6.5m/sec정도 볼 때 호어가 나타날 가능성이 높다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.36-45
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• 2010

To analyze the relationship between climatic factors (monthly mean temperature and total precipitation) and tree-ring growths of Quercus mongolica Fischer (Mongolian oak) with different topographic sites in Mt. Worak, more than 10 trees were selected from each of seven stands. Two cores from each tree were measured for ring width. After crossdating, each ring-width series was double standardized by fitting first a negative exponential or straight regression line and secondly a 60-year cubic spline. Seven stands were categorized in two groups using cluster analysis for tree-ring index patterns. Cluster I (four stands) was located in higher elevation (550-812 m) with aspects of east, west and northwest, and cluster II (three stands) was located in rather lower election (330-628 m) with aspects of north and northwest. The aspects of two clusters were not significantly different. Response-function analysis showed a significant positive response to March precipitation for both clusters. It indicates that moisture supply during early spring season is important to radial growth because the cambial growths of ring-porous species, such as Mongolian oak, start before leaf growth. Cluster II showed a positive response to the precipitation of middle and late growing season, too.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.91-97
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• 2009

It is undertaken systematization of results of satellite and ground observation parameters characterizing a current condition and climatic variability of two selected geographical areas. One of them covers territory of Azerbaijan and another covers a wide area of Caspian See region. Average values and mean square deviations of following values are investigated: outgoing long wave radiation during a day and night (in nebulosity and cloudless). absorbed within a day of the stream of a sunlight of the system in "a terrestrial surface-atmosphere". degree of a covering by clouds of the selected areas during a day and at night, ground temperature values of air. pressure and speed of a wind. Monthly average values of corresponding parameters create a basis of suggested investigations. It has been presented features of a time course of investigated parameters for each month and year in the whole due to the continuously observations since 1982-2000. The scientific problem consists that there are no existed models which authentically would be cover the main aspects of a realities specified changes: they are identified by economic activities. growth of the population and other features of development of a human society or internal fluctuations of biogeophysical/climatic system. Possibilities of predictability of biosphere and climate changes depend on available timely supervision. adequacy of construction of appropriate models. understanding of mechanisms of direct and feedback influences in such complicated systems.