• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.187-198
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• 1999

Purpose: The authors compared the results of Ender nailing for the proximal humerus fractures with those of the conservative methods radiographically. Materials and Method: Nine patients(mean age: 69 years.) received Ender nailing, and the other nine patients, conservative treatments(mean age: 73 years). All fractures were 2 part fractures. The Ender nails were inserted either through posterior elbow approach or transepicondylar approach. A simple Velpeau bandage was applied to the conservative treatment group. The average follow-up was 15 months. Results: The initial status of the anatomical reduction, i.e., the values of the medial shift, overlapping and the varus agulation, were little changed at follow-up radiographs in both the Ender nailing group and the conservative treatment group. There was no significant difference for the status of anatomical reduction between the Ender nailing group and the conservative treatment group. The stability of fixation by Ender nails, i.e., the degree of fanning out of the nails was poor in most cases. Not a few problems/complications happened in cases of Ender nailing group; back­ing out of the nail in three cases, penetration of the nails into the humeral heads in 3, fractures or cracking of the humerus around the nail insertion area in 4 and reduction loss in one. Conclusion: We could not get better results with the use of Ender nail. We use no longer Ender nails for the proximal humerus fractures. Further studies are needed for the better option for the proximal humerus fractures.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.204-211
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• 2007

Purpose: To evaluate the result and complication of treatment using Locking Compression Plate (LCP) for fracture of proximal humerus. Materials and Methods: Between 2004 and 2006, 21 patients with two-part and three-part fractures of the proximal humerus were treated by LCP fixation. Their average age was 54.9 years. Postoperative mean follow-up period was 22.9 months. The reduction was qualified and complication were assessed with final radiographs. The functional outcome was evaluated by Neer's rating system. Results: By Neer's functional evaluation, mean score of shoulder function was 86.3 and 18 case (86%) had excellent or satisfactory results. There was one case of nonunion but no infection or avascular necrosis of the humeral head. No correlation was found between the final result and the type of fracture, age, gender or quality of reduction. Conclusion: We obtained satisfactory result of LCP fixation for fracture of proximal humerus in this study. LCP fixation for proximal humerus fracture is a reliable method to obtain satisfactory reduction, rigid fixation and early exercise.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.481-487
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• 2019

Based on the scan conditions and algorithms that are generally applied during examinations during head CT examinations, the results of dose reduction through the application of algorithm changes were investigated through experiments. As a result, the dose reduction effect was more meaningful for the change of perfusion than for the tube voltage, and the quality evaluation using the brain phantom was relatively less reduced when the dose was reduced after the application of the Bone algorithm, especially for the application of the Bone algorithm, and the deviation of the mean CT number or Pixel value was measured relatively significantly. In other words, the conditions under which dose was reduced and quality was maintained to reduce the patient's exposure dose and obtain images of the same quality were obtained with the application of the Smooth algorithm and the resulting values of 120 kVp, 160 mA. At this point, doses were reduced by about 28%, and the mean CT number or Pixel value was also measured with relatively little error. If the results are applied to patients who visit the hospital for examination or follow-up after applying various algorithms and follow up scan conditions, the results are considered to be very useful in reducing patient exposure dose.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.277-289
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to compare the amount of the vertical pin opening of dentures processed by the conventional compression method & the injection-processing method. The articulating ribbon and T-Scan system were used to determine the changes in tooth contacts and the correlation between the changes in tooth contacts and the amount of the vertical pin opening after processing was analyzed statistically. The obtained results were as follows. 1. The amounts of the vertical pin opening were 0.75mm, 0.31mm for conventional compression method and injection-pressing method, respectively. The difference between the two methods was highly significant on the basis of t test statistics(p<0.05). 2. The total number of contact points recorded by articulating ribbon after processing was decreased to 48%, 72%, of that before processing for conventional compression method and injection-pressing method, by T-Scan system, 39%, 53%, respectively. 3. The mean values for the number of contacts points per tooth recorded by articulating ribbon after processing were 1.6 for the second molar, 2.2 for the first moalr, 0.4 for the second premolar, 0.6 for the first premolar in conventional compression method, and 2, 3.2, 1.2, 0.8 in injection-pressing method. 4. The correlation between the reduction of contact points and the amount of the pin opening after processing was not significant. 5. The mean values for the number of contact points per tooth recorded by T-Scan system after processing were 1.25, 1.4, 0.7, and 0.55 at the second molar, the first molar, the second premolar, and the first premolar in conventional compression method, and 1.45, 2.1, 1.0, 0.75 in injection method, respectively. 6. The correlation between the number of contact points by using articulating ribbon and T-Scan system after processing was not significant in both methods.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.189-224
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• 2015

To meet sectoral emission target by 2020 and prepare for the emission trading scheme from 2015, decomposition analysis of energy consumption and GHG emission is required by 18 subsectors in industry sector where emission targets are established. Log Mean Divisia Index decomposition method was used to analyze factors' effects on energy and emission in the industry sector and by 18 subsectors from 2004 to 2011. Industrial energy consumption was increased due to the production effect and energy intensity effect. However structure effect contributes to the decrease of energy consumption. In terms of emissions (including indirect emission due to electricity consumption) in the industry sector, only structure effect contributed to the emission reduction. Factors' effects by subsectors were different. Cement industry, which is included at Nonmetal shows different results from those of Nonmetal industry and machinery industry, which is a subsector of Fabricated Metal, was also similar. In this regard, we should not apply the policy implications from decomposition analysis of aggregated industry such as Nonmetal or Fabricated Metal to its subsectors uniformly and develop a differentiated policy for each subsector industry.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.162-168
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• 2009

Purpose: To evaluate the efficiency of the minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPPO) with locking compression plate (LCP) for distal tibial metaphyseal intra-articular fracture compared with extra-articular fracture. Materials and Methods: From February 2006 to June 2008, 21 patients with distal tibia metaphyseal intra-articular fracture and 20 patients with extra-articular fracture were treated operatively by MIPPO technique with LCP and followed for at least one year. In the group with intra-articular fracture, mean age was 48.85 years old and a mean follow-up was 15 months. In the other group with extra-articular fracture, mean age was 52.35 years old and a mean follow-up was 14.5 months. The type of fracture was evaluated using the AO/OTA classification and open-fractures were according to the Gustilo-And gron classification. Radiologic evaluation with fracture healing and tibial alignment, clinical evaluation with Olerud and Molander ankle score and restriction of motion were done for treatment. Results: According to AO/OTA classification, There were 21 type A, 15 type B, 5 type C. Average union time of the intra-articular fracture (type B, C) was 18.7 weeks. Average union time of the extra-articular fracture (type A) was 17.1 weeks. All fractures were healed without malunion. There were no difference of mean restriction angle between intra-articular fracture (ankle dorsiflexion was 3.57 degree, plantar-flexion was 5.95 degree) and extra-articular fracture (ankle dorsiflexion was 3 degree, plantar-flexion was 3.75 degree). There were no difference of Olerud and Molander ankle score between them as a mean score of intra-articular and extra-articular was 89.25, 91.25 each other. As a complication, there were 3 case of skin necrosis, 8 case of discomfortable skin tenting by plate and 1 superficial infection, but could be healed by conservative care. Conclusion: MIPPO technique, combined articular reduction, with LCP of distal tibial metaphyseal fracture was a good method with high functional recovery.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.765-772
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• 2017

Objective: This study examines the genetic factors influencing the phenotypes (four economic traits:oleic acid [C18:1], monounsaturated fatty acids, carcass weight, and marbling score) of Hanwoo. Methods: To enhance the accuracy of the genetic analysis, the study proposes a new statistical model that excludes environmental factors. A statistically adjusted, analysis of covariance model of environmental and genetic factors was developed, and estimated environmental effects (covariate effects of age and effects of calving farms) were excluded from the model. Results: The accuracy was compared before and after adjustment. The accuracy of the best single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in C18:1 increased from 60.16% to 74.26%, and that of the two-factor interaction increased from 58.69% to 87.19%. Also, superior SNPs and SNP interactions were identified using the multifactor dimensionality reduction method in Table 1 to 4. Finally, high- and low-risk genotypes were compared based on their mean scores for each trait. Conclusion: The proposed method significantly improved the analysis accuracy and identified superior gene-gene interactions and genotypes for each of the four economic traits of Hanwoo.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.319-323
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• 2001

This study was conducted to derive the regional design rainfall by the regional frequency analysis based on the regionalization of the precipitation. Using the L-moment ratios and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the underlying regional probability distribution was identified to be the Generalized extreme value distribution among apt]lied distributions. regional and at-site parameters of the Generalized extreme value distribution were estimated by the method of L-moment. The regional and at-site analysis for the design rainfall were tested by Monte Carlo simulation. Relative root-mean-square error(RRMSE), relative bias(RBIAS) and relative reduction(RR) in RRMSE were computed and compared with those resulting from at-site Monte Carlo simulation. All show that the regional analysis procedure can substantially reduce the RRMSE, RBIAS and RR in RRMSE in the prediction of design rainfall. Consequently, optimal design rainfalls following the regions and consecutive durations were derived by the regional frequency analysis.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.479-491
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• 1994

Discrete vortex method was applied for simulating an active control of turbulent leading- edge separation bubble. The leading-edge separation zone was perturbed by a time-dependent sinusoidal perturbation of different frequencies and levels. In order to describe the local sinusoidal perturbation at the separation point, a source pulsation vortex technique was proposed. The present two-dimensional vortex simulations were qualitatively compared with the experimental results for a blunt circular cylinder, where perturbation was introduced along the square-cut leading edge of the cylinder $(Kiya et al.^{(6,7)}).$ It was found that the reattachment length attained a minimum point at low levels of perturbation and two minima at a moderate higher perturbation frequency. The effects of local perturbation on the evolution of leading-edge separation bubble were scrutinized by comparing the perturbed flow with the natural flow. These comparisons were made for the distributions of mean velocity and its velocity fluctuations, intermittency and wall velocity. The motions of instantaneous reattachment in the space-time domain were demonstrated, which were also compared with the experimental findings. In order to investigate the reduction mehanism of reattachment length in the separation bubble, various cross-correlations for velocity and pressure and the relevant convection velocities were evaluated. It was observed that the convection velocity was closely associated with its corresponding pulsationg frequency.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers D
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• v.51 no.10
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• pp.468-476
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• 2002

Digital images are easily corrupted by noise during the data transmission, data capture and data processing. A technical method of noise analyzing and adaptive filtering for reducing of quantum noise in medical radio-fluoroscopy images is presented. By adjusting the characteristics of the filter according to local statistics around each pixel of the image as moving windowing, it is possible to suppress noise sufficiently while preserve edge and other significant information required in diagnosis. We proposed adaptive weighed median(AWM) filters based on local statistics. We showed two ways of realizing the AWM filters. One is a simple type of AWM filter, which is constructed by Homogeneous factor(HF). Homogeneous factor(HF) from the noise models that enables the filter to recognize the local structures of the image is introduced, and an algorithm for determining the HF fitted to the diagnostic systems with various inner statistical properties is proposed. We show by the experimented that the performances of proposed method is superior to these of other filters and models in preserving small details and suppressing the noise at homogeneous region. The proposed algorithms were implemented by Visual C++ language on a IBM-PC Pentium 550 for testing purposes and the effects and results of the filter in the various levels of noise and images were proposed by comparing the values of NMSE(normalized mean square error) with the value of the other existing filtering methods.