• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.941-957
• /
• 1998

The purpose of this study was to use meta-analysis to analyze result of 17 studies which investigated the effects of integrated programs, and 11 studies which examined the effects of exercise programs on pain, depression, and disability. The 28 studies analyzed in this work were selected from the following sources. MEDLINE Search, bibliographies of related studies, main academic journals of nursing in Korea, and journals on arthritis issues. For the analysis of the data, homogeniety of effect sizes which were calculated based on data in the 28 studies was tested and its average effect size was computed by using meta analysis software package which was developed by Song(1992, 1998). The results can be summarized as follows : 1) Homogeneity tests were conducted on integrated programs on pain. In the prelimiary homogeneity tests on effect size of all 17 studies, no homogeneity was found. When homogeneity tests on the effect size of the remaining 15 studies were performed, excluding two studies which had extremely larger effect size compared to other studies, the 15 studies were found to be homogeneous(Q=16.38, p=.23). The obtained average effect size, D(Mean Standardized Difference Between Means), was .25. When homogeneity tests on effect size on pain was conducted for the excercise programs, effect size for all nine studies were found to be homogeneous (Q=7.42, p=.49) and the average effect size D=.30. Therefore, Hypothesis 1 was rejected from the results, that an average effect size of the integrated programs on pain was not significantely different from that of the exercise programs on pain. 2) Since only two studies investigated the effect of exercise programs on depression, comparison between the average effect size of integrated programs and that of exercise programs on depression could not be conducted, and hypothesis 2 could not be tested. Thereby, only the average effect size of integrated programs on depression was obtained. Eight studies were tested to be positive on the homogeneity of effect sizes(Q=18.31, p=.02) at $\alpha$<.01 and its average effect size was D=.11. 3) For the analysis of integrated program on disability, 13 studies, except for four which had an extremely large effect size compared to the others were found to be homogeneous at $\alpha$<.01 (Q=22.30, p=.04) and the average effect size on disability was D=.16. For analysis of the exercize programs on disability, eight studies, except for one which had an extremely large effect size compared to others, were found to be homo geneous(Q=7.87, p=.34) and the average effect size on disability was D=.60. Therefore, Hypothesis 3 was accepted from the results that an average effect size of exercise programs on disability was significantly larger than that of integrated programs on disability.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.44-52
• /
• 2000

In this paper we apply VSS X chart to the case when two assignable causes effect the process mean shift. We compare the case when two compound assignable causes effect the process mean with another one which effects individually. For the practical use of VSS $\bar{X}$ chart we propose the sample size which minimizes the average number of samples until the signal is given in out-of-control state.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.227-233
• /
• 2007

The amount of Batillus cornutus captured in Jeju Island was about 2,000 tons/year for three years after 2000. The mean size of B. cornutus by shell height was 7.7 cm in 2001, 7.9 cm in 2002, and 8.1 cm in 2003. Local mean size of B. cornutus by shell height was 8.7 cm in eastern waters, 7.4 cm in western waters, 7.8 cm in southern waters, and 7.7 cm in northern waters of Jeju Island. To investigate the effect of the growth pattern, an experiment was conducted: the samples were tagged and released in southern coastal waters of Jeju Island on 2nd April (a release test) and 29th October (a recapture test) in 2003. The release stations were two sites, natural reef and artificial reef, where their environmental conditions were different from each other. In April, the size of B. cornutus released in the natural reef was 6.2 cm in mean shell height, and 58.9 g in mean shell weight. The size of B. cornutus released in the artificial reef was 6.6 cm in mean shell height, and 65.9 g in mean shell weight. During the release period, most of B. cornutus were not moved much (less than 10 m) from the original release sites. When B. cornutus was recaptured in October after 7 months, the size of B. cornutus released in the natural reef became 7.4 cm in mean shell height, and 89.4 g in mean shell weight. The size of B. cornutus released in the artificial reef became 7.2 cm in mean shell height, and 84.9 g in mean shell weight. This indicates that the growth rate of B. cornutus released in the natural reef was higher than that of B. cornutus in the artificial reef. These differences in the growth of B. cornutus between study sites were ascribed to the abundance of marine algae grazed by immobile B. cornutus. Namely, with relatively high growth rate of B. cornutus in the natural reef, the number of species (23 species) and biomass (26,703.4 g) of algae were more diverse and abundant than those (7 species and 17,018.4 g) of algae in the artificial reef. The growth of B. cornutus in the natural reef was also correlated to high water temperature $(15.5-25.9^{\circ}C)$.

• International Journal of Contents
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.18-32
• /
• 2020

The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of the learning outcomes of immersive learning technologies in English language teaching (ELT). This study examined 12 articles, yielding a total of 20 effect sizes. The Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) program was employed for data analysis. The findings revealed that the overall effect size was 0.84, implying a large effect size. Additionally, the mean effect sizes of the dependent variables revealed a large effect size for both the cognitive and affective domains. Furthermore, the study analyzed the impact of moderator variables such as sample scale, technology type, tool type, work type, program type, duration (sessions), the degree of immersion, instructional technique, and augmented reality (AR) type. Among the moderators, the degree of immersion was found to be statistically significant. In conclusion, the study results suggested that immersive learning technologies had a positive impact on learning in ELT.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.148-155
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this research was to analyze the effects of smart learning. By using meta analysis method, twenty MA and Ph.D degree papers published from 2006 to 2013 were analyzed and 104 effect sizes were calculated. Followings were the results of the research: (a) Smart learning turned out to be more statistically effective comparing to traditional education. The total mean effect size was .886 and the value of U3 was 66.53%. (b) All effect size of sub dependent variables(ie, academic achievement, learning satisfaction, learning attitude) were also effective by adapting smart learning. (c) The moderated variables likes learner characteristics, learning content, and interaction had high effect sizes. Operation system variable had a low effect size but it was not significant.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.30-40
• /
• 2011

In recent years, driver information systems (DIS's) became popular and the use of DIS's increased significantly. A majority of DIS's provides touch-screen interfaces because of intuitiveness of the interaction and the flexibility of interface design. In many cases, touch-screen interfaces are mainly manipulated by fingers. In this case, investigating the effect of touch-key sizes on usability is known to be one of the most important research issues, and lots of studies address the effect of touch-key size for mobile devices or kiosks. However, there is few study on DIS's. The importance of touch-key size study for DIS's should be emphasized because it is closely related to safety issues besides usability issues. In this study, we investigated the effect of touch-key sizes of DIS's while simulated driving (0, 50, and 100km/h) considering driving safety (lateral deviation, velocity deviation, total glance time, mean glance time, total time between glances, mean number of glances) and usability of DIS's (task completion time, error rate, subjective preference, NASA TLX) simultaneously. As a result, both of driving safety and usability of DIS's increased as driving speed decreased and touch-key size increased. However, there were no significant differences when touch-key size is larger than a certain level (in this study : 17.5mm).

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
• /
• 2000.11b
• /
• pp.732-737
• /
• 2000

The purpose of this study is to compare the SMD(Sauter mean diameter) with different vibrant plates. Each vibrant plates have different surface roughness. Also liquid film thickness are measured for explanation how to concern atomization. Ultrasonic waves is used for vibration. Immersion liquid method is used for the measure of SMD and also liquid film thickness is measured using of point needle method. Distilled water and gasoline fuel are used to liquids. Supplied liquid flow rates are $18{\sim}296cc/min$. Centerline average roughness of vibrant plates are 0.5, 2.0, 4.7, $9.5\;{\mu}m$ and diameter of vibrant plate is 60mm. In result, good atomization of liquid is obtained in widen flow rates. The mean droplet size is increased in orders of 4.7, 2.0. 9.5, $0.5\;{\mu}m$ surface roughness. Distilled water has a big mean droplet size than gasoline fuel in low flow rate. Above the 78cc/min flow rates, distilled water has a small mean droplet size than gasoline fuel. Liquid films changes are measured with ultrasonic power. Also, cavitation effect on sprays is observed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.29 no.5
• /
• pp.1087-1102
• /
• 1999

Diabetes mellitus, a universal and prevalent chronic disease, is projected to be one of the most formidable worldwide health problems in the 21st century. For those living with diabetes, there is a need for self-care skills to manage a complex medical regimen. Self-efficacy which refers to one's belief in his/her capability to monitor and perform the daily activities required to manage diabetes has be found to be related to self-care. The concept of self-efficacy comes from social cognitive theory which maintains that cognitive mechanism mediate the performance of behavior. The literature cites several research studies which show a strong relationship between self-efficacy and self-care behavior. Meta-analysis is a technique that enables systematic review and quantitative integration of the results from multiple primary studies that are relevant to a particular research question. Therefore, this study was done using meta-analysis to quantitatively integrate the results of independent research studies to obtain numerical estimates of the overall effect of a self-efficacy with diabetic patient on self-care behaviors. The research proceeded in three stages : 1) literature search and retrieval of studies in which self-efficacy was related to self-care, 2) coding, and 3) calculation of mean effect size and data analysis. Seventeen studies which met the research criteria included study population of adults with diabetes, measures of self-care and measures of self-efficacy as a predictive variable. Computation of effect size was done on DSTAT which is a statistical computer program specifically designed for meta-analysis. To determine the effect of self-efficacy on self-care practice homogeneity tests were conducted. Pooled effect size estimates, to determine the best subvariable for composite variables, metabolic control variables and component of self-efficacy and self-care, indicated that the effect of self-efficacy composite on self-care composite was moderate to large. The weighted mean effect size of self-efficacy composite and self-care composite were ＋.76 and the confidence interval was from ＋.66 to ＋.86 with the number of subjects being 1,545. The total for this meta-analysis result showed that the weighted mean effect sizes ranged from ＋.70 to ＋1.81 which indicates a large effect. But since reliabilities of the instruments in the primary studies were low or not stated, caution must be applied in unconditionally accepting the results from these effect sizes. Meta-analysis is a useful took for clarifying the status of knowledge development and guiding decision making about future research and this study confirmed that there is a relationship between self-efficacy and self-care in patients with diabetes. It, thus, provides support for nurses to promote self-efficacy in their patients. While most of the studies included in this meta-analysis used social cognitive theory as a framework for the study, some studies use Fishbein & Ajzen's attitude model as a model for active self-care. Future research is needed to more fully define the concept of self-care and to determine what it is that makes patients feel competent in their self-care activities. The results of this study showed that self-efficacy can promote self-care. Future research is needed with experimental design to determine nursing interventions that will increase self-efficacy.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.9 no.7
• /
• pp.1004-1010
• /
• 1998

Effects of reaction conditions such as power input and feeding time and feeding mode of reactants on the reaction crystallization of lanthanum oxalate in semi-batch reactor were investigated experimentally. Even though the crystal size distribution of lanthanum oxalate was always monomodal, its mean crystal size was significantly varied with the reaction conditions. As the power input and reactant feeding rate increased, the mean crystal size was reduced and the relative induction time was prolonged. The mean crystal size produced in oxalic acid feeding mode was smaller than that in lanthanum chloride feeding mode, but the trend of the relative induction time with the feeding mode was reverse to that of the mean crystal size. The crystal morphology of lanthanum oxalate, which was produced within the ranges of the reaction conditions in our experiment, was maintained as a needle shape.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.326-333
• /
• 2003

In the measurement using DMA and CPC in series, there is some time delay for particles classified in DMA to detect in CPC. During this time, the DMA time-response changes due to the velocity profile of sampling tube and the diffusion of particles in the volume that exists between the DMA exit and the detector of ultra-fine CPC. This is called mixing effect. In the accelerated measurement methods like the TSI -SMPS, the size distribution is obtained from the correlation between the time-varying electrical potential of the DMA and the corresponding particle concentrations sampled in DMA. If the DMA time -response changes during this delay time, this can cause the error of a size distribution measured by this accelerated technique. The kernel function considering this mixing effect using the residence time distribution is proposed by Russell et al. In this study, we obtained a size distribution using this kernel to compare to the result obtained by the commercial accelerated measurement system, TSI -SMPS for verification and considered the errors that result from the mixing effect with the geometric mean diameters of originally sampled particles, using virtually calculated responses obtained with this kernel as input data.