• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제23권8호
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• pp.828-834
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• 2022

Objective: This study aimed to assess the outcomes of outpatient day-care management of unruptured intracranial aneurysm (UIA), and to present the risks associated with different management strategies by comparing the outcomes and adverse events between outpatient day-care management and management with longer admission periods. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study used prospectively registered data and was approved by a local institutional review board. We enrolled 956 UIAs from 811 consecutive patients (mean age ± standard deviation, 57 ± 10.7 years; male:female = 247:564) from 2017 to 2020. We compared the outcomes after embolization among the different admission-length groups (1, 2, and ≥ 3 days). The outcomes included pre- and post-modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores and rates of adverse events, cure, recurrence, and reprocedure. Events were defined as any cerebrovascular problems, including minor and major stroke, death, or hemorrhage. Results: The mean admission period was 2 days, and 175 patients (191 aneurysms), 551 patients (664 aneurysms), and 85 patients (101 aneurysms) were discharged on the day of the procedure, day 2, and day 3 or later, respectively. During the mean 17-month follow-up period (range 6-53 months; 2757 patient years), no change in post-mRS was observed compared to pre-mRS in 99.6% of patients. Cure was achieved in 95.6% patients; minimal recurrence that did not require re-procedure occurred in 3.5% patients, and re-procedure was required in 2.3% (22 of 956) patients due to progressive enlargement of the recurrent sac during follow up (mean 17 months, range, 6-53 months). There were eight adverse events (0.8%), including five cerebrovascular (two major stroke, two minor strokes and one transient ischemic stroke), and three non-cerebrovascular events. Statistical comparison between groups with different admission lengths (1, 2, and ≥ 3 days) revealed no difference in the outcomes. Conclusion: This study revealed no difference in outcomes and adverse events according to the admission period, and suggested that UIA could be managed by outpatient day-care embolization.

• 대한중풍순환신경학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2008

Objectives : We questioned whether the tongue diagnosis is effective for judging seriousness of cerebrovascular accidents. This study is about the relationship between tongue diagnosis and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS) in acute stroke patients. Methods : 738 subjects were recruited from the patients admitted to the department of internal medicine at Kyung-Hee University oriental medical center, Kyung-Hee University East-West Neo Medical Center, Kyungwon university Incheon oriental medical center, Kyungwon university Songpa oriental medical center and DongGuk university Ilsan oriental medical center from April 2007 to August 2008. We looked at the tongue as in three dimensions of tongue color, tongue fur color and tongue body. And, we calculated NIHSS means according to the subtypes of three dimensions. Results : 1. In the Tongue color, from the most commom to least common colors were pale red, red, pale, bluish purple, and ect. The NIHSS mean score of red is significantly higher than pale and pale red. 2. In the Tongue fur color, white fur was the most common, and then yellow fur, etc. There is no significant difference among three subtypes in the NIHSS mean score. 3. In the Tongue body, etc. is the most common, followed by teeth-marked tongue, enlarged tongue, blood patchy tongue, and mirror tongue. The NIHSS mean score of teeth-marked tongue is significantly lower than blood patchy tongue and mirror tongue. Conclusions : The tongue color and the tongue body are useful indexes for judging seriousness of cerebrovascular accidents presented by NIHSS. But in our study, the tongue fur color was not useful. Further study is necessary on the tongue fur.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.61-71
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• 2015

목 적 : 3D 프린터는 입력한 도면을 바탕으로 3차원의 입체 모델을 만들어 낼 수 있는 장비이다. 이러한 특징을 이용하여 방사선치료시 bolus 사용으로 인한 피부와 bolus 사이의 air gap을 최소화 할 수 있는 bolus 제작이 가능하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 3D 프린터를 이용하여 customized bolus를 제작하여 air gap과 target 선량을 상품화된 1 cm bolus와 비교하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 왼쪽 chest wall에 돌출된 종양이 있는 RANDO phantom을 CT 모의치료기를 이용하여 영상 획득 후, CT DICOM 파일을 3D 프린터에 필요한 STL 파일로 변환시켰다. 이것을 이용하여 치료부위의 체표윤곽과 일치하면서 1 cm 두께를 유지하는 customized bolus 주형틀을 3D 프린터로 제작한 후 paraffin wax를 녹여 customized bolus를 만들었다. 이렇게 만들어진 customized bolus와 상품화된 1 cm bolus의 air gap을 확인하였고, air gap으로 인한 차이를 Eclipse를 이용하여 치료계획상 $D_{max}$, $D_{min}$, $D_{mean}$, $D_{95%}$와 $V_{95%}$를 비교하였다. 결 과 : customized bolus 제작 기간은 약 3일이 소요되었다. air gap 총 용적은 customized bolus는 평균 $3.9cm^3$, 상품화된 1 cm bolus는 평균 $29.6cm^3$이었다. 상품화된 1 cm bolus를 사용할 때보다 3D 프린터를 이용하여 제작한 customized bolus를 사용하는 것이 air gap을 최소화시켰다. 6 MV photon에서 customized bolus의 $D_{max}$, $D_{min}$, $D_{mean}$, $D_{95%}$, $V_{95%}$는 각각 102.8%, 88.1%, 99.1%, 95.0%, 94.4%이었고, 상품화된 1 cm bolus의 $D_{max}$, $D_{min}$, $D_{mean}$, $D_{95%}$, $V_{95%}$는 101.4%, 92.0%, 98.2%, 95.2%, 95.7%이었다. proton의 경우 customized bolus의 $D_{max}$, $D_{min}$, $D_{mean}$, $D_{95%}$, $V_{95%}$는 각각 104.1%, 84.0%, 101.2%, 95.1%, 99.8%이었고, 상품화된 1 cm bolus의 $D_{max}$, $D_{min}$, $D_{mean}$, $D_{95%}$, $V_{95%}$는 104.8%, 87.9%, 101.5%, 94.9%, 99.9%이었다. 이처럼 치료계획에서 customized bolus와 1 cm bolus 모두 GTV의 선량은 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 GTV에 인접한 정상조직은 customized bolus의 선량이 더 적게 나타났다. 결 론 : 3D 프린터를 이용한 customized bolus가 표면이 일정하지 않은 치료부위에 사용 할 때 air gap을 줄이는 효과를 나타냈다. 그렇지만 상품화된 bolus와 피부 사이에 생기는 air gap은 target에서의 선량의 변화를 일으킬 만큼 많은 양이 아님을 알 수 있었다. 반면 chest wall에서는 air gap이 적을수록 선량이 감소함을 확인 할 수 있었다. customized bolus 제작 기간은 3일이 걸렸고, 고가의 제작비용이 든다는 문제점이 발생하였다. 따라서 3D 프린터 customized bolus의 상용화를 위해서는 저비용이고, bolus 사용으로 적합한 3D 프린터 재료 모색의 필요성이 있다고 사료된다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.306-311
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• 2012

Objective : A superciliary keyhole approach is an attractive, minimally invasive surgical technique, yet the procedure is limited due to a small cranial opening. Nonetheless, an unruptured supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysm can be an optimal surgical target of a superciliary approach as it is located in the center of the surgical view and field. Therefore, this study evaluated the feasibility and surgical outcomes of a superciliary keyhole approach for unruptured ICA aneurysms. Methods : The authors report on a consecutive series of patients who underwent a superciliary approach for clipping unruptured ICA aneurysms between January 2007 and February 2012. The data were compared with a historical control group who underwent a pterional approach between January 2003 and December 2006. Results : In the superciliary group, a total of 71 aneurysms were successfully clipped without a residual sac in 70 patients with a mean age of 57 years (range, 37-75 years). The maximum diameter of the aneurysms ranged from 4 mm to 14 mm (mean${\pm}$standard deviation, $6.6{\pm}2.3$ mm). No direct mortality or permanent morbidity was related to the surgery. The superciliary approach demonstrated statistically significant advantages over the pterional approach, including a shorter operative duration (mean, 100 min), no intraoperative blood transfusions, and no postoperative epidural hemorrhages. Conclusion : A superciliary keyhole approach provides a sufficient surgical corridor to clip most unruptured supraclinoid ICA aneurysms in a minimally invasive manner.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2021

This study was carried out to observe the development of the autonomous skeletal development of the Favonigobius gymnauchen. Total length (TL) of larvae 3 days after hatching (DAH) were mean TL of 3.34 mm, with a line-shaped parasphenoid ossification in the cranium and basioccipital ossification in the back. The 10 DAH larvae had a mean TL of 5.20 mm, with the number of caudal vertebrae increasing to 15. The urostyle and two hypural bones in the lower part also began to ossify. The 23 DAH juveniles had a mean TL of 8.47 mm. The pectoral girdle's skeleton was completed as the scapula and coracoid were ossified. The pelvic girdle also fully supported the ventral fin as its ossification was completed. Favonigobius gymnauchen and Tridentiger obscurus showed similar characteristics in terms of the anus location of hatched larvae, number of myotomes, and melanophore distribution during the morphological development of the larvae and juveniles. However, this study confirmed differences in the development of the vertebrae and urostyle bone.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.15-27
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• 2001

One proposal is made for constructing nonparametric estimator of slope parameters in a regression model under symmetric error distributions. This estimator is based on the use of idea of Johns for estimating the center of the symmetric distribution together with the idea of regression quantiles and regression trimmed mean. This nonparametric estimator and some other L-estimators are studied by Monte Carlo.

• 약학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.281-287
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• 1986

Atmospheric mercury was collected by gold amalgamation method and analyzed by cold flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. The distribution of atmospheric mercury was investigated at seven location (rural I, II, industrial I, II, University and the center of urban) The amount of atmospheric mercury collected at the rural area I (Mt. Seolack) ranged from 0.7 to 1.8ng/$m^3$, and mean value was 1.2ng/$m^3$ (n=4), at the rural area II (Buyeo) ranged from 0.8 to 5.1 ng/$m^3$, and mean value was 2.0ng/$m^3$ (n=8), at the area of the center of urban (Jong-ro 3 Ga, Seoul) ranged from 22.7 to 43.1ng/$m^3$, and mean value was 35.1ng/$m^3$ (n=12), at tae residential area I (Galak Dong, Seoul) ranged from 2.2 to 5.1ng/$m^3$, and mean value was 3. 5 ng/$m^3$ (n=6) at the Chung-Ang University (Heukseok Dong, Seoul) ranged from 2.2 to 176.2 ng/$m^3$, mean value was 36.8 ng/$m^3$ and median value was 16.0 ng/$m^3$ (n=188), at the residential area II (Goowal Dong, Inchon) ranged from 6.4 to 20.7 ng/$m^3$, and mean value was 13.1 ng/$m^3$ (n=10), and at the industrial area (Songhyun Dong, Inchon) ranged from 13.9 to 88.3 ng/$m^3$, and mean value was 38.9 ng/$m^3$ (n=12). The behavior of atmospheric mercury concentration at Chung-Ang University showed high in day time and summer, but low in night-time and winter.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회논문집B
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• pp.943-948
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• 2000

The Twin-fluid Swirl Nozzles are used in many parts of the industry to produce homogeneous spray. This study is to investigate the effects of outer air swiller and inner water swiller on atomization of liquid.. The experiment was carried out with increasing air-flow rate at constant liquid-flow rate and with changing outer air swiller angle and inner water swiller angle. A Particle Dynamics Analyzer(PDA) was used to measure drop size, mean and ms values of axial velocity, number density and Sauter mean diameter(SMD). The axial mean velocity and SMD of droplets were measured along the center line and radial directions. It was found that the higher air flow-rate resulted in the smaller Sauter mean diameter of liquid spray and the higher axial mean velocity of droplets. This experimental results will be conveniently used for the preliminary design stage of twin-fluid nozzle development.

• 대한수학교육학회지:학교수학
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.281-294
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• 2001

As a measure of the center of data, arithmetical mean, median, mode, harmonic mean and geometric mean are generally used. Students must learn qualitative aspect of average values as well as its calculation for its adequate use. As the result of the learning, they should be able to select the appropriate average value according to the characteristic of data and problem context. For this object, the historical origin and visual interpretation of average values were introduced in this paper. And to help teaching several meanings of average values, several examples including context were suggested.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.708-718
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• 2009

Objectives : The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between risk factors, warning signs, tongue diagnosis, pulse pattern, pattern identification and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale in acute stroke patients. Methods : We studied patients hospitalized within 4 wks after their ictus who were admitted at the Internal Medical Department at Kyunghee Oriental Medical Center, Kyunghee University East-West Neo Medical Center, Kyungwon University Songpa Oriental Medical Center, Kyungwon University Incheon Oriental Medical Center, Dongguk University Ilsan Oriental Medical Center from April 2007 to August 2009. We analyzed the relationship between risk factors, warning signs, tongue diagnosis, pulse pattern, pattern identification and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale in acute stroke patients. Results : 1506 subjects were included into the final analysis. 1. In the risk factors, the NIHSS mean score of atrial fibrillation was significantly higher than non-atrial fibrillation. 2. In the warning signs, the NIHSS mean scores of weakness, loss of eyesight, dysarthria, and sensory loss were significantly higher than in the non-warning signs. 3. There were no significant differences in lifestyle, tongue fur color, pattern identification between groups. 4. In the tongue color, the NIHSS mean score of red was significantly higher than pale or pale red. 5. There were significant differences statistically between forceful/weak, fine/not fine, slippery/not slippery pulse and NIHSS score. Conclusion : The above results show the relationship between risk factors, warning signs, tongue diagnosis, pulse pattern, pattern identification and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale in acute stroke patients. These results can be utilized in the future as a basis material.