• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.49-69
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• 2005

This Study was designed to investigate the effect of Sunkihwalhyul -Tang extract(SHT) on the change of cerebral hemodynamics [regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF), pial arterial diameter(PAD) and mean arterial blood pressure(MABP)] in normal and cerebral ischemic rats, and further to determine the mechanisms of action of SHT on hemodynamics. In addition, this study was designed to investigate whether SHT inhibits lactate dehydrog enase(LDH) activity in neuronal cells and cytokines production in serum of cerebral ischemic rats. The results were as follows 1. SHT significantly increased rCBF and PAD in a dose-dependent manner, but MABP was not changed by injecting SHT. These results suggest that SHT significantly increases rCBF by dilating PAD. 2. The SHT-induced increase in rCBF was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with indomethacin(IDN, 1 mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and methylene blue(MTB, $10{\mu}g/kg$, i.p.), an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase. 3. The SHT-induced dilation in PAD was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with IDN and MTB. 4. The SHT-induced some increase in MABP was significantly increased by pretreatment with IDN. These results suggest that the mechanism of action of SBT is mediated by guanylate cyclase. 5. Both rCBF and PAD were significantly and stably increased by SHT(10 mg/kg, i.p.) during the period of cerebral reperfusion, which contrasted with the findings of rapid and marked increase in control group. 6. SBH significantly inhibited LDH activity in neuronal cells. These results suggest that SHT prevents the neuronal death. 7. In cytokine production in the senlm drawn from femoral artery 1 hr after middlecerebral arterial occlusion, sample group showed significantly decreased production of IL-1$\beta$ production, decreased production TNF-$\alpha$ and increased Production of IL-10 compared with control group. 8. In cytokine production in the serum drawn femoral artery 1 hr after reperfusion, sample group showed significantly decreased production of IL-1$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$ as wellas significantly increased production of IL10 compared with control group. These results suggest that SHT mediated by guanylate cyclase has inhibitive effect on the brain damage by inhibiting LDH activity, IL-1$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$ production, and by accelerating IL-10 production. The present author thinks that SHT has an anti-ischemic effects through the improvement of cerebral hemodynamics and inhibitive enects on the brain damage.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.499-503
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• 2013

This study tested the hypothesis that effects of the menstrual cycle on resting blood pressure carry over to dynamic exercise. Eleven healthy females were studied during the early (EP; low estrogen, low progesterone) and late follicular (LP; high estrogen, low progesterone) menstrual phases. Stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and total vascular conductance (TVC) were assessed at rest and in response to mild and moderate cycling exercise during EP and LP. During EP, compared to LP, baseline SBP ($111{\pm}1$ vs. $103{\pm}2$ mmHg), DBP ($71{\pm}2$ vs. $65{\pm}2$ mmHg) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) ($84{\pm}2$ vs. $78{\pm}1$ mmHg) were higher and TVC ($47.0{\pm}1.5$ vs. $54.9{\pm}4.2$ ml/min/mmHg) was lower (p<0.05). During exercise, absolute values of SBP (Mild: $142{\pm}4$ vs. $127{\pm}5$ mmHg; Moderate: $157{\pm}4$ vs. $144{\pm}5$ mmHg) and MAP (Mild: $100{\pm}3$ vs. $91{\pm}3$ mmHg; Moderate: $110{\pm}3$ vs. $101{\pm}3$ mmHg) were also higher, while TVC was lower (Mild: $90.9{\pm}5.1$ vs. $105.4{\pm}5.2$ ml/min/mmHg; Moderate: $105.4{\pm}5.3$ vs. $123.9{\pm}8.1$ ml/min/mmHg) during EP (p<0.05). However, exercise-induced increases in SBP, MAP and TVC at both work intensities were similar between the two menstrual phases, even though norepinephrine concentrations were higher during LP. Results indicate that blood pressure during dynamic exercise fluctuates during the menstrual cycle. It is higher during EP than LP and appears to be due to additive effects of simultaneous increases in baseline blood pressure and reductions in baseline TVC.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2006

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics of classic heat stroke in Korea and to identify factors of prognosis for heat stroke by comparing a survival group with a non-survival group. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 27 patients with heat stroke who visited the Emergency Department of Kyungpook National University Hospital from March 2001 to February 2005. First, we divided the patients into two groups, the classic heat stroke group and the exertional heat stroke group, and compared them. Second, we compared the survival group with the non-survival group. Age, sex, cause, place where patients were found, underlying diseases, cooling time, performance of endotracheal intubation, initial Glasgow Coma Scale, initial vital sign, and laboratory findings were reviewed. Results: Five of 27 patients in heat stroke died. The classic heat stroke group had 20 patients. They were old and had more patients in the bathroom than the exertional heat stroke group had. The non-survival group showed lower blood pressure, lower initial GCS score, and higher respiratory rate than the survival group. In laboratory findings, the non-survival group also showed lower$HCO_3-$ level, lower albumin level, lower glucose level, more prolonged PT, and higher CK-MB level than the survival group. Delay in recognition of heat stroke and cooling were poor prognostic factors in heat stroke. Conclusion: The classic heat stroke group had patients who were old and found in the bathroom. Early recognition and treatment of heat stroke is important to reduce mortality. Cooling time, initial GCS score, mean arterial pressure, resipratory rate, $HCO_3-$, PT, CK-MB, and albumin seem to be meaningful when forming a prognosis for heat stroke patients.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.249-256
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of leg raising and peripheral excercise on recovery of the patients who were applied with dexmedetomidine for their dental surgery. Methods: There were two groups, the experimental group (n=35) and control group (n=35), in this study. We checked blood pressure, pulse rate, oxygen saturation, sedation level and symptoms such as dizziness and somnolence every 30 minutes. These parameters were assessed throughout the participants' recovery room stay. Leg raising and peripheral excercise were conducted in the experimental group in the recovery room. We have conducted chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, t-test, ANOVA, and ANCOVA to compare the measured parameters in both groups. Results: The experimental group showed a significant elevation of mean arterial blood pressure, and mitigation of somnolence, sedation and dizziness compared to the control group. Conclusion: Leg raising and peripheral exercise is effective to expedite recovery in the patients who were applied with dexmedetomidine for their dental surgery.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.595-603
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• 1993

We analysed 60 consecutive patients who got Senning operation for transposition of the great arteries [TGA] with or without ventricular septal defects [VSD]. There were 41 simple TGA [group I] and 19 TGA with VSD [Group II], the operative mortality was 20 % [in group I 4.9 %, group II 52.6 %]. Among the survivors [n=48], the mean follow-up period was 7 years [range, 1 year to 13.5 years] and the actuarial survival rate at 13 years were 95 % in group I and 42 % in group II. Preoperative high left ventricular pressure and high pulmonary arterial pressure affected the surviving [p<0.01]. There occurred various type of arrhythmia like junctional rhythm, first degree atrioventricular [AV] block, sick sinus syndrome and complete AV block, and we inserted 2 permanent pacemakers for these patients. The incidence of arrhythmia were 28.2 % [11/39] in group I and 55.6 % [5/9] in group II, and the actuarial freedom from arrhythmia at 13 years after operation was 66 % [71 % in group I, 44 % in group II]. Increased aortic cross clamping time had affected the development of arrhythmia [p<0.05] which meant the complexity of the operation. The total incidence of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction [LVOTO] was 31.3 % [15/48], but only 3 patients [6.25 %] showed the significant gradient requiring reoperation. The pulmonary venous pathway obstruction [PVO] were found in 3 patients, all in group I, and among them only one required the reoperation. The estimated freedom from PVO was 89 % at 13 years [87 % in group I, 100 % in group II], but we couldn`t find any significant systemic venous obstruction in our series. There occurred 27.1 % [13/48] mild degree tricuspid valve regurgitation without necessary surgical correction. We experienced 14.6 % [7/48] reoperation rate: 3 residual VSD, 3 LVOTO, 1 PVO, 3 atrial baffle leakage. For this high incidence of complication rate after Senning operation and high mortality in TGA with VSD, We do not use this kind of surgical modality any more and do the Jatene operation for all the TGA patients since several years ago.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.383-391
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• 1999

This study was carried out to determine whether the effects of an ${\alpha}_2-adrenoceptor$ agonist, clonidine, on mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) are influenced by mild hypothermia. Experiments were performed in respiration-controlled and spontaneously breathing pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. Rectal temperature was maintained at $37.5{\pm}0.3^{circ}C$ for normothermic groups or at $35.2{\pm}0.3^{circ}C$ for mild hypothermic groups. Intravenous injection of clonidine (1 and 2 ${\mu}g/kg)$ produced depressor and bradycardic responses in spontaneously breathing rats under both normothermic and mild hypothermic condition: a decrease in MAP was not altered but bradycardic response was significantly augmented in the mild hypothermic group as compared with the normothermic group. Under the respiration-controlled condition, the hypotensive effect of clonidine $(2\;{\mu}g/kg)$ was reduced, whereas the bradycardic effect was increased in mild hypothermic rats as compared with normothermic rats. Both hypotensive and bradycardic effects of clondine $(2\;{\mu}g/kg)$ were blocked by pretreatment with an ${\alpha}_2-adrenoceptor$ antagonist, yohimbine (0.5 mg/kg), in both thermal conditions. Yohimbine (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) alone produced signifcantly an increase in heart rate in the mild hypothermic group than in the normothermic group. Pretreatment with a muscarinic receptor antagonist, atropine methylnitrate (1 mg/kg, i.v.), attenuated the bradycardic effect of clonidine in the mild hypothermic group but not in the normothermic group. These results suggest that clonidine- induced bradycardia is amplified by mild hypothermia probably through an increased parasympathetic activity.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.339-345
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• 2013

We investigated the antihypertensive effect of lutein on $N^G$-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME)-induced hypertensive rats. Daily oral administration of L-NAME (40 mg/kg)-induced a rapid progressive increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP). L-NAME significantly increased MAP from the first week compared to that in the control and reached $193.3{\pm}9.6$ mmHg at the end of treatment. MAP in the lutein groups was dose-dependently lower than that in the L-NAME group. Similar results were observed for systolic and diastolic blood pressure of L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats. The control group showed little change in heart rate for 3 weeks, whereas L-NAME significantly reduced heart rate from $434{\pm}26$ to $376{\pm}33$ beats/min. Lutein (2 mg/kg) significantly prevented the reduced heart rate induced by L-NAME. L-NAME caused hypertrophy of heart and kidney, and increased plasma lipid peroxidation four-fold but significantly reduced plasma nitrite and glutathione concentrations, which were significantly prevented by lutein in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that lutein affords significant antihypertensive and antioxidant effects against L-NAME-induced hypertension in rats.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 1987

Effects of synthetic atrial natriuretic peptide and furosemide on the cardiovascular and renal functions were examined in the freshwater turtle, Amyda japonica. Both atria and ventricle of turtle contained an immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide. Synthetic rat atrial natriuretic peptide (atriopeptin III) and turtle atrial extract caused a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure and the vasodepressor effect was dose-dependent. In hydrated turtles received either atriopeptin III or turtle atrial extract, no significant change in renal function was observed until 100 min except a slight natriuresis at 60 or 100 min after injection of 30 ug/kg atriopeptin III or atrial extract, respectively. However, furosemide, 2 mg/kg, caused marked diuresis, natriuresis and kaliuresis. In non-hydrated turtles, no significant change in renal function was observed until 6 hrs following injection of 30 ug/kg atriopeptin III. Plasma aldosterone decreased at 2 hr and increased at 24 hr after injection of atriopeptin III although plasma renin concentration did not change. But, furosemide caused persistent diuresis, natriuresis and kaliuresis. Additionally, plasma aldosterone and renin concentrations were significantly increased at 24 hrs after injection of furosemide. In conclusion, we suggest that the freshwater turtle may have an atrial natriuretic peptide in heart and vascular receptors for atrial natriuretic peptide, and that atrial natriuretic peptide is more important in the regulation of blood pressure rather than that of renal function in freshwater turtles. We also suggest that an increased plasma renin concentration caused by furosemide may not be due to the sodium concentration delivered to macula densa, but due to the dehydration caused by persistent diuresis and natriuresis.

• Aerospace Engineering and Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.207-214
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of hypoxic exercise at head down tilt (HDT) on cardiovascular responses. Eight men ($23{\pm}2$ yrs, $176{\pm}4$ cm, and $75{\pm}8$ kg) underwent four separate exercise testing sessions; seated normoxia (SN), seated hypoxia (SH), HDT normoxia (HN), and HDT hypoxia (HH). Each participant performed the leg cycling at predetermined 40% of maximal aerobic capacity relevant to each posture for 15 min. Heart rate was higher in SH than SN and higher also in HH than SH (p<0.05). Blood oxygen saturation was lower in SH than SN (p<0.05). During resting, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure was significantly lower in HDT than seated posture (p<0.05). No differences were found between conditions in hemoglobin and hematocrit and electrolytes including, sodium, potassium, and chloride. Lactate was higher in SH than SN. In conclusion, there was no effect for cardiovascular responses to duplicate stimuli both hypoxia and posture.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

Objectives : Joongjeo($TE_3$) Supplementation Aekmoon($TE_2$) Draining is a method belongs to Ohaeng-acupuncture, using directional supplementation and draining. Methods : This study was designed to investigate the effects of $TE_3$ supplementation $TE_2$ draining on changes in cerebral blood flow(rCBF) and mean arterial blood pressure(MABP) in normal rats. For these reasons, the present author investigated rCBF and MABP using laser doppler flowmeter in normal rats. In addtion, the present author also investigated action mechanisms of $TE_3$ supplementation $TE_3$ draining on changes in rCBF and MABP too. Results : In this results, $TE_3$ supplementation $TE_2$ draining elevated rCBF in time-dependent manner, but MABP levels decresed by $TE_3$ supplementation $TE_2$ draining. Pre-treatment with indomethacin (IDM), an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, inhibited increase of rCBF effectively. But pre-treatment with methylene blue(MTB), an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, decreased rCBF levels. In addition, pre-treatment with IDM also decreased MABP levels, but pre-treatement with MTB increased MABP levels. Conclusions : In conclusion, these results suggest that $TE_3$ supplementation $TE_2$ draining is effective to treat patient with disease related to cerebral ischemia, because $TE_3$ supplementation $TE_2$ draining can increase rCBF. In addition, the mechanisms are thought to be related to guanylate cyclase pathways.