• 한국가금학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.71-77
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• 1998

This study was investigated to study split diets on laying performance and eggshell quality with Hy-Line brown layers 43 weeks old for 12 weeks Layers fed a conventional diet and split diets were divided into morning and afternoon diet. The conventional diet contained 3.4 % Ca was given constant nutrients all day. Hens of the split diets fed morning diets contained 0.5 % Ca constantly and afternoon diets contained 5.9, 8.0, and 10.0 % Ca in T1to T3. Split diets were given morning diets from 04:00 to 15:00 and afternoon diets 15:00 to 21 :00 alternately. Egg production, egg weight, and egg mass were not significantly different among diets. Abnormal eggs decreased in T1 and T2, but no significantly differed(P>0.05). Feed intake decreased in all of split diets compared to control diets (P <0.05). So, feed conversion ratio also improved in split diets(P<0.05). ME and CP intake decreased in T2 and T3, and Ca intake increased in proportion to Ca content of diets(P<0.05). ME and CP requirements per kg eggs decreased in the split diets, and that of Ca increased. Although there were not different significantly, egg shell strength and thickness improved slightly in T2 at 12 week. Yolk color, haugh unit and yolk index were not different among diets. Therefore, we concluded that split diet feeding to layer could improve feed and economic efficiency with normal egg production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권11호
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• pp.1623-1628
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• 2011

The effects of dietary lysine (Lys) at a fixed ratio to crude protein (CP) and essential amino acids (EAA) on early growth response of broilers were studied. Four diets were formulated to contain similar metabolizable energy (ME, 2,950 kcal/kg) but contained graded levels of incremental Lys (1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4%) while also increasing the dietary CP and EAA (methionine, methionine+ cystine, threonine and tryptophan) to maintain a constant ratio with Lys. Each diet was fed at random to 10 replicates of 6 chicks each throughout the experimental period (1-21 d). At the lowest concentration of Lys of 1.1% (19.04% CP), body weight gain (BWG) was lowest and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was poorest. The BWG increased and FCR decreased linearly as dietary Lys increased upto 1.3% (22.5% CP). Lowest feed consumption was observed in the dietary group that contained 1.1% Lys (19.04% CP) in the diet. Increasing the concentration of Lys to 1.2% (20.77% CP), significantly increased the feed consumption. The concentrations of protein, calcium, phosphorus and cholesterol in serum were not influenced by the variation in Lys contents in the diet. The humoral immune response as measured by antibody titre in response to SRBC inoculation was significantly lower in the diets containing 1.1% Lys compared to 1.4%. It is concluded that the Lys requirement of broilers is 1.3% (22.5% CP) during 0 to 21 days of age for eliciting optimum performance when a fixed ratio of Lys to CP (1:17.31) and essential AA is maintained (1:0.47 Met; 1:0.56 Thr; 1:0.17 Try).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.365-368
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• 1992

The experiment was carried out to estimate the energy and protein requirements of Khaki Campbell $\times$ Thai Native laying ducks. To estimate the energy requirement, 5 experimental diets were formulated at levels of 2.70, 2.75, 2.80, 2.85 and 2.90 Mcal ME/kg. These diets were equal in ME/CP ratio (170/l). A total of 150 18-week old laying ducks were assigned to 5 energy level treatments, each comprising 3 replicates of 10 birds each, and they were fed the diets for 18 weeks. To estimate the protein requirement, 90 18-week old laying ducks were divided into 9 groups of 10 birds each, and they were assigned to 3 protein level treatments, each comprising 3 replicates. The levels of protein in the diets were 13.5%, 15.0% and 16.5%, and all diets were isocaloric (2.8 Mcal ME/kg). As a result, the 16.5% protein diet gave significantly better egg production than the 13.5% and 15.0% protein diets, however, no significant difference in egg production was found among the energy levels. Feed cost to produce 1k eggs was lower in the 2.70 Mcal and 16.5%protein diets than in the higher ME and lower protein diets.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.516-520
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• 1990

The product distribution obtained by the addition of hydride of $-CR_2CN$ (R = H and Me) to (disubstituted benzene)-$FeCp^+$ is studied. The formation of the substituted arene from ${\eta}^5$-cyclohexadienyl-${\eta}^5$-cyclopentadienyliron is described.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2003

In order to find the feasibility of feeding raw or processed cotton (Gossypium) seed meal (CSM), 30 male crossbred lambs were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments with 6 animals each. Lambs were fed each of the isonitrogenous and isocaloric concentrate mixtures containing 30% deoiled groundnut cake (DGNC) (reference diet), 40% raw, 45 minute cooked, 1% $Ca(OH)_2$ or iron (1 part free gossypol:0.3 parts iron) treated CSM (replacing about 50% nitrogen moiety of reference concentrate mixture). The concentrate mixture was fed to meet 80% of CP requirements (NRC, 1985) along with ad libitum maize (Zea mays) hay for 180 days. Incorporation of raw or processed CSM did not affect the palatability of diets as evidenced by higher (p<0.01) or comparable overall daily intakes of DM and protein (CP and Digestible CP) per kg $W^{0.75}$ by lambs in comparison to reference group. Intakes of DE and ME increased (p<0.01) due to inclusion $Ca(OH)_2$ treated CSM in diets, while the intakes were lower (p<0.01) on iron treated CSM based diet when compared with reference diet. The intakes of DM, CP, TDN, DE and ME by reference and experimental lambs were higher than the requirements stipulated by NRC (1985). The growth rate was highest (p<0.01) in lambs fed on diets with cooked CSM followed by those fed raw or $Ca(OH)_2$ treated CSM based diets. The growth of lambs fed on iron treated CSM diets was depressed (p<0.01) in comparison to that of other experimental lambs probably due to increased iron intake (889 mg/kg DM of diet) which was much higher than the toxic levels of 500 ppm (NRC, 1980). The lambs on various diets utilized DM with similar efficiency while the utilization of energy (TDN, DE and ME) was more efficient (p<0.01) when the diets contained raw or cooked CSM in comparison to that of reference diet. The lambs fed raw and $Ca(OH)_2$ treated CSM incorporated diets utilized DCP with higher (p<0.01) efficiency than the lambs fed reference diet. The feed cost per kg weight gain was lower (p<0.01) on raw, cooked and $Ca(OH)_2$ treated CSM based diets in comparison to reference diet. Cooking of CSM for 45 minutes further reduced the feed cost of weight gain.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.1518-1523
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• 2004

This study was conducted to evaluate nutritive value of forages commonly used as ruminant feeds in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Seven species of grasses and five species of legumes were collected during the rainy season. The results showed that chemical composition, in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DMD), organic matter (OMD) and crude protein (CPD), in vitro gas production and metabolizable energy (ME) content greatly varied among the species of grass and legume forages. The CP content ranged from 6.6 to 16.2% in grass and from 17.5 to 29.1% in legumes; while NDF content of grass and legume ranged from 57.2 to 66.2% and from 24.4 to 55.6%, respectively. The DMD, OMD and CPD of grass ranged from 49.1 to 62.2%, 51.9 to 64.4% and 50.5 to 60.3%; while in legumes the values ranged from 59.1 to 71.8%, 65.2 to 72.0% and 68.2 to 71.6%, respectively. The ME content of grass varied from 6.4 to 9.3 MJ/kg and from 6.5 to 8.3 MJ/kg for legumes. In general, within species of grass Cynodon plectostachyus contained higher CP but was lower in NDF that resulted in much higher digestibility; a similar result was also found in Leucaena leucocephala for the legumes. The two forages also contained much higher ME than the others. In conclusion, the nutritive value of forages in North Sumatra, Indonesia during the rainy season was relatively high as ruminant feed, with the best quality noted for Cynodon plectostachyus and Leucaena leucocephala.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권11호
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• pp.1595-1600
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• 2011

Sugarcane press residue (SPR), a byproduct from the sugar industry was evaluated for it's nutrient and energetic quality in broilers and layers. The composition of SPR included (% DM): CP-11.76 (methionine-2.21, cystine-1.05, lysine-4.85, threonine-5.48% of CP), EE-7.87 (palmitic acid-30.3, stearic acid-4.1, oleic aicd-17.2, linoleic acid-38.0, linolenic acid-5.4% of EE), CF-10.08, TA-21.08 (Ca-3.87, P-1.10, Mg-0.95%, Fe-3500, Mn-284, Zn-113, Cu-61.5, Co-5.0 ppm and AIA-4.93%) and NFE-48.35% indicating that SPR is a valuable source of both organic and inorganic nutrients for poultry. The metabolic trials revealed the average ME of SPR as 749, 842 and 1,270 kcal/kg, respectively in broilers and 844, 936 and 1,031 kcal/kg in layers, at 10, 20 and 30% inclusion levels, respectively. Further, the fortification of SPR incorporated diets with biotechnological products viz., lipid utilizing agents (lipase and lecithin) or NSP degrading enzymes and their combination did not improve the ME content of such diets.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.35-42
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• 2010

본 시험은 산양유 생산을 위해 유기사료를 이용하여 유산양의 적정 에너지 및 단백질 공급 수준과 조농비율을 결정하기 위하여 비유중기 Saanen종 유산양 4두($57.5{\pm}10.8\;kg$ BW)를 이용하여 $4{\times}4$ 라틴방각법으로 실시하였다. 대사에너지 공급수준과 단백질 공급수준을 10.59 (T1), 10.14 (T2), 9.45 (T3) 및 8.75 (T4) MJ/kg과 11.90 (T1), 12.73 (T2), 15.19 (T3) 및 16.60% (T4)로 달리하였으며, 조농비율은 49:51 (T1), 59:41 (T2), 74:26 (T3) 및 90:10 (T4)의 네 처리구로 나누었다. 사료 섭취량 및 체중은 모든 처리구 사이의 유의한 차이가 없었다. 유량은 T3구에서 가장 높았으며, T2 및 T4구와 비교하여 유의하게 높게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 유지방함량과 생산량은 T4구에서 다른 처리구와 비교하여 가장 낮았다 (p<0.05). 유단백질과 유당 생산량은 T1 (61.29 및 70.95 g/일)과 T3 (60.52 및 75.82 g/일)구에서 T2 (50.49 및 59.64 g/일)와 T4 (52.49 및 59.82 g/일)구와 비교하여 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 결과적으로 유산양의 유생산성을 극대화시키기 위해서 에너지 공급수준은 최소 9 MJ/kg 이상과 단백질 공급수준은 최소 15% 이상을 공급해 주어야할 것으로 기대된다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.1085-1095
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• 2024

Objective: The main objective of this study was to determine available energy and nutritional digestibility of extruded cereals and the effect of extrusion on the nutritional value of feed ingredients, aiming to provide scientific basis for efficient application of extrusion in the diets of growing pigs. Methods: In Exp. 1, 48 crossbred growing pigs (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with an initial body weight (BW) of 34.6±2.2 kg were selected and fed with eight diets (non-extrusion or extrusion) to determine the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and nutrients digestibility. Eight diets included extruded grains (barley, wheat, sorghum, or broken rice), while four had unprocessed grains. In Exp. 2, 9 diets were formulated including 4 cereals with extrusion or non-extrusion and a N-free diet. In addition, 9 growing pigs (BW = 22.3±2.8 kg) were fitted with T-cannula in the distal ileum and arranged in a 9×6 Youden square design. Results: Results show that apparent total tract digestibility of gross energy, dry matter, organic meal, ether extract, neutral and acid detergent fiber was not affected by the extrusion process and there was no interaction between cereal type and extrusion treatment on DE, ME. However, the apparent total tract digestibility for crude protein (CP) increased markedly (p<0.05). The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of all amino acids (AA) except for leucine remarkably increased by extrusion (p<0.05). There was an interaction on the SID of arginine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, cystine, and tyrosine in growing pigs between type of grain and extrusion treatment (p<0.05). Conclusion: Extrusion increased the ileal digestibility of CP and most AA in cereals, however, the DE and ME of cereals were not affected in growing pigs.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.107-112
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• 2003

하절기에 산란피크기간의 대부분이 해당되는 육용종계 산란기의 적정 에너지공급체계를 구명하기 위하여 강원도 홍천군 북방면소재 홍천종계에서 케이지 사양형태의 로스 육용종계 400를 공시하여 2002년 4월부터 2003년 l월까지 40주간 (24∼64주령 ) Table 2 와 같은 4 가지 에너지공급체계 사양시험을 실시한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 총 산란율, 종란 산란율, 평균난중 및 성계 생존율은 모두 처리간에 유의적인 차이가 인정되지 않았으나, 산란율은 l 일 에너지공급량이 많을수록 오히려 저하하는 경향을 보였다. 2) 사료요구율, ME 및 CP요구량과 사료비는 모두 l일 에너지공급량이 증대함에 따라서 증가하는 경향을 보였다 (P<0.05) 본 연구의 결과 l일 ME공급량을 24주령에 280kcal로부터 30∼34주령에 400kcal 까지 증가시키고 35주령 이후 380kcal를 공급한 Tl 처리가 가장 우수한 성적을 보였다.