• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.401-407
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• 2009

In the previous article in this series we introduced the basic concepts for statistical analysis. The present review introduces hypothesis testing for continuous and categorical data for readers of the veterinary science literature. For the analysis of continuous data, we explained t-test to compare a single mean with a hypothesized value and the difference between two means from two independent samples or between two means arising from paired samples. When the data are categorical variables, the $x^2$ test for association and homogeneity, Fisher's exact test and Yates' continuity correction for small samples, and test for trend, in which at least one of the variables is ordinal is described, together with the worked examples. McNemar test for correlated proportions is also discussed. The topics covered may provide a basic understanding of different approaches for analyzing clinical data.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2008

Purpose : The aim of this study is to determine possibility of application of in vivo proton ($^1H$) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in distinguishing cystic mass arising around pancreas by comparison of in vivo MRS, in vitro MRS using 3T MR machine, based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Materials and Methods : We obtained spectra of in vivo MRS, in vitro MRS and NMR from abdominal mass arising around pancreas (mucinous cystic neoplasm=5, intraductal papillary mucin producing tumor=5, pseudocyst=1, and lymphangioma=1). We estimated existence of peak of in vivo MRS, and in vitro MRS concordant to that of NMR. We also evaluated differential peak for predicting specific disease. Results : Correlation of presence of peak with NMR showed showed sensitivity of 29.6%, specificity of 82.6% and accuracy of 67.7% on in vivo MRS (p = 0.096, McNemar test), sensitivity of 57.1% and specificity of 92.6% and accuracy of 82.3% on in vitro MRS (p = 0.362, McNemar test). The spectra of NMR for IPMT showed more frequent peaks at 3.5-4.0 ppm (p=0.026). Conclusion : Although chemical analysis, using NMR could be regarded as possible tool to differentiate cystic masses, in vivo and in vitro MRS need further technical evolution for clinical application.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.110-122
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• 2016

Objectives The purpose of this study was to develop the Sasangin Diagnostic Questionnaire for Specialist(SDQ_S) and to evaluate the reliability and validity of SDQ_S for standardization of sasang constitutional diagnosis by korean medicine Specialist in clinical practice.Methods SDQ_S was developed through discussions of three sasang constitutional medical specialist. We recruited 210 subjects aged from 20 to 70, and conducted the evaluation of SDQ_S and sasang constitutional diagnosis. For the reliability test, internal consistency was examined by calculating the cronbach's α coefficient on 88 items excepted measurements of trunk, and independence and agreement was examined by chi-square test and McNemar test for 84 subjects which retested SDQ_S. For the validity test, discriminant functions was derived from the sample group(105 subjects), and they were applied to the test group(105 subjects). We identified the hit-ratio of SDQ_S in the test group.Results and Conclusions In the reliability test, the cronbach's α coefficient was 0.664 and 87 items(98.9%) have dependent relationships between 1st test and 2nd test. And 39 items(44.3%) have high agreements(0.8≤McNemar), 26 items(29.5%) have common agreements(0.4≤McNemar<0.8). In the validity test, four discriminant variables(Soeum Index, Taeeum Index, Torso Ratio I, Taeyang Index) were selected, and two discriminant functions were derived. Total hit-ratio was 74.2%, and hit-ratio of Taeeumin(76.7%) was higher than that of Soeumin(75.9%) and Soyangin(69.7%). SDQ_S has good reliability and validity for sasang constitutional diagnosis.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.575-580
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• 2017

Because moire artifacts overlap with fine lesions and frequency bands, image processing software that removes moire artifacts can lead to loss of micro lesions. In this study, microscopic lesions such as microcalcification and microfracture were randomly formed on SD (Sprague Dawley) rats and image and optimized grid images were compared and analyzed using reference image and grid suppression software. The images were read by two consecutive radiologists using a McNemar's test. Among the 73 microcalcifications, in the 13 cases after grid suppression, the image of the optimized grid shows the loss of image in 3 cases, and the image after grid suppression shows statistically significant image loss (p=0.021). In all 53 fracture lines, there were 19 cases of image loss after the grid suppression, and only one case of the optimized grid showed no image loss. Therefore, the use of grid suppression software to remove moire artifacts should be carefully considered in the diagnosis of micro lesions.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.451-457
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of thera band exercise on muscle flexibility, balance ability, muscle strength and self-rated health in elderly women. Methods: The quasi-experimental research design (one-group pretest-post test) was employed. Participants were recruited in S-city and a total of 14 elderly women completed 15-week thera band exercise. Descriptive statistics, paired t-test and McNemar-test were used in data analysis by SPSS/WIN 12.0. Results: Compared with those before participation, the participants showed higher muscle flexibility, balance ability, and muscle strength after participation in thera band exercise. Conclusion: Findings of this study indicated that the 15-week thera band exercise program had a favorable effect on muscle flexibility, balance ability and muscle strength of elderly women. Future research needs to develop combined exercise programs with other types of exercise for the health of elderly women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2019

This study aimed to investigate the performance of the S-detect method in breast ultrasonography and to determine how to reduce unnecessary biopsy by comparing the results of the S-detect method and biopsy. Thirty patients who had undergone breast ultrasonography between August and October 2018 and were scheduled to undergo biopsy because of the presence of breast nodules were retrospectively analyzed. The McNemar test was performed to determine whether detection of a malignant breast mass significantly differed between the S-detect method and biopsy. The following results were obtained from the analysis of the S-detect method: sensitivity, 90.9%; specificity, 84.21%; validity, 86.66%; positive predictive value, 76.92%; and negative predictive value, 94.11%. Analysis of the degree of agreement between the S-detect method and biopsy revealed a kappa value as high as 0.724 (p < 0.05), exhibiting good agreement between the two methods. The S-detect method in breast ultrasonography is diagnostically valuable in terms of distinguishing between malignant and benign breast masses, and if used properly before breast biopsy, unnecessary biopsy can be reduced.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.2871-2876
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• 2016

The Pap smear test is recommended for early diagnosis of cervical cancer. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge and behavior regarding the Pap smear test based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) in women referred to premarital counseling classes, Hamadan, Iran. This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 330 women, who were allocated randomly to two case and control groups (n=165). Two educational session classes were performed in the case group. Two stages in before and after intervention groups were evaluated. Analysis of data was performed by SPSS/16.0, using t-test, $x^2$, and McNemar's test. P-values <0.05 were regarded as significant. There was no significant difference between the mean scores of the various structures of this model in two groups before the intervention. However, after the intervention there were significant increase in mean score of knowledge and all variables of HBM in the intervention group(P<0.001). The findings of this study highlight the important role of education about cervical cancer on changing women's beliefs about cervical screening.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.83 no.3
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• pp.620-631
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• 2022

Purpose This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance of features suggestive of nodal metastasis on preoperative MRI in patients with invasive breast cancer. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the preoperative breast MRI of 192 consecutive patients with surgically proven invasive breast cancer. We analyzed MRI findings of axillary lymph nodes with regard to the size, long/short ratio, cortical thickness, shape and margin of the cortex, loss of hilum, asymmetry, signal intensity (SI) on T2-weighted images (T2WI), degree of enhancement in the early phase, and enhancement kinetics. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, chi-square test, t test, and McNemar's test were used for statistical analysis. Results Increased shorter diameter, uneven cortical shape, increased cortical thickness, loss of hilum, asymmetry, irregular cortical margin, and low SI on T2WI were significantly suggestive of metastasis. ROC analysis revealed the cutoff value for the shorter diameter and cortical thickness as 8.05 mm and 2.75 mm, respectively. Increased cortical thickness (> 2.75 mm) and uneven cortical shape showed significantly higher sensitivity than other findings in McNemar's test. Irregular cortical margins showed the highest specificity (100%). Conclusion Cortical thickness > 2.75 mm and uneven cortical shape are more sensitive parameters than other findings, and an irregular cortical margin is the most specific parameter for predicting axillary metastasis in patients with invasive breast cancer.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.163-175
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• 1999

This study was done to identify the effectiveness of a proper positioning on musculoskeletal complication on patient with Stroke by using a quasi-experimental study. A total of 18 patients were selected as a subject from June 1st to October 31th 1998 who had been hospitalized at Intensive Care Units in K medical center. A experimental group consists of 8 patients who were given proper positioning every two hours. A control group consists of 10 patients who were given traditional positioning. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS windows including $X^2$-test (Fisher's exact method), Wilcoxon Rank Sum test and McNemar test. The result of this study was summerized as follows : 1) The experimental group with proper positioning has shown lower shoulder pain score, dorsiflexion contracture score, Shoulder subluxation score and higher Range of Motion and than the control group. 2) The experimental group with proper positioning has shown lower muscle pain score and edema score than the control group, but it was not statistically significant.Therefore, proper positioning could be applied as an independent nursing intervent ion for patients on Stroke in order to facilitate rehabilitation.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.329-336
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of low-dose CT (LDCT) for emphysema compared with high-resolution CT (HRCT). Measurements of radiation dose and noise were repeated 3 times in same exposure condition which was similar with obtaining HRCT and LDCT images. We analysed reading results of 146 subjects. Six images per participants selected for emphysema grading. Emphysema was graded for all 6 zones on the left and right sides of the lungs by the consensus reading of two chest radiologists using a 4-point scale. Between the HRCT and LDCT images, diagnostic differences and agreements for emphysema were analyzed by McNemar's and unweighted kappa tests, and radiation doses and noise by a Mann-Whitney U-test, using the SPSS 19.0 program. Radiation dose from HRCT was significantly higher than that of LDCT, but the noise was significantly lower in HRCT than in LDCT. Diagnostic agreement for emphysema between HRCT and LDCT images was excellent (k-value=0.88). Emphysema grading scores were not significantly different between HRCT and LDCT images for all six lung zones. Emphysema grading scores from LDCT images were significantly correlated with increased scores on HRCT images (r=0.599, p < 0.001). Considering the tradeoff between radiation dose and image noise, LDCT could be used as the gold standard method instead of HRCT for emphysema detection and grading.