• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.180-185
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• 2018

'Sootari', a new variety of oyster mushroom, was bred by mating with monokaryons isolated from 'Suhan' and 'Gonji-7ho'. The optimum temperature for the mycelial growth was $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$ on PDA medium and those for the primordia formation and growth of fruiting body of 'Sootari' were $16{\sim}18^{\circ}C$ on sawdust substrate. In bottle cultivation, mycelial growth required about 25 days. In addition, primordia formation and growth of fruiting body required 4 days each. Regarding characteristics of the fruiting body, the shape and color of pileus were round type and black, respectively, and stipe color and shape were white and short and thin, respectively. The yield of fruiting bodies was $131.3{\pm}26.0g$ per 1,100 mL bottle, which was 2% higher than that of Gonji-7ho.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.4 s.87
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• pp.450-457
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• 1998

The cryparin of Cryphonectria parasitica belongs to a cell wall associated fungal hydrophobin. The cryparin, though it is encoded by a single copy gene, is known for the high expression during the liquid culture of C. parasitica, and it turns out that 22% of total mRNA was transcribed for cryparin at 48hr after the liquid culture. In addition, it is also known as one of down-regulated fungal proteins by the presence of double stranded RNA virus, Cryphonectria hypovirus 1. In previous studies (Kim et al., 1999), we have constructed a cryparin-null mutant by replacing the cryparin gene with hygromycin B resistance gene due to site directed homologous recombination. In order for the promoter analysis of cryparin which seems to be very strong as well as mycoviral specific, it is preferable to have a strain with only a target promoter replaced and a discernable target site for incoming vectors. However, the cryparin-null mutant revealed the presence of an additional copy of transforming vector except the one which replaced the cryparin gene. In addition, the cryparin-null mutant did not contain any markers for targeted integration of incoming vectors. This prompts us to design an experiment to obtain a strain for promoter analysis of cryparin gene. A different mating type strain EP6(Mata, $met^-$) was mated with the cryparin-null mutant ${\triangle}$Crp194-7(MatA, Crp${\triangle}$::hph) to make the progenies with only a single replacement vector and $met^-$ characteristic remained. Nutritional assay as well as Southern blot analysis revealed that the progeny, ${\triangle}$Crp194-a6, was the methionine auxotroph with a single replacing vector in genome. Northern blot analysis and PAGE showed that there was no cryparin produced in this bred strain either.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.555-562
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• 2012

PCR was performed to analyze the ${\beta}$-lactamase genes carried by ampicillin-resistant Vibrio spp. strains isolated from marine environments in Korea between 2006 and 2009. All 36 strains tested showed negative results in PCR with the primers designed from the nucleotide sequences of various known ${\beta}$-lactamase genes. This prompted us to screen new ${\beta}$-lactamase genes. A novel ${\beta}$-lactamase gene was cloned from Vibrio alginolyticus KV3 isolated from the aquaculture water of Geoje Island of Korea. The determined nucleotide sequence (VAK-3 ${\beta}$-lactamase) revealed an open reading frame (ORF) of 852 bp, encoding a protein of 283 amino acids (aa), which displayed low homology to any other ${\beta}$-lactamase genes reported in public databases. The deduced 283 aa sequence of VAK-3, consisting of a 19 aa signal peptide and a 264 aa mature protein, contained highly conserved peptide segments specific to class A ${\beta}$-lactamases including the specific amino acid residues STFK (62-65), SDN (122-124), E (158), and RTG (226-228). Results from PCR performed with primers specific to the VAK-3 ${\beta}$-lactamase gene identified 3 of the 36 isolated strains as V. alginolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, and Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, indicating the utilization of various ${\beta}$-lactamase genes including unidentified ones in ampicillin-resistant Vibrio spp. strains from the marine environment. In a mating experiment, none of the isolates transfered the VAK-3 ${\beta}$-lactamase gene to the Escherichia coli recipient. This lack of mobility, and the presence of a chromosomal acyl-CoA flanking sequence upstream of the VAK-3 ${\beta}$-lactamase gene, led to the assumption that the location of this new ${\beta}$-lactamase gene was in the chromosome, rather than the mobile plasmid. Antibiotic susceptibility of VAK-3 ${\beta}$-lactamase was indicated by elevated levels of resistance to penicillins, but not to cephalosporins in the wild type and E. coli harboring recombinant plasmid pKV-3, compared with those of the host strain alone. Phylogenetic analysis showed that VAK-3 ${\beta}$-lactamase is a new and separate member of class A ${\beta}$-lactamases.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.14.1-14.12
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• 2018

Background: Sheep production is a major component of the livestock sector in Ethiopia. The country owing to the large population of 30.70 million estimated numbers of sheep in the country and out of which about 72.14% are females, and 27.86% are males with diverse genetic resources. The real value of indigenous breeds was often under-estimated mostly due to their poor appearance and relatively low productivity. Developing countries in most cases opt for exotic breeds to increase animal productivity through crossbreeding or breed substitution without properly investigating the production potential of the indigenous breeds. The main objective of the research was to identify sheep flock composition and structure, farmers' traits of interest and breeding objective of Wollo highland sheep, and their $F_1$ crossbreed progenies. Results: Smallholder farmers' flock synthesized from breeding ewes, breeding rams, pre-weaned ewe lambs, pre-weaned ram lambs, unproductive ewes, castrated and fattened rams, with the percentage coverage of 29.2, 13.3, 15.5, 16.5, 12.4, and 12.5%, respectively. The maximum number of flock size was 289.0 sheep per flock and higher in the third stratum. The off-take rate percentage of the three strata presented as 21.9% in 1st stratum, 12% in the 2nd stratum, and 16.4% in the 3rd stratum and higher off-take rate recorded in the first stratum. Sheep producer's traits of interest ranked by growth rate (first), body size (second) and marketing value was third rank. Communal breeding (random mating), village based controlled breeding, mixed type and private ram controlled breeding practice were comprised of 39.7, 61.7, 52 and 71.3%, respectively. The percentages of ewes per flock composition were presented as 36.5, 27.1 and 25.5%, respectively in the 3rd stratum, 2nd stratum and 3rd stratum in the order of their importance's. Conclusion: Genetic improvement practices at smallholder sheep producers situation was showing promising outcome with indigenous Washera $F_1$ crossbred lambs and which designated for weaning rate, body size, marketing age, age at first lambing, good temperament and large litter size in the order of their rank. The contemporary breeding practice tendency indicated that, reduced flock size to improve flock productivity via crossbreeding practices.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.249-253
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• 2016

The inky cap, Coprinellus congregatus, produces several laccase isozymes during its life cycle: both hyphal tip laccase and sclerotial laccase are involved in the fungal development. When this fungus was transferred to an acid liquid medium (pH 4.0-4.5), a new laccase was synthesized and secreted into the culture supernatant. In order to examine its regulation by external pH, green fluorescent protein gene was ligated at the downstream of the promoters having different lengths. These expression vectors having different promoter lengths were inserted into the fungal transformation vector, pBARGEM7-1. These expression vectors were introduced to the mating type a1 and a2 monokaryons, and the transformants were selected by the phosphinothricin resistance. Transformant a1 (a1TF) and transformant a2 (a2TF) were mated with each other to generate homozygotic dikaryon transformants. All these transformants were grown in neutral liquid medium for 5 days, and then the whole cell homogenates were transferred to the acidic liquid medium (pH 4.1). After 36 h incubation at $25^{\circ}C$, cells were harvested for the analysis of GFP expression. GFP expression was detected in the transformant having full-length promoter (2.0 kb), but other transformants having shorter length promoter (shorter than 1.29 kb) failed to show the fluorescence. Therefore, the acid-responsive element in the laccase promoter should be localized between -2.0 kb ~ -1.29 kb region.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.101-112
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• 2000

The aim of this study is to compared the cerebral palsy children with normal children in the exercise and cardio vascular ability after this study as the fundamental data fer mating programs for the cerebral palsy children. The test of this study is about twenty girls, the control group of the normal children(n=10) and the experiment group of cerebral palsy children(n=10). They were studied in four aspects which were the anthropometry, the medical check in the rest, the physical fitness or exercise roads test and the change of the target heart rate during exercise. The result were as follows : 1. The characteristic of the physical type : The control group is higher than the experiment group in the standing height and the body weight but their's little difference between them (p<0.05). The control group is lower than the experiment group in the body fat. 2. The characteristic of the medical check in the rest : The control group is higher than the experiment group in the vital capacity and flood expiratoryvolume one second. The control group is higher that the experiment group in the blood pressure of systolic and Diastolic. There's little difference between them(p<0.01). The control is lower than the experiment group in the heart pulse rate. There's little difference between them(p<0.005). 3. The characteristic of basic physical strength evaluation : The experiment group is the lowest dynamic muscular endurance, balance, agility and endurance which need to move the body with weight. The control group is much higher than the experiment group in the flexibility and muscle strength(Back strength). There's no difference between them(p<0.05). 4. The characteristics of the exercise stress last : The control group is higher than the experiment group in the endurance, the maximum of oxygen intake, endurance level and the out take of calory. There's little difference between them(p<0.01). 5. The characteristic of the change of the target heart rate during exercise : The control group is lower than the experiment group exchange of target heart rate, There's no difference them.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1192-1198
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• 2013

To improve yeast strains for bioethanol production, yeasts with ethanol tolerance, thermotolerance, and ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase activity were bred using yeast genome shuffling. Saccharomyces cerevisiae $BY4742{\Delta}exg1$/pAInu-exgA, which has extracellular ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase activity, and the Aspergillus oryzae and S. cerevisiae YKY020 strains, which exhibit ethanol tolerance and thermotolerance, were fused by yeast protoplast fusion. Following cell fusion, four candidate cells (No. 3, 9, 11, and 12 strains) showing thermotolerance at $40^{\circ}C$ were selected, and their ethanol tolerance (7% ethanol concentration) and ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase activity were subsequently analyzed. All the phenotypes of the two parent cells were simultaneously expressed in one (No. 11) of the four candidate cells, and this strain was called BYK-F11. The BYK-F11 fused cell showed enhanced cell growth, ethanol tolerance, ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase activity, and ethanol productivity compared with the $BY4742{\Delta}exg1$/pAInu-exgA and YKY020 strains. The results prove that a new yeast strain with different characters and the same mating type can be easily bred by protoplast fusion of yeasts.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.349-356
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• 2007

Three active components (Z8-12:Ac, E8-12:Ac, and Z8-12:OH) are known in sex pheromone of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, and have been commercially available to apply for population monitoring and mating disruption. However, there have been variation among commercial products in pheromone composition and amount impregnated in each pheromone releaser. This study was performed to optimize factors influencing on pheromone monitoring of G. molesta by analyzing pheromone composition/amount, effective period of releaser, and trap type/placement in apple trees. High purity of Z8-12:Ac component was effective to attract males, in which 96% or more of cis acetate isomer component appeared to be optimal composition. Pheromone amounts ($0.01-1\;{\mu}g$) impregnated in each rubber dispenser did not give significant effect on monitoring during 90 days from June to August. "Delta" trap was much more efficient than "cone" trap to collect males. Trap installation was another factor, in which placing traps at canopy level was much efficient than at trunk or ground levels. Pheromone trap monitoring with these optimal factors indicated three to four adult peaks from June to September in addition to high overwintering population from April to May in pesticide-applied orchards in Andong, Korea.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 1988

This study was conducted to obtain more detailed information on the characteristics of body fat distribution, genetic variation and correlation of fat amount at different location in broiler type chicken. A total of 429 offsprings, produced by mating 13 sires with 52 dams of WPR, were used for this study. All experimental analyses were made on dressed carcasses of 8 weeks of age. The average live body weight was 1,856g in male and 1,483g in female, the proportions of each part to live body weight were higher in male group except skin and abdominal fat pad. The total body fat was more in male (40.76g), but fat rate of total body, skin, and abdomen to live body weight were significantly higher in female group. The fat percentages in each body location were significantly higher in the fatty group and in each sex. The rates of abdominal fat to total body fat were increased by fattening, while subcutaneous fat percentages were lowered. There were high correlations between body weight and fat deposit in each location. The genetic correlation coefficients of body weight to fat percentages of skinned carcass, skin, abdomen, and total body fat to live body weight were negative in both sexes, but those to total body fat, eviscerated carcass fat, and skin fat were positive. In conclusion, the fat weight and fat percentage in individual chickens became higher by fattening however, genetic correlation between live body weight and percentages total body fat to live body weight were so low(negative) that decreasing body fat could be possible without decreasing body weight.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2003

The objects of this study were to develop a new strain which has resistance to fowl typhoid, high performance in laying, and producing brown shell eggs favored by domestic consumers. Several White Leghorn (WL) breeds known as possessing genetic resistance to fowl typhoid and several brown shell egg breeds such as susceptible to the disease were used to produce the controlled strains with cross mating between the strains within the breeds and the experimental strains with crossbreeding between the breeds. The crossbred strains were Chungnong(CN) 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26. The controlled strains were ISA brown CC, Hyline brown CC and Lohman brown CC. The survival rates were 99.95% for chicks of age 0∼l7 weeks and 91% for adult chickens of age 18∼72 weeks. There was no difference in survival rate between the crossbred and the controlled strains. The means of age of lst egg laying were 147 to 148 days and no difference was observed between the crossbred and the controlled. The egg Production rates of a9e 18∼72 weeks were 83.76% far the crossbred strains and 77.82% for the controlled strains, which is significantly higher in the crossbred than controlled strains by 6%. The numbers of the hen housed egg Production of age 18∼72 weeks were 292.33 eggs for the crossbred strains and 271.31 eggs fur the controlled strains. The difference of 21 eggs more produced by the crossbred than by the controlled was statistically significant. The mean egg weights of age 18∼72 weeks were 64.32g for the crossbred strains and 60.73g for the controlled strains, and the difference of 3.59g was statistically significant. The feed conversion rates during the age of 18 to 72 weeks were 2.297 for the crossbred strains and 2.454 for the controlled strains. The crossbreds were reduced feed consumption by 157g for 1kg of egg Production which was statistically significant. Haugh unit(H$.$u) at the age of 72 weeks were 82.20 for the crossbred strains and 77.82 for the controlled strains. The crossbred strains were superior quality by 4.38 H$.$u. There were no significant differences in the yolk color and the eggshell thickness between the crossbred strains and the controlled strains. The eggshell color of the crossbred strains was light brown which is the medium color of the white eggshell strains and the brown eggshell strains. The body weights at the ages of 8, 12, 18, 42 and 71 weeks were not different between the crossbred strains and the controlled strains.