• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.472-480
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• 2005

Purpose: Purpose of this study was to identify the effects on maternal role strain, maternal role confidence and maternal identity of a maternal role promotion program for mothers of premature infants. Method: A quasi-experimental non-equivalent pre-and-post test was used to compare the two groups. The data were collected from 62 mothers from September 10. 2003 to August 30, 2004 at Neonatal Intensive Care Unit(NICU) located in S. city and K. city. The maternal role promotion program was provided three times during the period from two-three days after the baby's admission to 1 month after the baby's discharge. The instruments for measurement were the Perceived Role Difficulty & Steffensmeier Scale, Self Confidence Scale and Semantic Differential Scale. Data were analyzed by means of frequency, mean and SD, $x^2$-test and t-test. Results: There were significant differences in maternal role strain level between the experimental and control group (t=2.163, p=.035), in the maternal role confidence between the two groups(t=-5.645, p=.000) and in maternal identity between the two groups(t=-4.923, p=.000). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the maternal role promotion program had positive effects in decreasing maternal role strain levels and increasing maternal role confidence and maternal identity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.961-966
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• 2008

Direct and maternal genetic parameters for production traits in 1,642 pigs and maternal genetic correlations among production (1,642 pigs) and feed efficiency (380 boars) traits were estimated in 7 generations of a Duroc population. Traits studied were daily gain (DG), intramuscular fat (IMF), loineye area (LEA), backfat thickness (BF), daily feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and residual feed intake (RFI). The RFI was calculated as the difference between actual and predicted feed intake. The predicted feed intake was estimated by adjusting the initial test weight, DG and BF. Data for production traits were analyzed using four alternative animal models (including direct, direct+maternal permanent environmental, or direct+maternal genetic+maternal permanent environmental effects). Direct heritability estimates from the model including direct and all maternal effects were $0.41{\pm}0.04$ for DG, $0.27{\pm}0.04$ for IMF, $0.52{\pm}0.06$ for LEA and $0.64{\pm}0.04$ for BF. Estimated maternal heritabilities ranged from $0.04{\pm}0.04$ to $0.15{\pm}0.05$ for production traits. Antagonistic relationships were observed between direct and maternal genetic effects ($r_{am}$) for LEA (-0.21). Maternal genetic correlations of feed efficiency traits with FI ($r_g$ of FI with FCR and RFI were $0.73{\pm}0.06$ and $0.90{\pm}0.05$, respectively) and LEA (rg of LEA with FCR and RFI were $-0.48{\pm}0.05$ to $-0.61{\pm}0.05$, respectively) were favorable. The estimated moderate genetic correlations between direct and maternal genetic effects for IMF and LEA indicated that maternal effects has an important role in these traits, and should be accounted for in the genetic evaluation system.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.113-126
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• 2007

This study explored mediating effects of the maternal emotional expressiveness between maternal behavioral inhibition/behavioral activation system and children's emotional intelligence. subjects were 138 4- to 5-year-old preschoolers (92 boys, 46 girls) and their mothers. The maternal behavioral inhibition/behavioral activation system was measured by BIS/BAS(Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System, Carver & White, 1994), maternal emotional expressiveness was measured by the Self-Expressiveness in the Family Questionnaire (Halberstadt, 1995), and children's emotional intelligence was measured by the Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (Lee, 1998). Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. Results were that maternal positive expressiveness mediated the effects of maternal BIS on children's self-understanding and maternal negative expressiveness mediated the effects of maternal BAS on children's self-regulation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.843-845
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• 1999

To evaluate direct and maternal effects on calf market weight (CMW) and carcass weight (CW) in Japanese Black cattle under an animal model, genetic parameters were estimated using 51,320 records of CMW and 11,944 records of CW, respectively. Direct and maternal heritabilities, and direct-maternal genetic correlation were estimated to be 0.22, 0.06 and 0.27 for CMW, and 0.23, 0.12 and -0.40 for CW, respectively. Correlation coefficient between maternal breeding values for CMW and CW was 0.521 for 157 sires appeared in both CMW and CW data sets. These results suggest that the maternal genetic effect on pre-weaning growth carries over to carcass weight. Maternal breeding values for both calf market weight and carcass weight could be used as the indicator traits of maternal ability in Japanese Black cattle.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.365-379
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to test the mediated effects of emotional regulation in the relations between maternal parenting and children's adaptation to school life of elementary school students. Three-hundred Seven elementary school students completed the maternal parenting scale, the emotional regulation scale, and the adaptation to school life scale. In order to find to identify how maternal parenting, emotional regulation were related with their adaptation to school life, Pearson correlation coefficients were used in the computation. To examine the effects of maternal parenting, emotional regulation on adaptation to school life, multiple regression analyses were conducted. To examine whether emotional regulation as a mediating variable in the process that maternal parenting is influencing children's adaptation to school life, hierarchical regression analyses were performed. The results of this study were summarized as follows. First, the analysis of the relationship of maternal parenting, emotional regulation with adaptation to school life shows that there is a significant positive correlation between maternal parenting, emotional regulation and adaptation to school life. Second, in the multiple regression analysis with maternal parenting and emotional regulation as a predictor and adaptation to school life as an outcome variable it has been shown that the emotional regulation were significant in adaptation to school life, but maternal parenting were not significant in adaptation to school life. The higher the emotional regulation is the better can children adapt themselves to school life. Third, the analysis on the mediating effects of emotional regulation in the relationship of maternal parenting and adaptation to school life showed that emotional regulation full mediates the relationship of maternal parenting with adaptation to school life.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.64-72
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sex of adolescent and SES of the family, maternal attachment and child-rearing behavior on adolescent's self-esteem. The subjects were 234 pairs of adolescents attending at junior-middle schools and their mothers in Kwangju. The questionnaires were used to collect the datas on maternal attachment and child-rearing behavior and adolescent's self-esteem. The results were as follows : 1. The effects of maternal attachment types on maternal child-rearing behaviors did not found significantly. 2. Maternal'love'and'authoritarian' child-rearing behavior, sex of adolescent were found significantly influential variables on adolescent's self-esteem. 3. Due to sex and levels of self-esteem, the influences of variables were found differently.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.302-307
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• 2010

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal factors on body weight at hatching (day-old) and at six weeks of age in a commercial broiler line. A total of 6,765 records on body weight at day-old (BWTDO) and 115,421 records on body weight at six weeks of age (BWT6W), originated from a commercial broiler line during 14 generations, were used to estimate genetic parameters related to the effects of maternal traits on body weight of chicks immediately after hatch or six weeks thereafter. The data were analyzed using restricted maximum likelihood procedure (REML) and an animal model with DFREML software. Direct heritability ($h^{2}{_a}$), maternal heritability ($h^{2}{_m}$), and maternal environmental variance as the proportions of phenotypic variance ($c^{2}$) for body weight at day-old were estimated to be 0.050, 0.351, and 0.173, respectively. The respective estimated values for body weight at six weeks of age were 0.340, 0.022, and 0.030. The correlation coefficient between direct and maternal genetic effects for six-week-old body weight was found to be -0.335. Covariance components and genetic correlations were estimated using a bivariate analysis based on the best model determined by a univariate analysis. Between weights at hatching and at six week-old, the values of -0.07, 0.53 and 0.47 were found for the direct additive genetic variance, maternal additive genetic variance and permanent maternal environmental variance, respectively. The estimated correlation between direct additive genetic effect influencing weight at hatch and direct additive maternal effect affecting weight at six weeks of age was -0.21, whereas the correlation value of 0.15 was estimated between direct additive maternal effect influencing weight at hatch and direct additive genetic effect affecting weight at six-week-old. From the present findings, it can be concluded that the maternal additive genetic effect observed for weight at six weeks of age might be a factor transferred from genes influencing weight at hatch to weight at six-week-old.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.89-109
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• 2023

Objective: This study examined the moderating effect of young children's temperament on the relationship between maternal anxiety and overprotection. Methods: A total of 250 mothers with 5-year-old children responded to online survey questionnaires, which included questions about maternal anxiety, overprotection, and their children's temperament. Results: The results of the study revealed several important findings. First, maternal anxiety had a positive correlation to the overall level of overprotection and all sub-factors. The correlation between young children's temperament and maternal overprotection had different results depending on the sub-factors of overprotection. Second, there was a significant moderating effect of young children's temperament on the relationship between maternal anxiety and overprotection. That is, When the reactivity of a child was low, the positive effect of maternal anxiety on maternal overprotection was greater. Looking at the sub-factors of overprotection, only reactive temperament showed a significant moderating effect in the relationship between maternal anxiety and intrusive overprotection. On the relationship between maternal anxiety and permissive overprotection, reactivity and adaptability had significant moderating effects. Conclusion/Implications: This study showed that mother's overprotection was associated with varying levels of their own anxiety and children's temperament. These findings offer basic knowledge for development of a program for improving parenting behaviors.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.43-56
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship among the mother's knowledge of infant development, mother's parenting stress, maternal parenting behavior and infant development. Participations in this study included 2078 infants(1056 boys, 1022 girls) and their mother. The major results of this study were as follows: First mother's knowledge of infants showed positive effects on maternal parenting behaviors, and mother's parenting stress showed negative effects on maternal parenting behaviors. Second, maternal parenting behaviors and mother's knowledge of infants showed positive effect on infant development. But maternal parenting stress didn't show direct effect on infant development. In conclusion, maternal parenting behaviors partially mediated between mother's knowledge of infants and infant development, and fully mediated between mother's parenting stress and infant development.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.7
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• pp.119-129
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• 2004

The main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of maternal materialism and parenting on materialism in adolescents. Moreover, the relative significance of maternal materialism and parenting materialism in adolescents was also explored. The study subjects were 199 (98 male, 101 female) high school students in Seoul and their mothers. The following are the major findings. 1) Maternal materialism was not related with male adolescents' materialism but was with female adolescents'. 2) Maternal support, and open communication were negatively related with female adolescents' materialism while maternal control, and permissiveness were positively related. On the other hand, only maternal control was positively related with male adolescents' materialism. 3) Stepwise regression analysis revealed that maternal support, followed by maternal materialism, was the most important variable affecting female adolescents'. However, for male adolescents, maternal control was the only one variable affecting their materialism.