• Acta Via Serica
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.89-108
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• 2022

Since the most ancient times, lapis lazuli had been used for luxury goods such as jewelry and seals, to embellish sculptures and weapons or the precious objects of tombs, such as the golden mask of Tutankhamon or the famous "Standard" of the royal cemetery of Ur. Much more recent seems to be its frequent use as a pigment in wall paintings or polychrome stucco. In this article, the question of the sources for this extremely rare mineral is briefly discussed and the places proposed by ancient scholars as deposits of the mineral are presented and examined. The information provided in the medieval Arabic and Persian scientific literature has been considered and compared with the data of our modern geological knowledge. A list of sites in Central Asia, the Middle East, and India with lapis lazuli occurrence on wall paintings illustrate its wide use in different artistic cultures and periods between the 2nd and 10th centuries C.E. These cultures are in fact different in ethnic and linguistic origin and in the religious, economic, and social sphere, but closely interconnected by common pan-regional artistic traditions in style, materials, and techniques employed. A case study investigated by the authors in the Friday Mosque of Iṣfahān gives an example of the use of lapis lazuli pigment in Islamic wall paintings and stuccoes.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.41-45
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• 1980

We must identify the forms of dress devised throughout ages, when we wtudy, interpret and analyze the numerous resource material of costume. The study which depends on reference to actual artifacts is necessarily limited. Whereas items of contemporary dress are readily available, much from earlier eras has been destroyed or has deteriorated through time. Such as cottons, linens, silks, wools, leathers and furs are perishable organic materials. Few garments dated earlier than seventeenth century has survived except armor, jewelry. We have many sources of the information are available to study on costume of earlier eras. These sources are wall paintings, sculptures, painting, monumental brasses, manuscript illustration ceramics, coins, medals, mosaics, archives, literature. Wall painting and frescoes provided an useful source for costume study. Many wall paintings and frescoes were destroyed, were changed in color. It si advisable to interpret the dress detail, form color carefully. Sculpture would be useful to see the back and side views of dress. One of the most important points which should be made abut the use of sculpture as a source for costume study in early periods is that the sculptor's style will often change the character of a costume. As the painting si two-dimensional evidence for a three-dimensional costume, paintings must be accurately studied. What we must do, as far as we can, is to look at all visual representations in the light of other contemporary evidence in order to interpret the information correctly.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.321-326
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• 2001

Radionuclide X-ray fluorescence analysis is a method, which has many advantages for analysing various historic artefacts, as it is relatively cheap, sensitive and non-destructive, and it allows measurements in-situ. However, this analysis has also certain limitations especially concerning sensitivity to chemical elements only, irrespective of the compounds or chemical forms in which these elements have been bonded. In addition, light elements emitting very soft X-rays cannot be measured, and in order to detect a wide range of elements, it is necessary to carry out repeated measurements with different radiation sources. Despite these limitations, valuable information can be obtained about the composition of historic materials and data about the origin and age of these artefacts can be derived. Analyses of wall paintings, ancient metal sculptures or other objects of art provide the basis for historic considerations documented in our results for some objects belonging to the Czech cultural heritage. The results are promising. Thus it is expected that our laboratory will expand its work into more fields of the fine and applied arts.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.178-188
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• 2015

This study has the main objective of being of help as a reference data for the application of the finishing materials when designing the interior of the chapel of the church space through analysis of the finishing materials against the chapels of church space which has complex function. As precedent studies for this, the composition of the function and concept of the church space was surveyed and the complex function of the church space was surveyed. The theoretical surveyed was performed according to the casual composition, behavior of the community and role and location of the duties of the church members. The case objects were 10 chapels constructed by 5 professional interior design companies. The content of the analysis was the finishing materials in the chapels and their application characteristics. The detailed considerations to be referred to when designing the interior of the chapels of church space in the future were proposed. The analysis result of the application of the finishing materials according to the locational function of the chapels of church space can be explained as follows. First, the platform area was the characteristic of applying finishing materials which induce visual immersion. As for the floor materials in the platform, in order to minimize the floor sound and vibration phenomenon occurring during movements, noise insulation and dust protection rubber sheet was place and on top of it the floor or the carpet was placed. Second, the Choir area had the difficult problem of having to consider the appropriate sound absorption occurring due to the proliferation of sound and performance of classical instruments at the same time. However, in the case, this problem was solved through the sculptures of convex shape. Third, since the scheelite is a space where many people move around, the finishing material which absorbs sound was mainly used. Fourth, the entrance area was composed of thick wall materials compared to other walls, and the sound absorption character was most significantly considered when applying the finishing material. Fifth, the broadcasting room was composed either in independent type or an open type and performed its function and the main finishing materials was transparent glass which was highest use frequency.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.27
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• pp.23-38
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• 2022

The standing plaster figure entitled is an early work from Choi Man Lin's 'Eve' series. It reflects the aesthetics of abstract sculpture in the period following Korea's liberation from Japanese colonial rule. Modern and contemporary sculptures can be made from a wide variety of materials, so the particular selection of materials and expressive techniques are indicative of both the artist's intentions and the zeitgeist of the moment. In this regard, the materials and production techniques used in provide important basic data for the chronological study of Choi's artistic development. In this study, scientific analysis was conducted to reveal the production techniques used in the work. The scope of appropriate conservation treatment was decided through consultation between several people with decision-making authority. First, the internal structure was inspected using X-CT scanning, and a material analysis was conducted to identify the formal characteristics, materials, and production techniques found in the work. As the analyses revealed the work to be in a relatively stable state, only minimal conservation treatment was applied based on the opinions expressed by the institution housing the work, by a former assistant of the artist, and in an interview granted by the artist during his lifetime.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.71-83
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to find out the characteristics of landscape details in representing symbolic images in memorials on the themes of war, tragedy, and the democratization movement. In considering the characteristics of memorial landscapes, the researcher divided the characteristics of landscape details into 3 analysis categories. They are the symbolic application of landscape elements, the embodiment of landscape details, and the organization of landscape details to represent symbolic images, for example, memory, mourning, reflection, healing, glory, and identity. Among details in 24 memorials designed in or after 1970. 133 symbolic details were selected including 64 items in Korea. The analysis revealed that among 30 elements used by designers for memorialization, walls, ponds, sculptures were used more often than other elements in representing the meaning of mourning, reflection, and healing that are the basic function of memorial. In regard to detail form, the designers used basic shapes like circles, squares and rectangles, horizontal and vertical lines to heighten the symbolic effect of shapes in confined form. Stone and water utilized from nature were also used as main materials because of their materiality meaning of death, eternity, life, and healing. The techniques of using lighting, fire, and sound were introduced to make details more effective. Details were organized in harmony and repetition to represent the flew of time and space in symbolic images. The study identified the following characteristics of memorial landscapes in Korea that were different from other country first, in designing memorials, most designers in Korea have been more focused on the organization of space than the details in memorials, and so, they have been neglecting to deliver symbolic image through detail design, while depending mainly on the introduction of art works. Lastly, because they introduced traditional elements which have little relation with the symbolic image needed, there have been many details which inaccurately represent symbolic meanings.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.89-103
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to design fashion-cultural products by reviewing the symbolism in Changseung and Sotdae, which are folk belief sculptures. This study was performed by literature reviews of Changseung and Sotdae in order to look into the characteristics of folk belief and traditional culture, and the designs were developed from the symbolism extracted from Changseung and Sotdae with photoshop CS5 and illustrator CS5. The Symbolism of Changseung and Sotdae were as follows: First, Changseung and Sotdae express the 'symbiotic world view' that human beings need to devote one's life to nature. Second, original materials were saved in order to achieve the 'pursuit of essence'. Third, 'simple esthetic expression' was symbolized through the undivided condition between art, religion and life. And fourth, 'empathic humor' was seen through the basis of emotional sense of affinity. The first concept of design development was 'Pursuit of Essence', which was inspired by the characteristics of 'symbiotic world view' and 'pursuit of essence'. Changseungs were expressed as simple and abstract, and Sotdaes as simplified and modern by symmetrical and rotating copy. The second concept, 'Touch of Humor' was inspired by 'simple esthetic expression' and 'emphatic humor'. The face of Changseungs was exaggerated in a humorous ways and Sotdae was developed as sub-motives. The items for the fashion-cultural design were T-shirts, bags, and scarves. Total of 24 items were developed with 4 differently styled designs for each concept. This study was based on basic culture and attempted to diversify the traditional culture items. It hopes to raise the value of traditional culture, and furthermore help build up national competitiveness.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2019

This paper attempts to reveal little-known pages from the history of relations between the peoples of Central Asia and Korea based on materials derived from written sources and modern scientific literature, as well as from medieval wall paintings from the early medieval Afrasiab Palace of Varhuman, the ruler of Samarkand, and from stone sculptures of Sogdian figures contained in Silla royal tombs. Korea's interest in the western lands led to its contact with Buddhism, which spread and later flourished in all three Korean kingdoms (Koguryo, Paekche and Silla). The spread of Buddhism in turn motivated a number of Korean monks to undertake pilgrimages to India via Central Asia. Hyecho, a young Silla pilgrim, left evidence of his journey via the South China Sea to India in 723 AD. Paul Pelliot discovered a report from Hyecho's journey entitled Notes on Pilgrimage to Five Regions in India (Wang Wu Tianzhuguo zhuan) in the Dunhuang caves in 1908. Hyecho's contributions are worthy of attention, substantially complementing knowledge available for this little-studied period in the history of South and Central Asia. The information contained in Hyecho's manuscript is, in fact, considered the most significant work of the first half of the 8th century. Research regarding the relationship between Central Asia and Korea remains underdeveloped. Existing historical evidence, however, including the above mentioned Samarkand wall paintings, depicts the visits of two Korean ambassadors to Samarkand, and evidence from Silla tombs suggests the presence of diplomatic relations in addition to trade between the two regions. Overall, the history of the relationship between Central Asia and Korea yields new insights into how and why these distant countries sustained trade and diplomatic and cultural exchange during this early period. Taking into account Korea's growing interest in Uzbekistan, especially in its history and culture, this article can act as a catalyst for studying the history of the two country's relations.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.8-16
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to suggest a development plan for the waterfront in the coastal ocean. The research method is conducted mainly on various materials such as marine design, waterfront, marine industry, harbor waterfront space, marine landscape related reports, papers, and articles. As a result, it was found that it is urgent to move, dismantle, and manage various sculptures or structures that are installed on the shore and cause visual pollution. The location management and maintenance of indiscriminately scattered fishing grounds are urgently needed, secure sufficient green buffer space, develop coastal marine roads across the country, create eco-tourism sites, contribute to regional revitalization and secure the production value of aquatic products by restoring the ecosystem. This study is expected to contribute to suggesting a direction for maintenance by focusing on the main management measures of the waterfront rather than the aspect of reckless development of marine design.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.70-78
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• 2002

The landscape disign of Gamcheon wholesale fish Market was designed around a turnkey base to promote the economy of Busan Metropolitan City, to establish a fishery marketing center and to modernize existing facilities. The objectives of the project were to promote the mood of an old market, while preserving its functions and efficiency as a market, to design outdoor spaces with natural resources and amenities in balance, and to create attractive tourist spots in connection with the wide area development plan. The project was oriented, fast, to enhance the functions of the market. For this purpose, a multi-dimensional space layout was designed in consideration of functions as a wholesale market. The safety of pedestrians was secured by separating lathes for vehicles and for pedestrians. Tree planting with various functions such as sheltering, wind breaking and guiding was planned. Secondly, nature-friendly and human-friendly landscaping design was attempted. For this, the beautiful natural resources of Amnam Park were utilized, and green spaces such as green bridges linking buildings in the wholesale market, and rooftop gardens were to be arranged. In addition, environment-friendly facilities such as roads paved with natural materials(i.e. gravel, shells) and program parking lots were to be planned. Thirdly, landscape design was considered to create attractive tourist spots. For example, a fish farm was created as a theme street for pedestrians and various water-friendly spaces such as pedestrian ramps, observatories and seaside streets were to be secured. The main contents are as follows. First, a green bridge to Ahnnam Park was introduced for a tour source and flower garden, an event plan and viewing deck open to the sea were planned on the bridge's axis. Secondly, for the effective land use plan concerning open space and convenience to visitors, a promenade was planned, which is connected with the theme plaza and small plazas by environmental sculptures in front of the market hall and at the gate. As well, an observatory and a roof garden help create three dimensional multi leveled space, with a good view of the natural landscape of the sea, sky and park Thirdly, landscape materials, such as trees and those for facilities, strengthened for protection against the seawind and salt damage were selected. The commercial market area was intended to be transformed a traditional functional area of efficiency and economy into an attractive marine leisure area where both tourists and neighbors can make use of it.