• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.642-647
• /
• 2014

Although it is not a pathological symptom, Dentinal Hypersensitivity (DH) describes pain felt by patients whose tooth roots are exposed outside of the gums and are therefore sensitive to external stimuli. DH is caused by tooth brushing or gum diseases and treatment to reduce the sensitivity can include use of materials having stimulation activity for DH or a resin material applied periodontally. This study examined the hypersensitivity treatment effects of a four-week treatment with a toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate (Hap-TCP toothpaste). The Hap-TCP toothpaste was made by mixing a commercially available fluorine-containing toothpaste with 10% (W/W) hydroxyapatite and 19% (W/W) tricalcium phosphate (both 99% purity based on XRD analysis). The tooth hypersensitivity treatment effect was surveyed by scoring VRS values, and showed no significant initial difference compared with the control. However, after 1 week of use, the pain reduction value was 8% in the treatment group compared to the control group. This value increased to 30% and 60% after 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Hypersensitivity to cold stimulation, which was used as a VAS value, showed no initial significant differences compared with the control, but was significantly decreased after 1, 2, and 4 weeks in the experimental group, with more than a 3-fold difference after 4 weeks. These findings confirmed that remineralization can alleviate DH as hydroxyapatite fills dentinal tubules and calcium, phosphorus, and tricalcium phosphate ion equilibrium is established.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.47-55
• /
• 2011

The solvent extracts of Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus Hara, which were extracted by using several solvents with different polarities, were performed to investigate the antioxidant activities, whitening effect and antimicrobial activity. The content of total polyphenol of fractions from Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus Hara extract showed the highest value ($335.88{\pm}2.26$ mg/g GAE) on ethyl acetate fraction. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions were 0.06 mg/mL and 0.25 mg/mL as $IC_{50}$ values on DPPH radical scavenging, and $99.16{\pm}0.09%$ and $89.29{\pm}0.64%$ on ABTS radical scavenging activity, respectively. Also, reducing power and FRAP value were significantly higher on ethyl acetate fraction. The SOD like activity showed $80.76{\pm}0.61%$ on ethyl acetate and $72.34{\pm}0.79%$ on n-butanol. Tyrosinase inhibition activities (at 5 mg/mL) were $59.08{\pm}0.98%$ on ethyl acetate fraction. The chloroform fraction showed the strongest antimicrobial activities against B. cereus (14 mm), B. subtilis (12.5 mm), S. aureus (10.8 mm), E. coli (20.7 mm) at 0.1 mg/disc and the inhibition zone diameter of ethyl acetate fraction was 17.2 mm against E. coli at 0.5 mg/disc. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of chloroform fraction against B. cereus and E. coli were 50 and $25{\mu}g$/mL, respectively. From these results, it is suggested that ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus Hara could be used as functional material for food additive ingredient and chloroform fraction could be suitable for the development of a food preservative.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.249-254
• /
• 1999

Background: Recovery of the left atrial contractile function after the Cox-Maze procedure is related to the size of the left atrium. We have postulated that if too wide area of the atrium were isolated electrically, then the atrial contractile function would be impaired postoperatively. We have modified the Cox-Maze procedure to dissect each pair of the pulmonary veins separately instead of the conventional pulmonary vein encircling incision, and compared the atrial contractile function after each procedure. Material and Method: From February 1995 to October 1997, 55 cases of the Cox-Maze procedure were performed in mitral valvular heart disease. We excluded the cases that did not covert to sinus rhythm. The patient groups were divided according to the interpulmonary vein distance(IPVD) and the procedure performed. Group I was IPVD under 6.5 cm(n=30), group II was IPVD over 6.5cm and the conventional Cox-Maze III procedure was performed(n=16), and group III was IPVD over 6.5cm and the modified Cox-Maze procedure was performed(n=9). Result: Atrial contractile function was evaluated by the echocardiography follow-up between 6 months to 12 months. The right atrial contractile function recovered gradually, the recovery rate after long-term follow-up was 90% in group I, 81% in group II, and 100% in group III(p>0/05). In the left atrium the recovery rate was 63% in group I, 31% in group II(p=0.03), and 66% in group III(p>0.05). Conclusion: The modified Cox-Maze procedure may have beneficial effects on the recovery of the left atrial contractile function, however, there are no statistically significant values. Therefore, further evaluation of this procedure is necessary.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.40 no.6 s.275
• /
• pp.399-406
• /
• 2007

Background: Ischemia-reperfusion injury related to unsuccessful myocardial protection affects postoperative ventricular function and mortality during open-heart surgery. We prospectively compared the effects of administration of histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution and cold blood cardioplegia (CBC) on myocardial protection and clinical outcome in patients undergoing mitral valve surgery. Material and Method: Seventy patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) undergoing mitral valve surgery were randomly divided into the HTK group (n=31) and the CBC group (n=31 ): eight patients were excluded. Perioperative hemodynamics, cardiac medications, pacing, postoperative outcomes and complications were recorded during the hospital stay. All patients received follow-up for at least 6 months postoperatively for morbidity and mortality. Resuか: There were no significant differences in the hemodynamics between the groups during the study period, except for the mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP), PCWP and CVP that were lower in the HTK group at 15 min after weaning of CBP. There were no differences for inotropic support and pacing during the 12 hrs postoperatively between the groups. CK-MB values on day 1 and day 2 were $77{\pm}54$ and $41{\pm}23$ for the HTK group and $70{\pm}69$ and $44{\pm}34$ for the CBC group, respectively (p=NS). Postoperative clinical outcomes were similar in both groups for at least 6 months during the follow-up period. Conclusion: These results suggest that the use of HTK solution is as safe as cold blood cardioplegia in terms of myocardial protection.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.92-99
• /
• 2000

To compare the effect of food waste compost(FWC) application on the sodicity of paddy and upland soil, laboratory experiment was conducted. Six kinds of FWC made of various mixing ratio of food waste and pig slurry as raw material were applied to paddy soil under submerged condition and to upland soil in field water capacity, and were kept at $25^{\circ}C$ under laboratory incubation. The higher the mixing ratio of food waste on making FWC, the higher the FWC showed Na content and EC. Mineralized ratio of cations in FWC during incubation showed no difference between paddy and upland soil. It was high in the order of Na>K>Mg>Ca as 99, 94, 71, and 71%, respectively. NaCl contents of FWC applied to soils against SAR and ESP were fitted well to first linear regression with extremely high significance($R^2=0.99$). Increasing rate of SAR and ESP was higher in upland soil than paddy soil by 2.3 times. The difference was considered to be caused by dilution effect which was exerted by the application of more soil to water ratio to paddy soil than to upland soil on SAR analysis in consideration of cultivating condition. The calculated values of $([Ca^{2+}+Mg^{2+}]/2)^{1/2}$ used as a denominator on SAR calculation showed a little difference among FWC treatments by 2.1~2.4, while [$Na^+$] used as a numerator showed much variance by 3.1~9.5. Therefore, as a parameter for the assessment of FWC quality affecting soil sodicity, the use of only Na content in FWC was proposed without regarding Ca and Mg contents. Soil Ex. Na contents showed extremely high correlation($R^2=0.99$) with ESP. Moreover, because the former can be more easily determined than the latter, soil Ex. Na content was proposed as a new sodicity index.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.28 no.4 s.51
• /
• pp.863-873
• /
• 1995

This report describes a preperation and characterization of canine blood lead(Pb) standard reference material(SRM). Three adult beagle dogs(A, B, and C)were orally dosed with gelatin capsules containing $Pb(NO_3)_2$, equivalent to $10\sim80mg$ Pb/kg body weight. Blood was drawn 24 hours after the dose from the cephalic vein into lead free 500ml Pyrex beaker in which EDTA.K was contained as an anticoagulant. The amount of lead given to individual dog was varied arbitrarily. Three month later, 3 canine animals were orally dosed with lead secondarily to make mixed SRM(D1) which was mixed different concentrations of lead in bloods with A1, B1, and C1 in vitro. The SRMs for A, B, C, A1, B1, C1, and D1 were distributed 2ml each into more than 300 lead free bottles, and were stored in refregerator at $4^{\circ}C$. The amount of lead in canine whole blood samples were determined using a Varian 30A atomic absorption spectrophotometer(AAS) with a model GTA-96 graphite tube atomizer with D2 background correction and a Hitachi Z-8100 AAS with Zeeman background correction. The sensitivity and detection limits for lead determination of Varian 30A were $0.46{\mu}g/L,\;0.34{\mu}g/L,\;and\;0.56{\mu}g/L,\;0.14{\mu}g/L$ of Hitachi Z-8100, respectively. Day to day variations in determination of blood lead concentration in a certain sample were $31.11{\pm}1.36{\mu}g/100ml$ by Varian 30A, and $33.08{\pm}0.82{\mu}g/100ml$ by Hitachi Z-8100, showing the difference of 3% between the two results. At the blood lead concentrations of $56.31{\pm}1.98{\mu}g/100ml(A),\;40.89{\pm}0.80{\mu}g/100ml(B),\;59.01{\pm}1.38{\mu}g/100ml(C)$, the precisions of replicated measurements by AAS were 3.52%, 1.96%, and 2.34%, respectively. Coefficient variation(CV) of SRMs(A, B, and C) within a standard sample were ranged from 0.92% to 7.50%, and those between 5 standard samples were 1.21%, 2.64%, and 1.11%, respectively, showing inter-vial variation of $1{\mu}g/100ml$. Lead levels in SRMs during one month storage were unchanged. The overall recoveries were $89.6\sim100.4%,\;91.6\sim101.9%,\;90.3\sim100.0%$ for A, B, and C SRMs, means were $56.46{\pm}2.69{\mu}g/100ml,\;39.35{\pm}1.89{\mu}g/100ml,\;57.40{\pm}2.31{\mu}g/100ml$, and measurement ranges were$52.88{\pm}59.26{\mu}g/100ml,\;37.47{\pm}41.68{\mu}g/100ml,\;54.80{\pm}60.69{\mu}g/100ml$, respectively. Those results were laid within confidence limits values. The lead concentrations in the mixed sample(D1) stored over one month period were ranged from $32.76{\mu}g/100ml\;to\;33.54{\mu}g/100ml$, with CV ranging from 1.2% to 2.7%. The results were similiar to each of single samples(A1, B1, and C1) in respect of homogeneity and stability. Results of the mixed blood sample analysed after 1 month storage at $4^{\circ}C$ by four other laboratories(L1, L2, L3, L4) were similar with those of our laboratory($L5;31.18{\pm}0.24{\mu}g/100ml$, acceptable range by $CDC;25.18\sim37.18{\mu}g/100ml$), showing the concentrations of $25.91{\pm}1.19{\mu}g/100ml(L1),\;34.16{\pm}0.22{\mu}g/100ml(L2),\;35.68{\pm}0.85{\mu}g/100ml(L3),\;30.95{\pm}0.46{\mu}g/100ml(L4)$ in a each samples.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.51-56
• /
• 2015

Purpose As medical radiation exposures on patients are being social issues an interest in a relief of radiation exposures on patients is increasing. Further, there are many cases where some patients among who are getting PET/CT tests choose to get implanted with metal artifacts in their bodies. This study is to find out effects of presence or absence of metal artifacts when dose change or CT attenuation correction for the relief of radiation exposures are applied using phantoms through changes in standard uptake value (SUV). Materials and Methods GE company's Discovery 710 machine was used for PET/CT test equipments. We used NEMA IEC body phantoms. We also used screw and mesh cage made of titanium which are used in real clinical processes for the metal artifacts. Two experiments were conducted: One is to test and measure repeatedly about SUV about differences in CT attenuation corrections according to dose changes and another is to do the same procedure for SUV about the presence and absence of the metal artifacts. We injected $^{18}F-FDG$ into NEMA IEC body phantoms with a TBR ratio of 4:1 and then put the metal material into the transformation phantoms. Once a scanning for the metal artifacts was done we eliminated the metal artifacts and went on non-metal artifacts. For the each two experiments, we scanned repeatedly with CT kVp (140, 120, 100, 80) and mA (120, 80, 40, 20, 10) for an experimental condition. For PET, we reconstructed each with standard AC (STD) technique and quantitation achieved cnsistently QAC) technique among CT attenuation correction methods. We conducted a comparative analysis on measured average values and variations which were measured through repeated measure of SUV of region 1, 2, 3 spheres for each conditions of non-metal /metal scan. Results For each kVp, 120, 80, 40 (mA) of non/metal (screw, mesh cage) showed low frequency of fluctuation rates of above 2%. In 20, 10 mA above 2% of fluctuation rates appeared in high frequency. Also, when we compared the fluctuation rates of STD and QAC techniques in non/metal (screw, mesh cage) tests QAC technique showed about 1-10% of differences for each conditions compared to STD technique. In addition, metal types did not have significant effects on fluctuation rates. Conclusion We confirmed that SUV fluctuation rates for both STD and QAC techniques increase as dosage is lower. We also found that the SUV of PET data was maintained steadily in a low dosage for QAC technique when compared with STD technique. Hence, when the low dosage is used for the relief of radiation exposures on patients QAC technique may be exploited helpfully and this could be applied in the same way for patients with metal artifacts implanted in their bodies.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.129-136
• /
• 1990

In the present report, two experiments were carried out with the purposes of knowing the differences of response among forage species to growing period and potassium level in culture solution, and investigating possible relation of the responses with occurence of grass tetany on grazing pasture. The results were as follows; (1) At 25 days after germination, fresh weight of top part as well as the sum of top and root parts of the forages increased rapidly. (2) Italian ryegrass was the highest in potassium (K) content but the lowest in magnesiurn(Mg) content among the three gramineous forages, while tall fescue showed the opposite result to it. And orchardgrass was intermediate of the two forage species (Experiment 1). (3) The K contents of forages generally increased, while Mg content became lower with the increase of K level in culture solution. The highest K contents of Italian ryegrass and orchardgrass were more than 3 times of the lowest values. The K contents of alfalfa and tall fescue increased in the narrower range. The decreases of Mg content of Italian ryegrass and orchardgrass were significant in the ranges of 5ppm to 25 or 50ppm KzO, while the content of the leguminous forages and tall fescue decreased up to 1000 level. (4) Fresh yield, water content and K content of the forages were significantly increased with the increase of K20 application levels up to 25 or 50ppm. (5) The K concentration of forage on a tissue water basis was higher at 50ppm than that at 5ppm $K_20$ level, especially for Italian ryegrass and orchardgrass with the value of 2.6times and 2.5times, respectively. However, the K concentration (tissue water) of leguminous forages increased gradually up to the level of lOOOppm (Experiment 2). It is suggested from the results that rapid changes of water content, Mg content and K concentration (tissue water) may occur to forage on a grazing pasture, when both growing period and K level in the soil affect the changes simultaneously. Under such conditions, plant water especially in Italian reyegrass and orchardgrass can function as toxic material to grazing ruminants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.85-95
• /
• 1998

The broadband ultrasonic transducers have been designed to use in obtaining the broadband echo signals from fish schools in relation to the identification of fish species. The broadening of bandwidth was achieved by attaching double acoustic matching layers on the front face of a Tonpilz transducer consisted of an aluminum head, a piezoelectric ring, a brass tail and to evaluate the performance characteristics, such as the transmitting voltage response(TVR) of transducers. The constructed transducers were tested experimentally and numerically by changing the parameters such as impedances and thicknesses of the head, tail and matching layers, in the water tank. Also, the developed transducer was excited by a chirp signal and the received chirp waveforms were analyzed. According to the measured TVR results, the available 3 dB bandwidth of the transducer with double matching layers of an $Al_O_3/epoxy$ composite of 7 mm thick and a polyurethane window of 18 mm thick was 7.3 kHz with a center frequency of 38.8 kHz, and the maximum and the minimum values of the TVR in this frequency region were 135.7 dB and 132.7 dB re $1\;{\mu}Pa/V$ at 1 m, respectively. Also, the available 3 dB bandwidth of the transducer with double matching layers of an $Al_O_3/epoxy$ composite of 11 mm thick and a polyurethane window of 15 mm thick was 6.2 kHz with a center frequency of 38.6 kHz, and the maximum TVR value in the frequency region was 136.3 dB re $1\;{\mu}Pa/V$ at 1 m. Reasonable agreement between the experimental results and the numerical results for the TVR of the developed transducers was achieved. The frequency dependant characteristics of experimentally observed chirp signals closely matched to the measured TVR results. These results suggest that there is potential for increasing the bandwidth by varying other parameters in the transducer design and the material of the acoustic matching layers.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.19-27
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study is to develope new dental color-space system. Twelve kinds of dental composites and one kind of dental porcelain were used in this study. Disk samples (15 mm in diameter, 4 mm in thickness) of used materials were made and sample's CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ value was measured by Spectrocolorimeter (MiniScan XE plus, Model 4000S, diffuse/$8^{\circ}$ viewing mode, 14.3 mm Port diameters, Hunter Lab USA) The range of measured color distribution was analyzed. All the data were applied in the form of T### which is expression unit in CNU Cons Dental Color Chart. The value of $L^*$ lies between 80.40 and 52.70. The value of $a^*$ are between 10.60 and 3.60 and $b^*$ are between 28.40 and 2.21. The average value of $L^*$ is 67.40, and median value is 67.30. The value of $a^*$ are 2.89 and 2.91 respectively. And for the $b^*$, 14.30 and 13.90 were obtained. The data were converted to T### that is the unit count system in CNU-Cons Dental Color Chart. The value of $L^*$ is converted in the first digit of the numbering system. Each unit is 2.0 measured values. The second digit is the value of $a^*$ and is converted new number by 1.0 measured value. For the third digit $b^*$ is replaced and it is 2.0 measured unit apart. T555 was set to the value of $L^*$ ranging from 66.0 to 68.0, value of $a^*$ ranging from 3 to 4 and $b^*$ value ranging from 14 to 16.