• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2006

Automated analysis software was developed to measure the magnitude of the intrafractional and interfractional errors during breast radiation treatments. Error analysis results are important for determining suitable planning target volumes (PTV) prior to Implementing breast-conserving 3-D conformal radiation treatment (CRT). The electrical portal imaging device (EPID) used for this study was a Portal Vision LC250 liquid-filled ionization detector (fast frame-averaging mode, 1.4 frames per second, 256X256 pixels). Twelve patients were imaged for a minimum of 7 treatment days. During each treatment day, an average of 8 to 9 images per field were acquired (dose rate of 400 MU/minute). We developed automated image analysis software to quantitatively analyze 2,931 images (encompassing 720 measurements). Standard deviations ($\sigma$) of intrafractional (breathing motion) and intefractional (setup uncertainty) errors were calculated. The PTV margin to include the clinical target volume (CTV) with 95% confidence level was calculated as $2\;(1.96\;{\sigma})$. To compensate for intra-fractional error (mainly due to breathing motion) the required PTV margin ranged from 2 mm to 4 mm. However, PTV margins compensating for intefractional error ranged from 7 mm to 31 mm. The total average error observed for 12 patients was 17 mm. The intefractional setup error ranged from 2 to 15 times larger than intrafractional errors associated with breathing motion. Prior to 3-D conformal radiation treatment or IMRT breast treatment, the magnitude of setup errors must be measured and properly incorporated into the PTV. To reduce large PTVs for breast IMRT or 3-D CRT, an image-guided system would be extremely valuable, if not required. EPID systems should incorporate automated analysis software as described in this report to process and take advantage of the large numbers of EPID images available for error analysis which will help Individual clinics arrive at an appropriate PTV for their practice. Such systems can also provide valuable patient monitoring information with minimal effort.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.29-50
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• 2001

This research have been made to define how the IADL (Instrumental Activity of Daily Living) performance and the subjective health index of the Aged are affected by their residential circumstance, gender and age, and how deeply these two factors are related and interact. For the period of June 1 to July 31, 2000, we had conducted a questionnaire and direct interview with 693 persons over age sixty-five (65) in Daejon and in other adjacent area, grouping into three different residential types The Aged living at home, The Aged living at welfare facilities and The Aged living alone, and studied on how the IADL performance and the subjective health index of the Aged are influenced and interact as per their characteristics, daily activity and mentality. We had analyzed all the data obtained through this research by the method of : - analysis of frequency as per specific factors by SPSS 1O.0/PC+, - $x^2$ test, - t-test, - ANOVA, - multiple regression analysis by factors. The research concludes followings : a. It appears that the three (3) factors such as gender, age and residential circumstance of the Aged deeply affect the IADL performance and subjective health index of the Aged. (p<0.01) b. With regard to IADL performance of the Aged by the gender, it was analyzed that the female-Aged gains 23.8 point on average, which shows the performance of the female-Aged is less independent. (p<0.01). In addition, it was also found that the IADL performance is becoming less and less independent following their age increasing. In analyzing IADL performance by the residential type, it appears that the Aged living at welfare facilities gains the lowest 21.5 points and is least independent. It was also found that the Aged living at welfare facilities need some assistances from others for their performing IADL. (20-24 point) (p<0.001) c. With regard to the subjective health index of the all-Aged participated in this research, the analysis indicates 8.8 point and this is considered as a point of general standard (7-10 point). In analyzing this index by the gender, the female-Aged gains only 8.6 point which explains a lot of female-Aged consider they are not really healthy. (p<0.001) In analyzing this index by the residential type, the Aged living at welfare facilities and the Aged living alone gain the comparatively lower point, - respectively 8.4 point for the Aged living at welfare facilities and 8.8 point for the Aged living alone. The Aged living at these two residential types express they are obviously in a bad situation of health. (p<0.001) d. With regard to the factors affecting the IADL performance and the subjective health index of the Aged, it was analyzed that the IADL performance can largely be affected by the factors such as depression, frequency of going-out and age rising, and that the subject health index can also deeply be affected by depression, pain and by how much they are satisfied with their current living conditions. e. It was analyzed that the interacting between the IADL performance and the subjective health index is not that strong but even weak. As a result, we were able to conclude that the IADL performance is less independent in case of the female-Aged, the Aged living at welfare facilities, and following the age rising. As for the subjective health state the Aged themselves are aware of, we concluded that the female-Aged, the Aged living at welfare facilities and the Aged living alone, are more critical about their health. From this research, we were able to realize that, when the OMT (Orthopedic Manual Therapy) needed, the physical therapists are really required to have a correct and cautious understanding of the situation in which the aged persons are, and take care of them with more concerns and more improved treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.12-25
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• 2003

Objectives：As increasing number of new antidepressants have been being introduced in clinical practice, pharmacological understanding has been broadened. These changes mandate new information and theories to be incorporated into the treatment process of children with depressive disorders. In light of newly coming knowledge, this review intended to recapitulate the characteristics of new antidepressants and to consider the pivotal issues to develope guidelines for the treatment of depression in childhood and adolescence. Methods：Searching the Pub-Med online database for the articles with the key words of 'new', 'antidepressants' and 'children' ninety-seven headings of review articles were obtained. The author selected the articles of pertinent subjects in terms of either treatment guideline or psychopharmacology of new antidepressants. When required, articles about the clinical effectiveness of individual antidepressants were separatedly searched. In addition, the safety information of new antidepressants was acquired by browsing the official sites of the United States Food and Drugs Administration and Department of Health and Human Services. Results：1) For the clinical course, treatment phase, and treatment outcome, the reviews or treatment guidelines adopted the information from adult treatment guidelines. 2) Systematic and critical reviews unambiguously concluded that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs) excelled tricyclic antidepressants( TCAs) for both efficacy and side effect profiles, and were recommend for the first-line choice for the treatment of children with depressive disorders. 3) New antidepressants generally lacked treatment experiences and randomized controlled clinical trials. 4) SSRIs and other new antidepressants, when used together, might result in pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic drug-to-drug interaction. 5) The difference of the clinical effectiveness of antidepressants between children and adults should be addressed from developmental aspects, which required further evidence. Conclusion：Treatment guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of childhood and adolescence depression could be constructed on the basis of clinical trial findings and practical experiences. Treatment guidelines are to best serve as the frame of reference for a clinician to make reasonable decisions for a particular therapeutic situation. In order to fulfill this role, guidelines should be updated as soon as new research data become available.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.103-110
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• 1998

Objectives : High co-morbidity of periodic limb movements during sleep(PLMS) and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS) is well known and their incidences tend to increase in the elderly. Previous studies have inconsistently rep0l1ed increase or no change of periodic limb movement index(PLMI) by nasal continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP) in OSAS without analyzing possible variables affecting PLMI. We attempted to examine PLMI change evoked during CPAP titration and also factors affecting it in OSAS. Methods : Twenty-nine OSAS patients(M:F=26:3, mean age: $51.6{\pm}10.6\;yrs$) without other sleep disorders except for PLMS were selected, based on the nocturnal (baseline) polysomnograhy. Another night of noctumal polysomnography was performed for CPAP pressure titration. We compared between those two nights PLMI, mean and lowest $SaO_2$, and sleep variables. We also calculated PLMI differences between baseline and CPAP nights, named as delta PLMI (value of CPAP night PLMI minus value of baseline night PLMI). Correlations were calculated between delta PLMI and factors such as age, body mass index, applied CPAP pressure, baseline night values of respiratory disturbance index, mean and lowest $SaO_2$, and sleep parameter differences between baseline and CPAP nights. Results : Decrease of RDI(p<.01) and increase in mean and lowest $SaO_2$ (p<.05, p<.01) were observed during CPAP night. No sleep parameters showed significant change except for the decrease of total stage 1 sleep%(p<.01) during CPAP night. Ten out of 29 patients showed PLMI increase, while the other 19 patients showed either no change(n=14) or even PLMI decrease(n=5) during CPAP night. The 10 patients showing PLMI increase during CPAP night showed a significant positive correlation between delta PLMI and baseline night RDI(p<.05), which meant that PLMI increase was found to be more prominent in higher RDI patients than in lower RDI ones. There were no significant correlations between delta PLMI and other factors in the other 19 patients. Conclusions : We suggest that during the baseline night PLMS would have been underscored and/or masked due to the overlapping of PLMS and apneas/hypopneas or the arousals induced by apneas/hypopneas. Despite its still unknown mechanism, the CPAP application may unmask PLMS and increase PLMI in a subgroup of OSAS patients. It needs to be evaluated further whether the chronic CPAP use sustains the above finding.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.355-367
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• 2020

One hundred representative species of fungi in Korea were selected and their Korean names were proposed to increase interest in fungi among Korean people. This task was performed under the supervision of the Committee of Mycological Terms, under the Korean Society of Mycology. First, the committee established the criteria for selecting 100 representative species of fungi in Korea and then selected the candidate fungal species accordingly. To ensure the uniformity and stability of Korean fungal names, the principle of naming fungi in Korean was established, and the candidate Korean fungal names were presented accordingly. Finally, the candidate Korean fungal names were posted online to collect opinions of the members of the Korean Society of Mycology. The candidate Korean names of the plant pathogenic fungi and mushrooms were reviewed by the Korean Society of Plant Pathology and the Korean Society of Mushroom Science, respectively. After their opinions were considered, the Korean names for 100 representative fungi in Korea were finally determined. The 100 fungi comprised 41 common molds and yeasts, 28 plant pathogenic fungi, and 31 mushrooms.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to determine the optimal physical treatment to reduce the antigenicity of gliadin in wheat dough. Medium wheat dough was treated with an autoclave (5, 10, 30, and 50 min at $121^{\circ}C$, 1 atm), a microwave (1, 5, and 10 min) or both (10, 30, and 50 min/5, 10 min). The proteins in the dough extracts were analyzed by SDSPAGE and the binding ability of anti-gliadin IgG to gliadin was examined by ci-ELISA and immunoblotting. Results showed that the ability of anti-gliadin IgG to bind to gliadin in wheat dough treated with an autoclave alone or in combination with a microwave was decreased. Especially, it declined to ~77% after autoclaving for 30 min and 35% after both autoclaving for 50 min and microwaving for 5 min. In addition, the intensity of gliadin bands in SDS-PAGE were weakened and anti-gliadin IgG did not recognize gliadin in immunoblotting. However, microwaving alone did not affect the antigenicity of gliadin in wheat dough. These results indicate that autoclaving may affect the reduction of the antigenicity of gliadin in medium wheat dough. Moreover, autoclaving in combination with microwaving is more effective for reducing the antigenicity of wheat dough.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.23-34
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• 1989

The great sudenn change of circle of dental laboratory technology brought mary discord between the new growing environmental group and the old group, In order to know the satisfactory degree of dental laboratory heads about all dental College, This Study was conducted for 49 detal technicians who graduated from junior laboratory heads in Seoul and Kyoung Gi area. The results are abtained as follow- 1. By age The degree of Satisfaction of items about all graduate dental technician were "41$\sim$45 age" group 26.53%), "46$\sim$50 age" group 22.45%, "36$\sim$40 age" group 18.36%, "31$\sim$35 age" group 12.24%, "51$\sim$55 age" group and "56$\sim$60 age" group 8.16% 60$\sim$age group 4.08% in order. 2. By Job Career. The Highest degree item out of Satisfaction about all graduated dental dental technician was 21$\sim$25 years group 28.5%, 16$\sim$20 years 20.4%, 11$\sim$15 years group 12.24%, 26$\sim$20%, 6$\sim$10 years group 4.08%, below 5 years group 2.04% in order. 3. By managing term of respondent's dental laboratory. The Satisfactory degree of items about all gradate technician were 7$\sim$10 years group 36.73% over 15 years group 22.45%, 11$\sim$14 years group 20.41%, 3$\sim$6 years group 14.29% below 2 years group 6.12% in order 4. By dental technician number of respondent's dental laboratory. The satisfactory degree intems about man were as follow; 6$\sim$9 persons group is 42.86 % The Satisfactory degree items about woman were one persons group in 34.69% 5. By born place The dental laboratory heads mean of inters about all dental technician were Seoul group 20.64 %, Kyoung Gi 17.20 %, Jen Nam group 14.99 % Chung Nam 9.5%in order 6. The satisfactory degree of items about all graduate dental technician were neither good nor bad group 32.65%, bad 6.12%, By ability of adaptaton, The satisfactory degree items about man were neither good nor bad group 42.86%, bad group 40.82%. The satisfactory degree of items about woman were neither good nor bad group 40.82% bad group 36.73%. 7. By sincerity. The satisfactory degree of items about man dental technician who graduated from Junior College were neither good nor bad group 52.02%, bad group 4.08, The satisfactory degree about woman dental technician graduated from Junior College were neither good nor bad group 42.86%, bad group 6.12%. 8. By ability of basical of items about man were bad group 40.82 %. The satisfactory degree about woman were 46.94%. 9. By cooperation relation ship. The satisfactory degree of items about man were neither good nor bad group 42.86%, bad group 10.20%. The satisfactory degree about woman were neither good nor bad group 42.86%, bad group 10.20 %. 10. By ability of work. The satisfactory degree of items about man were neither good nor bad group 48.98%, bad group 4.08%. The satisfactory degree about woman were neither good nor bad group 42.86%, bad group 6.12 %. 11. By the curriculum of the dental technician. The satisfactory degree of items about man were neither good nor bad group 67.35%, bad group 2.04%, The satisfactory degree about woman were neither good nor bad group 61.22%, bad group 6.12%. 12. By occupational satisfaction. The satisfactory degree of items about all graduate dental technician were fatisfied group 14.29%. By the out look of employment. The satisfactory degree of items about man greduate dental technician were neither good nor bad group 34.69 %, bad group 10.20%, about woman graduate dental technician were neither good nor bad group 44.90%, bad group 10.20%, Their employment prospect is not so bright or oprimistic due to the glut supply by graduates in the job-seeking market 13. The satisfactory rate on the artificial dental manufacturing world in terms of effects produced by juror College graduate dental technicians shared good group 40.82% bad group 2.04% 14. By cognition of the number of graduate dental technician. The satisfactory degree of dental laboratory heads about man graduate dental technician were too many group 38.78%, few group 6.12% about woman graduated dental technician were neither good nor bad group 30.6% few group 10,20%, The employment opportunities for the artifical dental technicians are getting decreased because of their excessive cumber in supply 15. The opinion regarding the initial salary. ranging from \160,000 to \200,000 for the junior college graduate dental technicians shared 57.14%. The top ratio, while the satisfaction reate on the academic study period of "3-year" group shared 22%, also the top ratio. 16. The improvement policy and prblematic issues presonted by the owner and operatore of atriticial dental manufacturing plants are as shown below First; The viewpoint that they contribute to the improvement of people's oral health in terms of their mission as artificial dental technicians. Second: The cultivation of basic technical ability to cope with clinical practice upon graduation Third; They require guidance in study and research in their filed of profession, that tray may beable to estaclish a from theory.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.18-25
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• 2009

Purpose: The postoperative hospital stay after gastric cancer surgery is usually 8 to 14 days. The main reason for a prolonged hospital stay may be the 3 to 4 day period of postoperative starvation. The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of a critical pathway for early recovery after gastric cancer surgery, and this pathway included early postoperative feeding. Materials and Methods: One hundred three consecutive patients who underwent gastric resection and reconstruction for gastric cancer from October 2007 to June 2008 at St. Mary's Hospital were prospectively enrolled in a fast-track critical pathway. The pathway included minimal preoperative procedures, optimal pain relief, proper fluid administration, early mobilization and early enteral nutrition at postoperative 1 day. The exclusion criteria were determined preoperatively, intraoperatively and postoperatively. Results: Of the 103 patients, 19 patients were excluded for preoperative (5), intraoperative (7) and postoperative (7) reasons. Eighty-four patients (81.6%) were included in the fast-track critical pathway. Sixty-eight (88.6%) of 84 patients were discharged at the planned 8 day after surgery during the initial period of the study, and the postoperative hospital stay was shortened up to 6 days during the more recent period. Postoperative complications occurred in 22 patients (26.2%), and these were gastrointestinal track-related complications in 6 cases (3 cases of ileus, 1 case of stasis and 2 cases of leakage) and infection-related complications in 8 cases. There was no statistical difference in the incidence of morbidity according to the clinic-operative features that included age, gender, stomach resection and lymphadenectomy. Conclusion: The fast-track critical pathway with using the available exclusion criteria was a valid option for patients who underwent gastric cancer surgery.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.387-394
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• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the whitening efficacy and longevity of home bleaching. Materials and Methods: A total of 28 patients were divided into either experimental group (Opalescence F; 15% carbamide peroxide) or control group randomly. The patients in experimental group were instructed to wear individual trays applied with bleaching gel for 2 hours a day for 4 weeks. Any treatments weren't applied to the patients in control group. The color measurements of central incisors, lateral incisors & canines of upper and lower arch were recorded at base line, immediately after the finishment of treatmemt (4 weeks), 8 weeks and 12 weeks using Colorimeter (Chroma Meter, 2600d Konica Minolta co.) and Vitapan classical shade guide (Vita Zahnfabrik). Results: A significantly stronger color change was observed for overall teeth samples in experimental group immediately after treatment (at 4 weeks) compared to ones in control group (p < 0.05). There was also a significant difference between baseline and 8 weeks or 12 weeks separately though color rebouncing phenomenon occurred as time went by (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The clinical effecacy and longevity of home bleaching without combined application of in-office bleaching was observed through this experiment.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.80-90
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate manual skills of experimental apparatuses of pre-service elementary school teachers by examining and analyzing the process of experiments conducted by pre-teachers. For this study, 24 pre-service elementary school teachers were selected as the subjects and 4 experimental apparatuses were chosen through analyzing science textbooks from 3rd grade to 6th grade in elementary school. The selected experimental apparatuses were alcohol burner, dropper, microscope, instruments for making a prepared specimen. In addition, a task was carefully chosen to conduct an investigation in real settings and a series of evaluation standards was developed. While 3 subjects conducted experiments in separated and independent space at the same time, 3 collaborators observed the experiment process and recorded whether the subject met the evaluation standards or not, using O, X. The study suggests that pre-service elementary school teachers' manual skills of experimental apparatuses were under far below our projections. Particularly, in case of alcohol burner, the subjects showed lower ability to properly light the burners - which is to brush through the lampwick with fire - and to adjust the height of tripods according to the flame. Also, when it comes to dropper, they were not held the way they were supposed to be. In addition, when designing prepared specimen, the subjects used their hands instead of tweezers and often skipped the process of dripping water drop and wiping water with an oilpaper. Moreover, they did not know how to use a microscope properly so there were many times that they could not focus a microscope, failing to observe the objects. Educational implications are discussed.