• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.132-141
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• 2010

NiTi alloy has been used for orthodontic wire due to good mechanical properties, such as elastic strength and frictional resistance, combined with a high resistance to corrosion. Recently, these wire were coated by polymer and ceramic materials for aesthetics. The purpose of this study was to investigate surface characteristics of polymer coated NiTi alloy wire for orthodontics using various instruments. Wires (round type and rectangular type) were used, respectively, for experiment. Polymer coating was carried out for wire. Specimen was investigated with field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy(EDS) and atomic force microscopy(AFM). The phase transformation of non-coated NiTi wire from martensite to austenite occurred at the range of $14{\sim}15^{\circ}C$, in the case of coated wire, it occurred at the range of $16{\sim}18^{\circ}C$. Polymer coating on NiTi wire surface decreased the surface defects such as scratch which was formed at severe machined surface. From the AFM results, the average surface roughness of non-coated and coated NiTi wire was 13.1 nm, and 224.5 nm, respectively. From convetional surface roughness test, the average surface roughness of non-coated and coated NiTi wire was $0.046{\mu}m$, and $0.718{\mu}m$, respectively.

• Metals and materials international
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.1213-1220
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• 2018

The effects of Cr and Fe addition on the mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloys prepared by direct energy deposition were investigated. As the Cr and Fe concentrations were increased from 0 to 2 mass%, the tensile strength increased because of the fine-grained equiaxed prior ${\beta}$ phase and martensite. An excellent combination of strength and ductility was obtained in these alloys. When the Cr and Fe concentrations were increased to 4 mass%, extremely fine-grained martensitic structures with poor ductility were obtained. In addition, Fe-added Ti-6Al-4V resulted in a partially melted Ti-6Al-4V powder because of the large difference between the melting temperatures of the Fe eutectic phase (Ti-33Fe) and the Ti-6Al-4V powder, which induced the formation of a thick liquid layer surrounding Ti-6Al-4V. The ductility of Fe-added Ti-6Al-4V was thus poorer than that of Cr-added Ti-6Al-4V.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제46권12호
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• pp.800-808
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• 2008

Heat treatment is an important step for tool manufacture, but unavoidably generates dimensional distortion. This study investigated the continuous dimensional change and the anisotropic behavior of STD11 tool steel during austenitizing and tempering heat treatment especially using quenching dilatometer. Dilatometric results represented that the dimensional change along longitudinal direction was larger than that along transverse direction. Anisotropic phase transformation strain was produced in forged STD11 tool steel during heat treatment. Anisotropic dimensional change increased with increasing austenitizing temperature. After tempering, anisotropic distortion was partially reduced. FactSage thermodynamic equilibrium phase simulation and microstructural observation (FE-SEM, TEM) showed that large ($7{\sim}80{\mu}m$) elongated $M_7C_3$ carbides could be formed along rolling direction. The resolution of elongated carbides during austenitizing was found to be related with the change of martensite transformation temperature after heat treatment. Anisotropic size change of STD11 tool steel was mainly attributed to large elongated carbides produced during rolling process. Using dilatometric and metallographic examination, the possible mechanism of the anisotropic size change was also discussed.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2000

1993 년, 충북 청주시 사뇌사지에서 많은 양의 청동 유물이 발견되었다. 이중 12점에서 시료를 채취하였고 원자 흡수 분광법 및 유도 결합 플라스마 방출 분광법을 이용하여 성분분석을 실시하였다. 또한 금속현미경 및 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 금속의 미세조직을 관찰하였다. 사뇌사지 출토 청동기는 성분, 제작 방법 그리고 용도에 따라 주조품, 단조 품, 타명기 그리고 땜 등 4 가지 종류로 분류되었다. 의례 용기로 사용된 주조품은 70% Cu, 10% Sn 그리고 20% Pb의 합금으로 ${\alpha}+{\beta}$의 전형적인 주조 조직을 보이고 있다. ${\delta}$상은 적은 양의 Sn 때문에 쉽게 관찰되지 않고 있으며 상대적으로 많은 양의 납을 함유하고 있어서 납편석을 관찰할 수 있다. 생활 용기로 사용된 단조품은 80% Cu와 20% Sn 합금으로 ${\alpha}$상과 담금질 조직을 보이고 있어 열처리를 행한 것으로 추측된다. 가공방법은 ${\alpha}$상의 모습과 ${\alpha}$상 내에 존재하는 쌍정으로 확인할 수 있다. 납은 가공을 어렵게 하므로 합금되지 않았다. 소리를 내기 위한 타명기는 85% Cu, 10% Sn, 5% Pb 또는 90% Cu, 10% Sn으로 합금되었으며 많은 양의 주석을 함유된 상태로 주조되어 수지상 구조를 나타내고 있다. 땜은 83% Cu, 12% Sn 그리고 5% Pb로 합금되었으며 공기중에서 빠르게 냉각되어 미세한 수지상 구조를 보이고 있다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2015

Laser surface Melting Process is getting hardening layer that has enough depth of hardening layer as well as no defects by melting surface of substrate. This study used CW(Continuous Wave) Yb:YAG and STD11. Laser beam speed, power and beam interval are fixed at 70mm/sec, 2.8kW and 800um respectively. Hardness in the weld zone are equal to 400Hv regardless of melting zone, remelting zone overlapped by next beam and HAZ. Similarly, microstructures in all weld zone consist of dendrite structure that arm spacing is $3{\sim}4{\mu}m$, matrix is ${\gamma}$(Austenite) and dendrite boundary consists of ${\gamma}$ and $M_7C_3$ of eutectic phase. This microstructure crystallizes from liquid to ${\gamma}$ of primary crystal and residual liquid forms ${\gamma}$ and $M_7C_3$ of eutectic phase by eutectic reaction at $1266^{\circ}C$. After solidification is complete, primary crystal and eutectic phase remain at room temperature without phase transformation by quenching. On the other hand, microstructures of substrate consist of ferrite, fine $M_{23}C_6$ and coarse $M_7C_3$ that have 210Hv. Microstructures in the HAZ consist of fine $M_{23}C_6$ and coarse $M_7C_3$ like substrate. But, $M_{23}C_6$ increases and matrix was changed from ferrite to bainite that has hardness above 400Hv. Partial Melted Zone is formed between melting zone and HAZ. Partial Melted Zone near the melting zone consists of ${\gamma}$, $M_7C_3$ and martensite and Partial Melted Zone near the HAZ consists of eutectic phase around ${\gamma}$ and $M_7C_3$. Hardness is maximum 557Hv in the partial melted zone.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.252-261
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 유정용 강관의 열처리 조건에 따른 미세조직 및 기계적 성질을 조사하였다. 실험에 사용된 유정용 강관의 종류는 J55 강재를 사용 하였고, 열처리 조건은 각각 오스테나이트 처리온도 ($880^{\circ}C$, $910^{\circ}C$, $940^{\circ}C$), 냉각방식 (수냉, 유냉), 템퍼링 온도 (미실시, $550^{\circ}C$, $650^{\circ}C$) 이다. 열처리 조건에 따라 얻어지는 미세조직을 예측하기 위해 J55 강재의 화학적 성분을 기준으로 평형상태도와 CCT 곡선을 시뮬레이션 하였으며, 그 결과 A1, A3 온도가 약 $20^{\circ}C$ 감소 하는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 냉각속도에 따라 마르텐사이트, 베이나이트, 페라이트등 예상되는 미세조직을 정성적으로 알 수 있었고 이 결과는 실제 실험값과 유사한 양상을 나타내었다. 오스테나이트 처리온도가 증가 함에 따라 구 오스테나이트 결정립이 조대화 되었으며, 특히 $920^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 결정립 크기가 급격히 증가하였다. 따라서 결정립 미세화 효과에 따라 경도와 강도는 감소 하였다. 열처리 조건이 변화함에 따라 마르텐사이트, 베이나이트, 페라이트 등 다양한 조직이 생성되었으며, 이는 경도, 강도 및 연신율에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 수냉의 경우 마르텐사이트 조직이, 유냉의 경우 베이나이트와 페라이트 조직이 형성되었으며 수냉한 시편이 더 우수한 기계적 성질을 나타내었다. 템퍼링 처리후 마르텐사이트 조직 내에 FeC 석출물이 생성되었고 템퍼링 처리온도가 증가함에 따라 FeC석출물이 조대화되면서 인성이 향상되었다.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.104-109
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• 2000

Three different white cast irons alloyed with Cr, V, Mo and W were prepared in order to study their abrasion wear behavior in as-cast and heat-treated conditions. The specimens were produced using a 15㎏-capacity high frequency induction furnace. Melts were super-heated to $1600^{\circ}C$, and poured at $1550^{\circ}C$ into Y-block pepset molds. Three combinations of the alloying elements were selected so as to obtain the different types of carbides : 3%C-10%Cr-5%Mo-5%W(alloy No. 1: $M_7C_3$ and $M_6C$), 3%C -10%V-5%Mo-5%W(alloy No. 2: MC and $M_2C$) and 3%C-17%Cr-3%V(alloy No. 3: $M_7C_3$ only). A scratching type abrasion test was carried out in the states of as-cast(AS), homogenizing(AH), air-hardening(AHF) and tempering(AHFT). First of all, the as-cast specimens were homogenized at $950^{\circ}C$ for 5h under the vacuum atmosphere. Then, they were austenitized at $1050^{\circ}C$ for 2h and followed by air-hardening in air. The air-hardened specimens were tempered at $300^{\circ}C$ for 3h. 1 ㎏ load was applied in order to contact the specimen with abrading wheel which was wound by 120 mesh SiC paper. The wear loss of the test piece(dimension: $50{\times}50{\times}5$ mm) was measured after one cycle of wear test and this procedure was repeated up to 8 cycles. In all the specimens, the abrasion wear loss was found to decrease in the order of AH, AS, AHFT and AHF states. Abrasion wear loss was lowest in the alloy No.2 and highest in the alloy No.1 except for the as-cast and homogenized condition in which the alloy No.3 showed the highest abrasion wear loss. The lowest abrasion wear loss of the alloy No.2 could be attributed to the fact that it contained primary and eutectic MC carbides, and eutectic $M_2C$ carbide with extremely high hardness. The matrix of each specimen was fully pearlitic in the as-cast state but it was transformed to martensite, tempered martensite and austenite depending upon the type of heat-treatment. From these results, it becomes clear that MC carbide is a significant phase to improve the abrasion wear resistance.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.212-223
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• 2019

This study is to investigate the relationship between microstructural factors and tensile properties after aging heat treatment of the 15-5PH stainless steel at the temperature range of $450^{\circ}C$, $500^{\circ}C$ and $550^{\circ}C$ for various time. For the aging time of 2 hours, hardness showed maximum at $450^{\circ}C$ and then decreased with increasing aging temperature. While, hardness decreased gradually during aging $450^{\circ}C$, $500^{\circ}C$ and $550^{\circ}C$ from 1 hour to 5 hours but the hardness nearly unchanged until the 100 hours after 5 hours aging. When aging at $450^{\circ}C$, Cu atoms preferentially aggregated at the prior austenite grain boundaries and martensite lath boundaries, and Cu concentration at those boundaries was nearly unchanged even after aging for 100 hours. Therefore it was suggested that the coherency is still maintained after 100 hours aging at $450^{\circ}C$. Aging at $500^{\circ}C$ and $550^{\circ}C$ results in an increase in the concentration of Ni at the martensite lath boundaries and prior austenite grain boundaries, resulting in the formation of reversed austenite. Especially, when aged at $550^{\circ}C$ for 100 hours, the concentration of Ni remarkably increased at those boundaries, and thus the microstructure of herring bone shape was appeared. Considering the migration of Ni atom to the lath boundaries and prior austenite grain boundaries, Ni atoms contributed greatly to the formation of reversed austenite. On the other hand, it was found that Cu atoms hardly moving to those boundaries may not be contributed to the formation of reversed austenite. When aging at $450^{\circ}C$, the coarsening of the precipitated Cu atoms proceeded very slowly with increasing aging time, therefore the decrease in strengths were small but the reduction area was considerably increased due to the softening of the matrix. At the aging temperature of $500^{\circ}C$ and $550^{\circ}C$, the strengths decreased and the elongation and reduction area increased due to the appearance of the reversed austenite. Especially, the increase of reduction area was remarkable.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.82-89
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• 2002

선상가열에 의한 판 변형 예측은 고유변형도법에 의해 효율적으로 예측할 수 있다. 종래의 용접에서의 고유변형도 결정 방법은 용접 실험을 통하여 온도분포와 강의 상변태 영역(Ac3)을 시편을 절단하여 계측하고 이를 고유변형도 영역으로 간주하는 것이었다. 선상가열의 현상은 용접과 유사하므로, 용접과 같은 조건 하에서 얻어진 결과를 그대로 선상가열 해석에 이용하여 왔으나 이 결과는 가열 패턴이나 판 두께에 제한을 가지고 있다. 또한 현장에서는 선상가열 후 수냉 처리하는데 그 과정에서 강이 원래의 상으로 돌아가지 않고 마르텐사이트가 되면서 전단 소성 변화를 일으킨다는 점에 착안하여, 본 연구에서는 종래에 시편의 온도계측과 상변태 영역을 직접 계측하는 파괴검사법을 FEM을 이용한 이론해석으로 대체하였다. 즉 임의의 적절한 열속 모델에 대한 온도 분포를 얻고, 조직변화에 따라 추가적으로 발생하는 소성 영역을 고려하기 위하여 공석 온도 영역까지 포함시켜 온도계측과 파괴실험 없이 순수한 이론만으로 고유변형도 영역을 결정하는 새로운 방법을 제안하였다. 이 방법으로 결정한 영역을 이용하여 판의 변형을 예측하고 실험 결과와 비교하여 잘 일치함으로써 본 논문에서 제안한 방법의 유효성을 입증하였다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제4권5호
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• pp.524-534
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• 1994

소량의 misch metal과 Zr을 함유한 CuZnAI형상기억 합금의 변태온도에 미치는 열사이클 및 기계적 성질 변화에 대하여 고찰하였다. 합금원소 첨가에 따라 결정립에 매우 미세화 되었으며 용체화 처리후 100~$350^{\circ}C$구간에서 경도값 변화를 조사하기 위하여 post quench aging과 step quench aging처리한 결과 $200^{\circ}C$와 $250^{\circ}C$에서 최고의 경도값을 나타냈다. $M_f$온도이하에서 인당시험한 결과 파단강도와 연실율은 결저립이 미세할수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 파단강도는 as quenching처리한 경우보다 post quench aging처리한 경우에 보다더 증가하였다. $\beta$-상에서의 시효는 $M_s$온도를 강하시켰으며 마르텐사이트상에서의 시효는 $A_s$ 온도를 증가시켰다. post quench aging 에 따른 $A_s$의 변화는 $\beta$에서의 회복율에 기여하였으며 변태온도 ($A_s-M_s$)히스테리시스는 열사이클에 의하여 증가하는 경향을 보였다.