• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.11 s.158
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• pp.1495-1506
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• 2006

The purposes of this study are to investigate the formation and the change of apparel retail structure historically with the viewpoint that the retail structure is affected by the process of economic development. This study was done by literature research method and the result of this study is the following. The tailor and seamstress shops, the first clothing shops in Korea, were replaced by ready-made shops, because mass production system which had developed with the industrialization of Korea increased the advantage of economy of scale compared to handicrafts individual one. After that, the production system of apparel industry had been efficient continuously, while retail system had not. The retailing of famous brand apparel conducted by exclusive franchise store caused supplier oriented markets where the opinion and the desire of consumers were not reflected. While the retailing of the unknown brand apparel handled by small retail stores were inefficient. As the apparel industry matured in 1990s, various types of new stores appeared such as specialty stores, discount stores, TV home shopping, internet shopping, outlet malls, and big fashion stores in Dongdeamoon. These new stores have features of seeking profits in mass merchandising. As these large retail stores grow, the apparel retail structure of Korea is changing from a fragmented market to a vertically integrated one. This change is shown by the decrease of stores per inhabitants. With the change of environment, the apparel retail system which has lagged behind comparatively is expected to develop into more efficient system based on the large capital investment which raise the advantage of economy of scale.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.253-283
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• 2009

This study examined empirically the effect mechanism of labor market structure on access to social insurance. Data were derived from the second wave of Korea Welfare Panel Study in 2007 with a sub-sample of 3,790 of wage workers. Path analysis and structural equation model were used to analyze the effect mechanism. Findings confirmed the inequality of labor market by revealing high causal relationships among occupations and jobs, size of the firm, employment forms, and income. The results suggest that access to social insurance depends on the structural interaction of labor market rather than on the individual worker's trait. Small enterprises and non-standard employment were indicated as the main element explaining the unequal access to social insurance. Finally this study identified women's experience of intensive inequalities in the labor market status and access to social insurance.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.279-308
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• 2010

This study examines the association between family policies and family gap using data for 14 OECD countries. As family policies have different assumptions about women's roles and include variant sub-policies, this study identify two distinct family policies: 'employment support policy' to support women as employed workers and 'caregiving support policy' to support women as caregivers. Meanwhile, women's wage cannot be determined by the effect of 'only' family policy. Therefore, analysis model includes variant macro structure supposed to affect women's labor status and wage, like labor market structure, wage structure(compression), women's social status and economic status, and examines interaction effects between family policies and these labor market and social structures using Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (FSQCA). The FSQCA result shows that relatively low family gap is associated with the conjunctual causation of developed 'employment support policy' and compressed wage structure.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.97-105
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• 2019

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the government support project on traditional market and the interaction effect between the government support project and the competition intensity. Therefore, this study focuses on the competition intensity of individual stores in traditional markets, unlike the traditional research flow, which is beyond the competitive structure of traditional markets and large retailers. Research design, data, and methodology - This study is based on the data of 'Statistics of Traditional Market in 2017'. In this study, a multiple regression equation was constructed using the number of government support projects as an independent variable, competition intensity as an interaction, and sales per store, number of customers per store as a dependent variable for analysis. A multiple regression equation was constructed for the main effect analysis. To investigate the effect of the interaction, cohen(1980)'s regression equation and two-way ANOVA were used. Results - First, according to this study, the traditional market participated in the government support project showed that the sales and the number of visitors per store in the traditional market were higher than those in the non-participation market. Second, the impact of government support projects on sales per store(also number of visiting customers per store) can be different depending on the competition intensity. More specifically, if the market is politically supported by a market with a high level of competition, it may be more effective than the market with no support. Conclusions - Based on the results of the study, we suggested academic and practical implications and suggested that competition intensity of stores in the traditional market should be considered in the future. The implications of this study are as follows. First, the effects of the government's traditional market support project were analyzed empirically. Second, this study is different from the previous studies in that it examined the competitive strengths and the effects of individual stores in traditional markets, away from competition between traditional market and large retailers. Third, it provided practical implications for the operation of government support projects.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.169-187
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• 1995

Contemporary US metropolitan areas have undergone divergent economic transformation, and as a result labor markets have become the focus of concern in their role as determinants of earnings attainment. Explanations of individual earnings attainmnent as a lobor market outcome have been established in two diafferent stances one who emphasizes personal or group attributes in the human capital perspective and the other who emphasizes economic structure in the labor market segmentation perspective. While remaining at the conceptual level and yet relatively unexplored, the importance of place in labormarket operation is a significant advancement as it appears in labor market areas and local labor markets considering that labor market areas represent the intersection of labor market structure and individual labor market experiences at specific geographic places. The substantive inquiry of this study was to explore labor market characteristics and their differentiation across large metropolitan areas, and assess their effects on the individual earnings attainment. Integating individual attributes and labor market characteristics as major factors of labor market operation, this study intended to contextualize individual earnings attainment with geographic labor market areas. Using 1990 US population census 5% "Public-Use Microdata Samples, " the largest 65 metropolitan areas were first selected and employed male workers who are aged between 25 and 50 for whites, blacks, asians, and hispanics. As an initial step earnings differentials between racial/ethnic groups and selected 65 metropolitan areas were examined using analysis of variance, and then earnings differentials were attributed to the individual attributes such as education, age, and immigration status, and four dimensions of metropolitan labor market differentiation devised by principal component analysis of industrial and occupational segments: Public versus Blue Collar Core(CS1), Finance-Core Utility versus Blue Collar Local Monopoly (CS2), Oligopoly versus Blue Collar Periphery(CS3), and Self Employed-White Collar Periphery versus Low-Skill Core(CS4). As a final analysis, individual earnings were related to each individual attribute and its interaction with metropolitan labor market characteristics to examine how the differentiated metropolitan labor market characteristics alter the role of individual attributes on earnings attainment. The findings indicated that individual attributes, education in particular exert significant effects on earnings attainment, but their effects were significantly altered by metropolitan labor market characterristics. Particularly important dimensions were: Oligopoly differentiated from Blue Colla Periphery metropolitan areas enhancing earnings returns to individual attributes for all groups but minority groups (black, asians, hispanics) rely more on this, and Finance-Core Utility differentiated from Blue Collar Local Monopoly metropolitan areas provide higher earnings returns to whites exclusively. These findings suggest that individuals with identical individual attributes involving racial/ethnic categories would have different earnings atteinments depending on the metropolitan labor market characteristics where they reside. Referring back to the major traditions of the human capital and the labor market segmentation in labor market research, the interaction between individual attributes and metropolitan labor market haracteristics on earnings attainment highlights the complimentary nature of the two on earnings determination in particular geographic places, Hence, labor market characteristics differentiatcd across metropolitan areas are an integral part of labor market operation which should be considered for the explanation of individual earnings attainment and racial/ethnic group earnings differentials. Gcographic places are the important contexts for labor market segmentation and individual labor market experiences. In conclusion, this study brings geographic labor markets to the forefront in the examination of individuals' earnings attainments. The empirical vaidation of the role of metropolitan labor market charecteristics on earnings attainment, while exploratory contributes towards a broader perspective of geographic labor market research that recognizes that individuals' labor market experiences are intertwined with geographic contexts of labor market operatin. operatin.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.51-70
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• 2018

This study is to define the relationship between capital structure and the market share in the global shipping market, estimating the debt-equity ratio. To analyze the impact of the debt-equity ratio on market share, this study collected data from the 100 largest shipping companies from 2010 to 2017. Results identified that global shipping lines moderate their debt-equity rates to 62%, and all of them strategically utilize debt in order to increase market share in global shipping market. In comparison between the group focused on cargo volume and another group focused on freight rates, it is found that the group focused on cargo volume increase their handling cargo volume through increasing the debt rates. Another group used debt rate for reducing the freight rate and enhancing market power. Furthermore, after classifying the samples into high-growth and low-growth companies, this study compared the group focused on cargo volume and another group focused on freight rates. As a result, the low-growth group showed more significant impacts of the debt rate on market share than the high-growth group. The results of this study provide useful insight for future strategic decision making of shipping lines in the global shipping market.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.12
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• pp.293-308
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• 2020

This study aims to investigate the direct relationship between ownership structure, earnings manipulation, and organizational performance, and then examine the mediating effect of earnings manipulation in the relationship between ownership structure and organizational performance. This study collected and analyzed secondary data published in financial reports related to all insurance organizations listed in the Jordanian market during the study period (from 2009 until 2018). A panel data analysis was conducted, giving a total of 200 observations. The findings of this study concluded that ownership concentration, foreign ownership, and organization size affect organizational performance proxied by ROA, ROE, and EPS, more specifically, ownership concentration and organization size have a positive effect, whereas foreign ownership has a negative effect. At the same time, board of director ownership, organizational ownership, and CEO compensation did not affect organizational performance. Next, the board of director ownership, ownership concentration, foreign ownership, and CEO compensation affect earnings manipulation separately. In addition, earnings manipulation positively affects organizational performance proxied by ROA, ROE and EPS. This means that the higher the earnings manipulation is, the higher the organizational performance is. Finally, earnings manipulation mediates the relationship between ownership concentration and foreign ownership of ownership structure, and organizational performance.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.9
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• pp.329-340
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• 2020

This study investigates the effect of capital structure on the financial performance of pharmaceutical enterprises which are listing on Vietnam's stock market. The study builds the regression using ROE as dependent variable and four independent variables, including self-financing, financial leverage, long-term asset and debt to assets ratios. In addition, we use other variables as controlling ones, such as firm size, fixed asset rate and growth. We collect data for the period from 2015 to 2019 of all 30 pharmaceutical enterprises which are currently listing on Vietnam's stock market. The least square regression (OLS) is used to test the effect of capital structure to the firms' financial performance. The analysis results show that the financial leverage ratio (LR), long-term asset ratio (LAR) and debt-to-assets ratio (DR) have positive relationship with firm performance, meanwhile the self-financing (E/C) affects negatively to the return on equity (ROE). Upon the findings we suggest that the Vietnamese government should focus on stabilizing macro environment to create favorable environment for enterprises. And the pharmaceutical enterprises should build more reasonable capital structure with higher debt proportion than equity, diversifying loan mobilization channels such as issuing long-term bonds. Additionally, the firms should expand the scale appropriately to maintain development and ability to pay debts.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.55-60
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• 2015

This paper introduces a program structure that minimizes the client's business logic by reducing the client's specifications as a way of minimizing the limitations of online game platforms. The objective of this thesis is to design an online game that is based on a 3-tier client/server structure, and thus using this 3-tier structure to ultimately create an online Sutda game that anyone can enjoy. The progression of newly released games is highly based on the mobile market and the number of online games being launched is decreasing. As the mobile game market grows, more and more multi-platform games are being developed and target platforms within online games are greatly diversifying. Through these situations, this thesis minimizes the client's business logic through a 3-tier structure of application-middleware-database, and also proposes an online game client/server that allows three or more users to participate simultaneously through the server.

• Composites Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.223-231
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• 2022

With the rapid growth of the future mobility market, a large number of electronic parts are being used in automobile, and the importance of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding in the automobile market is growing to minimize malfunctioning among the parts. Accordingly, conductive polymer composites (CPCs) are getting a lot of attention as EMI shielding materials for the automotive, but there are still challenges in CPCs like high content of conductive filler to achieve proper EMI shielding effectiveness, and poor mechanical properties. This paper introduces main methods to manufacture CPCs with segregated filler structure, which can significantly reduce the filler content, and analyzes EMI shielding performance of each manufacturing method.