• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.437-447
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• 2023

By actively adopting technologies from the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the port industry is trending toward new types of ports, such as automated and smart ports. However, behind the development of these ports, there is an increasing risk of cyber security incidents and threats within ports and container terminals, including information leakage through cargo handling equipment and ransomware attacks leading to disruptions in terminal operations. Despite the necessity of research to enhance cyber security within ports, there is a lack of such studies in the domestic context. This study focuses on Busan Port, a representative port in South Korea that actively incorporates technology from the Fourth Industrial Revolution, in order to discover variables for improving cyber security in container terminals. The research results categorized factors for enhancing cyber security in Busan Port's container terminals into network construction and policy support, standardization of education and personnel training, and legal and regulatory factors. Subsequently, multiple regression analysis was conducted based on these factors, leading to the identification of detailed factors for securing and enhancing safety, reliability, performance, and satisfaction in Busan Port's container terminals. The significance of this study lies in providing direction for enhancing cyber security in Busan Port's container terminals and addressing the increasing incidents of cyber security attacks within ports and container terminals.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.146-154
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• 2024

The ship management industry in South Korea has been growing steadily, leading the government to implement policies to support its development in response to changing environmental conditions. These policies aim to improve the competitiveness of South Korea's ship management industry by recognizing the importance of skilled professionals in determining its success. Plans and policies have been put in place to cultivate these professionals, but ship management companies are currently facing a serious shortage of manpower. To enhance the industry's competitiveness, it is essential to attract and retain competent ship management professionals. Therefore, this study investigates the reasons for turnover among these professionals. The research results identified four factors contributing to turnover: Work Environment, Economic Compensation and Welfare Benefits, Self-Development, and Promotion and Career Advancement. Subsequent multiple regression analysis based on these factors revealed the need to strengthen economic rewards and benefits in order to reduce turnover rates among ship management professionals. This study provides foundational data for the development of stable human resource management policies for the future of the ship management industry.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.559-567
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• 2021

This study compared the nutritional characteristics and antioxidant effects of sea mustards sourced from five different areas (Barammaegi, Gultongmeori, Chanmulgae, Johongtaek, and Goraedeung) in Taejongdae, Youngdo, Busan. The contents of total flavonoids and phenols and fatty acid composition were measured. To evaluate their antioxidant effects, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays were used. Acetone/methylene chloride (A+M) extracts from all the sea mustards contained higher amounts of total flavonoids and phenols than methanol (MeOH) extracts. Among the sea mustards obtained from the different areas, the total flavonoid and total phenolic content of the A+M extract of the sea mustard from Gultongmeori was 1.44±0.04 mg/g and 1.72±0.06 mg/g, respectively. In terms of the fatty acid composition, the Gultongmeori sea mustard had higher percentages of total n-6, total n-3, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) than the sea mustards from the other areas. The A+M extract of the sea mustard from Gultongmeori was more effective in terms of scavenging free radicals as compared with that of the other sea mustards, as assessed by the DPPH and ABTS assays (p<0.05). In a 120-minute reactive oxygen species (ROS) production assay, all the extracts tested decreased cellular ROS production induced by H₂O₂ compared to that produced by exposure to an extract-free control (p<0.05). The extracts from Barammaegi and Gultongmeori had a greater inhibitory effect on cellular ROS production. These results indicated that the antioxidant effects of sea mustards might be associated with a higher amount of flavonoids and phenols. This study suggests that food-processed products from sea mustard can be developed as functional foods for promoting health in the local population.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.217-238
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• 2023

Currently, automobile tax in Korea is imposed by multiplying the vehicle's engine displacement by a certain tax rate. However, the need for revision is being raised as it is pointed out that the current system does not reflect the immediate task of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Accordingly, this study focuses on the positive relationship between engine displacement and CO₂ emissions, and seeks to calculate an appropriate automobile tax rate considering average CO₂ emissions. To this end, first, we estimated the average annual CO₂ emissions (kg/vehicle) for each engine displacement using the average CO₂ emissions for each vehicle displacement as of 2020. Next, multiple scenarios were analyzed considering the standard tax rate at $75 per ton of CO₂ emissions proposed by the IMF (2019). In particular, we compared the case of imposing a uniform carbon tax of $75 and the case of imposing a progressive tax based on CO₂ emissions by displacement. According to the results, it was confirmed that the uniform tax rate proposed by the IMF is difficult to apply to Korea as it is due to the impact of a decrease in tax revenue, and a tax scheme needs to be designed appropriately considering maintenance of tax revenue according to the current automobile tax, greenhouse gas reduction effect, and automobile tax reform trends in developed countries. For example, in the case of the K3 (1,598cc) of Kia Motors, a representative compact car sold in Korea, if we compare the tax burdens for each tax scenario, the tax burden will be about 220,000 KRW under the current system, about 79,000 KRW under the uniform tax rate, about 83,000 KRW under the progressive tax rate, and about 240,000 KRW under the progressive tax rate similar to the UK tax system, respectively. In this way, this study identified the current statuses of automobile registration and tax in Korea, and automobile tax reform trends in major developed countries, and analyzed the impact of automobile tax reform considering engine displacement and CO₂ emissions, focusing on the tax burden of the people.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.39
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• pp.281-310
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• 2008

An understanding of importance of port has increased according to the in and out environment changes surrounding port. And the jurisdiction of physical distribution including port logistics integrated to Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs. It is a good time for review the related port law once more. Present related port law has no problems itself. But because there are many laws about port, so overlap is shown in many aspects. According to this viewpoint, this study has focused to reduce the overlap in the contents of the laws and propose the improvement methods. So as to achieve this goal, I divided study fields into three aspects. The first is the subject of port management and second is the object of port management, the third is contents of port management. And also improvement plan provided in three aspects. Improvement plan is as follows. Firstly, the diversity of management subject is reduced considerably due to the integration of government organization but the problem which what laws among the various laws would adopt to same object is still remained. So it is necessary to make into one or two laws. Secondly, in the case of object of port management, it is essential to cover the port, port facilities and port hinterland with one comprehensive law. Therefore it is important to adjust the related clauses in various laws. Thirdly, in connection with the contents of port management, port development plan or other related port business and etc. described in various laws have to cordinated. At the same time, it is desirable that the similar terminology used in various laws would be unified.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.97-114
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• 2008

This research is focused on the organizations related to development and operation of automated container terminal to find the core factors to prepare for the changes in maritime logistics circumstances and to secure superiority in the middle of fierce competition. Through an analysis of the status of development and operation of internal and external automated container terminals, it is concluded that public organizations, companies, research centers/schools, and private organizations influence on the development and operation of automated container terminals. The specific role of each organization is also concluded in this study. Based on the findings above, a survey of experts in the organizations of container terminals in Korea has been carried out using AHP method. Through this survey, the order of importance of the related organizations was found to be public organizations, research centers/schools, companies, and private organizations. This research can be referred to make a master plan for the development and operation of automated container terminal in Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.173-174
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• 2010

As the quantity of goods transported, port industry and inland transport industry have developing to transport 630million ton goods annually. And the inland transport industry consists of ground transport for almost 80% of total transported goods. But, ground transport causes some serious problems especially the emission of greenhouse gases from trucks. According to issue "global warming", many regulations and agreements with countries in the world are becoming necessary and it is being fulfilled now. It is sure that Korea will have duty to reduce CO2 emission from 2013. Thus inland transport must cut off CO2 emission level. Therefore this paper will address that the calculation of CO2 emission under route of transportation container from six major container ports in Korea. And then, it will predict CO2 emission of inland transport industry according to increasing container traffic rate at ports.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.717-723
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• 2007

In recent years, the transportation sector has been undergoing very rapid and multifarious changes due to the M&A, alliances between shipping companies, introduction of larger container ship as it cost reduction measure and the application of integrated logistics to satisfy the needs of customers. Therefore, container terminal is required adequate terminal facilities, sufficient channel depth, efficient handling and low cost of port fees and dues. The purpose of this paper is for functional assessment of efficient container terminal. Firstly, the container operating process information about yard equipment and chassis is extracted through the analysis of practical daily work report of container terminal. Also, the formulae of skill factor and troubles of operator on transfer crane are defined. Lastly, container handling simulation model which consideration of skill factor and trouble of operator is proposed by Petri network model.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.823-831
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• 2010

The shipping business industries which are the transport and logistics intensive in Busan, have been small sized and scattered in many areas, that is why they could not create a synergy effect utterly. Because of the need to develop the shipping business cluster complex in Busan in order to concentrate those industries and attract high value added firms, this study tries to suggest an approach to build the cluster. Firstly, how various shipping business related firms in Busan and capital area demand the cluster complex are searched through questioning survey. Secondly, the gradual scheme to integrate lots of business companies, governmental authorities and educational institutes and global strategy to invite domestic and foreign organizations in Myeong Ji area near to Busan New Port. Thirdly, the expected economic benefits of the cluster construction are calculated quantitatively.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.199-205
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• 2008

Currently, ITs(Information Technologies} performances have been recognized as an essential tool for terminal operations. However, there have been little research that analyze level of ITs performance on port operation. Thus, the aim of this research is to analyze current level of ITs performance of major container terminals in Busan and Gwangyang. To achieve this objective, we developed HFP-based index that improve pervious indicator for evaluation of ITs performance. And then, level of ITs performance of four major container terminals were measured by the collected data through face to face interviews. Finally, through this analysis, some findings including weaknesses of ITs performance and implications were discussed.