• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.7-25
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• 1965

In order to clearify the microflora of the lower course of the Han River and the effect of the marine water on the Han River, the study was carried out at Paldang, Kwangjang, Noryangjin, and Haengju for 4 months (from May till September in 1965). The results obtained are as follows: 1) Water temperature, transparency, light intensity, pH, silicate, and salinity were determined as environmental conditions. 2) Samples collected from 4 stations were identified and classified by Engler's classification system. It resulted in 4 Phyla, 3 Classes, 13 Orders, 25 Families, 61 Genera, 155 Species, and 16 Varieties. The total numbers of phytoplanktons identified are 171. Of the number, 106 species and 12 varieties were recorded in this paper for the first time. 3) A comparative observation on the distribution of marine phytoplanktons and salinity in the Han River showed a fact that the Han River was biologically affected in the middle portion between Noryangjin and Haengju by marine water. Furthermore, the salinity determined at Haengjuduring a day(at high tide, September 26, 1995) supported the above fact. 4) Four species among the identified species are saprobic planktons and it is regarded as the forms derived from Chunggyechon.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2012

Various antibiotics, that could induce the appearance of resistant microorganisms, have been used for treatment or prevention of bacterial diseases in marine and ornamental fish. We determined and characterized the level of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and proportion of multi-drug resistant bacteria in intestinal microflora of both marine fish cultured in Korea and imported ornamental freshwater fish. For this the bacterial species and resistance to antibiotics were investigated in intestine of rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus cultured in Korea and pearl gourami Trichogaster leeri imported from Singapore to characterise. Although the bacterial species were different, proportions of resistant bacteria to single antibiotics or multi-drug were higher in intestinal microflora of pearl gourami Trichogaster leeri imported from Singapore than in rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus cultured in Korea. These results indicate that various antibiotics have been being used before trading without measures in the market of asian ornamental fishes, providing high risks for the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.328-336
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• 2012

Sik-hae is traditional Korean fermented seafood manufactured by mixing ingredients such as fish, radish, garlic, pepper, etc. To facilitate utilization of the black-edged sculpin Gymnocanthus herzensteini, which is an abundant unusable fish caught in the East Sea, sculpin sik-hae was developed for commercialization as a low-salt fermented food. There was no significant change in the proximate composition of the sculpin sik-hae during storage. The pH of the sculpin sik-hae decreased, whereas the acidity, amino-N, and volatile basic nitrogen contents increased as fermentation progressed. The number of microflora increased gradually up to 14 days of fermentation and then decreased. Based on a sensory evaluation, sculpin sik-hae stored at $-1^{\circ}C$ was superior to that stored at $5^{\circ}C$. Therefore, sculpin sik-hae can be commercialized as a new fermented seafood.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.501-506
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• 2004

생식제품의 미생물학적 안전성을 확보를 위한 기초 자료로 활용하고자 생식제품 및 제조 공정 중에 있어서 Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococus aureus 등 식중독세균을 중심으로 한 자연 환경 유래 위해미생물의 분포 및 주 오염공정을 조사하였다. 생식 원료 중 위해미생물의 검출율이 높은 원료는 주로 곡류이었으며, 원료를 일반수도수로 세척하고 동결건조 하여도 위해미생물은 완전히 제거되지 않아 원료에 대한 비가열살균 대책이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 한편 최종제품의 위해미생물의 검출율이 원료보다 높게 나타나 제조공정 중 미생물 오염이 증가하는 것을 알 수 있었으며 위해미생물은 원료의 1차 분쇄 후 공정이 진행됨에 따라 증가하였고, 특히 외주분말(하청공장에서 원료를 세척, 건조, 분쇄한 것)을 혼합한 후 균수가 급속히 증가하였다. 공중부유균은 분쇄실과 혼합실에서 많이 검출되었으며, 생식 제조 공정에 사용되는 기계 및 기구에서도 위해미생물이 검출되어 공중부유균과 기계 및 기구의 오염, 그리고 기계에 끼여 있는 분말 찌꺼기가 제조공정 중 생식의 미생물 오염 원인이라는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 따라서 공중부유균의 살균대책 및 하청공장의 철저한 위생관리가 요구되며, 분쇄기 및 혼합기의 정기저인 소독 및 살균이 필요 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.56-62
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• 1986

정어리, 갈전갱이, 전갱이 및 말쥐치의 4종(種)의 시료어(試料魚)를 $-3.5^{\circ}C$에서 50일간(日間) 저장(貯藏)하면서 저장기간(貯藏其間)에 따른 Microflora 변화(變化)를 조사하였다. 세균수(細菌數)의 측정(測定) 및 세균(細菌)의 분리(分離)에는 50% 인공해수한천평판배지(人工海水寒天平板培地)로서 도말법(塗抹法)으로 하였으며 분리(分離)한 세균(細菌)의 동정(同定)은 오적(奧積)등의 방법에 따라 행하였다. 저장전(貯藏前)의 신선한 생선에는 피부 $1cm^3$당 $10^4{\sim}10^5$마리의 세균(細菌)이 존재하였으나 저장(貯藏) 22일(日) 이후(以後)부터 $10^6{\sim}10^8$에 달하여 전형적인 생선의 부패취를 발생하였다. 저장기간(貯藏其間)을 통하여 300주(株)의 세균(細菌)을 분리(分離)하였으며 선어(鮮魚)에서는 Pseudomonas I/II, Pseudomonas III/IV-H, Vibrio, Moraxella가 대부분으로 전체(全體)의 87%를 차지하였다. 부패후(腐敗後)에도 이들 균주(菌株)가 주종(主種)을 이루었으나 Pseudomonas III/IV-H, Vibrio, Moraxella가 감소하는 반면에 Pseudomonas I/II가 최우위를 점하였으며 Pseudomonas가 소수 분리(分離)되었으나 저장초기(貯藏初期)에 소멸(消滅)하였다. 비동정균(非同定菌)이 분체(全體) 분리균주(分離菌株)의 9%를 차지하였는데 이중 약 절반이 저장(貯藏) 22일(日)에 분리(分離)되었다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권9호
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• pp.235-245
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• 2017

Background: Loading of excess nutrient via bioremediation of polluted sediment to overlying water could trigger anoxia and eutrophication in coastal area. The aim of this research was to understand the changes of overlying water features such as dissolved oxygen (DO); pH; oxidation reduction potential (ORP); $chlorophyll-{\alpha}$ ($Chl-{\alpha}$); and nitrogen nutrients ammonia ($N-NH_4{^+}$), nitrate ($N-NO_3{^-}$), and nitrite ($N-NO_2^-$) when the sediment was not treated (control) and treated by calcium peroxide for 5 weeks. Methods: The water samples were analyzed for measuring physical and chemical properties along with the sediment analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) including denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) for identifying the phylogenetic affiliation of microbial communities. Results: Results showed that due to the addition of calcium peroxide in sediment, the overlying water exposed the rise of dissolve oxygen, pH, and ORP than control. Among the nitrogen nutrients, ammonia inhibition was higher in calcium peroxide treatment than control but in case of nitrate inhibition, it was reversed than control. $Chlorophyll-{\alpha}$ was declined in treatment column water by 30% where it was 20% in control column water. Actibacter and Salegentibacter group were detectable in the calcium-peroxide-treated sediment; in contrary, no detectable community ware found in control sediment. Both phylogenetic groups are closely related to marine microflora. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the importance of calcium peroxide as an oxygen release material. Interaction with peroxide proved to be enhancing the formation of microbial community that are beneficial for biodegradation and spontaneity of nutrient attenuation into overlying water.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제19권spc호
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• pp.39-42
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two different organic acid products as antibiotic replacement in olive flounder paralichthys olivaceus. Fish averaging $3.5{\pm}0.05$ g($mean{\pm}SD$) were fed one of the ten semi-purified diets : Diet 1 ; Control, Diet 2 ; add antibiotics - 50mg OTC/kg body weight/day(OTC), Diet 3 ; Add organic acid bland A(OABA) - 4g/kg diet, Diet 4 ; add organic acid bland B(OABB) - 4g/kg diet for 10 weeks. Total gut microflora counts were significantly higher in the control group compared to the OTC and organic acid groups(P<0.05). Fish fed OABA, OABB and OTC had lower gut Vibrio counts compared to the control, but were not significantly different. Results from the challenge study indicate that mortality in the different treatment groups (50%) was significantly lower than those observed for the control group (100%). There were no differences in mortality between the OTC and organic acid groups. Overall findings from this study indicate that the organic acid blends A and B were as effective as oxytetracycline, an antibiotic, in regulating total gut bacterial numbers, Vibrio counts and providing protection against a pathogen such as Edwardsiella tarda.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.143-150
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• 1998

바지락 조직과 주변 환경에 있는 세균의 특성과 분포를 여러 배지와 온도 그리고 생화학적 동정 kit를 사용하여 비교 분석하였다. 장내, 갯벌, 아가미 그리고 외부체액에 있는 미생물의 집락수는 사용한 BHIA, STA 그리고 SNA 배지에 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 $15^{\circ}C$ 배양조건에서의 증식속도는 $25^{\circ}C$와 $35^{\circ}C$의 조건에 비해 느린 것으로 나타났으나 총 세균 집락수는 $15^{\circ}C$에서의 것이 가장 높게 나타났다. 영양배지에서 자란 세균집락을 무작위적으로 선택배지에 옮기면 조직 시료를 직접 도말 한 경우에 비해 높은 비율로 집락형성을 하는 것을 보여 주었다. API 20E와 API 20NE를 사용하여 각 장기 또는 외부에 있는 세균의 종류를 동정한 결과 바지락 조직간에는 서로 유사한 종의 분포를 보이나 주위 환경이 되는 갯벌이나 외부체액에 있는 미생물군의 종류와는 다르게 나타났다. 바지락 주위의 갯벌이나 외부체액의 미생물군은 Pseudomonas 가 주종을 이루고 있는 조직내의 미생물군에 비해서 훨씬 높은 다양성을 보여 주었다. 이러한 결과는 바지락 조직이 주위 환경중의 세균에 대한 선택적 친화력이 있음을 의미한다고 할 수 있다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.238-245
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• 2012

In this study, the molecular structures of tet(M) and tet(G) carried by tetracycline (Tc) resistant bacteria in intestinal microflora from the imported ornamental fish were characterized and compared with each other depend on the imported countries. Of the total isolates, approximately 8.9% of the Ent-lac+(lactose fermentative bacteria on coliform media) Tc resistant isolates in fish from three different countries, Singapore, Taiwan and Brazil, were appeared to contain tet(M). Three representative isolates of different countries, Aeromonas spp. JSM-1 (Singapore), JTM-1 (Taiwan) and JBM-1 (Brazil), were isolated and analyzed the molecular structures of tet(M) gene. Interestingly, partial sequence of tet(M) genes (1099 bp) in JBM-1 (Brazil) showed 99.5% homology with the tet(M) found in the Vibrio spp. RV16 isolate, obtained from marine fish in Korea and known to carry Tn1545 parent type of tet(M). In contrast, tet(M) gene in JSM-1 and JTM-1 showed mosaic structure of Tn1545 and Tn916, and 100% homology with each other. It may suggest the presence of various characteristics in terms of tet(M) gene structure. The determined sequence of the tet(G) from Aeromonas spp. JSG-1 and JBG-1 isolated from Singapore and Indonesia ornamental fish respectively showed similar nucleotide sequence homology but revealed a few nucleotide changes in comparison with the sequence of the prototype tet(G) gene (S52437 in GenBank).

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.755-765
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• 2008

To investigate correlation between the distribution of marine bacteria and environmental characteristics in the surface sediments of Kamak Bay, chemical oxygen demand(COD), acid volatile sulfide(AVS), ignition loss(IL), total organic carbon(TOC), and total organic nitrogen(TON) were measured and analyzed at 7 stations in winter and summer. In winter, COD and AVS ranged from 13.45 mg/g to 30.06 mg/g(average: 23.58 mg/g) and from 0.03 mg/g to 1.04 mg/g(average: 0.63 mg/g), respectively. IL, TOC, and TON ranged from 8.03% to 11.41%(average: 9.41%), from 1.17% to 2.10%(average: 1.62%), and from 0.09% to 0.18%(average 0.15%), respectively. In summer, COD, AVS, IL, TOC, and TON ranged from 14.06 mg/g to 32.19 mg/g(average: 24.71 mg/g), from 0.03 mg/g to 1.11 mg/g(average: 0.66 mg/g), from 9.00% to 12.15%(average: 10.96%), from 1.27% to 2.12%(average 1.77%), and from 0.12% to 0.19%(average: 0.16%), respectively. These values were relatively higher than those in winter. Kamak Bay had high C/N ratio that might be resulted from the input of terrestrial sewage and industrial wastewater. The number of marine viable bacteria was $8.9{\times}10^4\;cfu/g$ in winter and $9.7{\times}10^5\;cfu/g$ in summer. The most abundant species were Pseudomonas spp., Flavobacterium spp., and Vibrio spp, in the surface sediments of Kamak Bay. It was found that the concentration of organic matters and viable bacterial cells in the inner part were relatively higher than those in the outer of Kamak Bay. The distribution of viable bacterial cells was closely influenced by environmental factors.