• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.135-156
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• 2005

This paper analyzes the distribution and determinants of income of the self-employed, in comparison with salaried workers. Relative to salaried workers, in general, the self-employed tend to have a larger dispersion of income and larger heterogeneity. In this regard, the quantile regression analysis was used, along with a typical OLS regression analysis. According to the empirical findings, the income of the self-employed is larger than that of salaried workers, and this difference is larger for higher income group. The marginal effect of education is larger for higher income groups for both the self-employed and salaried workers, implying the return on education is larger for higher income groups. In contrast, for self-employed women, the marginal effect of education is smaller for higher income groups. Put differently, the return on education in the labor market is larger for salaried workers and self-employed men of high income groups as compared to those of low income groups, whereas the opposite holds for self-employed women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.593-602
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• 1993

As part of the Nutrition CRSP Mexico project conducted in rural villages in highland Mexico, this study examined whether nutritional factors, family characteristics, and the duration of schooling were associated with cognitive performances in 107 schoolers(53 boys and 54 girls) aged 8~10. Food intake was measured by recall, direct observation and weighment twice monthly over the course of a year. Families were characterized in terms of socioeconomic status and parental cognitive performance, education and aspiration. Dietary quality, but not energy intake, and anthropometry (wt-for-age, ht-for-age, head circumference) were significantly associated with cognitive test results for both verbal and performance measures. When the effect of SES is controlled using partial correlation, the relationships were substantially weakened. Sex differences were also found in response to nutritional deprivation. Among boys, dietary quality was the most important indicator of cognitive performance, while household economic conditions were more importantly associated with cognitive performance among girls. Participation in schooling was important for cognitive skille as it related to nutritional status.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-34
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• 2020

As the economic environment rapidly changes, the ability to flexibly adapt has become a vital skill which is primarily attained through education and training. Subsequently, it is essential that the effects of vocational eduction and training are closely examined to see if they are fulfilling their goals; specifically, whether they bolster the chances of gaining employment. To that end, the endogenous aspects of training variables must be controlled. This study critically assesses the approaches of current literature in regards to tackling the endogeneity issue, and investigates the effects of vocational training through various econometric models. The results failed to reveal any positive effects of Korea's vocational training on employment. However, the negative effects were also not large enough to be significant. Additionally, the marginal effects were weaker for women and older age groups-which show a disparity between men and women-than for men and younger age groups, respectively. A more comprehensive and in-depth analysis will be needed of these results using recent data and detailed information about the training process.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.189-198
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify levels of health literacy and examine the effects of health literacy and self-care activities on quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A cross sectional design was used. Questionnaires were administered via the Gallup to 500 Korean patients with diabetes in Seoul and Gyeonggi areas. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t tests, one way ANOVA, and hierarchical regression. Results: Of 500 patients, 12.4% (n=62) indicated 'inadequate' health literacy, and 43.8% (n=219) reported 'marginal' or 'adequate' health literacy. Levels of health literacy significantly differed by demographic characteristics, self-care activities, and quality of life. The factors that had a significant effect on quality of life included inadequate health literacy (B=3.63, p=.042) and marginal health literacy (B=3.84, p=.002); however, no significant relationship was found for self-care activities (B=0.01, p=.827). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate a need for further research with large samples using Korean Health Literacy Scale for Diabetes Mellitus to establish the relationships between health literacy, diabetes self-care activities, and quality of life.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.227-228
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• 2012

In interfaces between carbon black or Pt and FTO glass in dye-sensitized solar cell counter electrodes, a marginal resistant channel for electrons, we tried to improve the connection by modifying the sintering process. A stepwise sintering process for carbon black and Pt counter electrodes was applied and its effect on power conversion efficiency was studied. Power conversion efficiencies of built-in DSSC made by a one-step sintering process with carbon black and Pt counter electrodes were about 5.01% and 5.02%, respectively. Cells made with the stepwise sintering process were 5.96% and 6.21%, respectively, indicating an 20% improvement. Fill factor (FF) increased, and it was them main reason for the power conversion efficiency improvement. Step wise sintering increased the adhesion of the interface and reduced the film thickness and surface roughness. As a result, the resistivity of the counter electrode and EIS impedance of DSSCs decreased.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.396-403
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• 2016

PURPOSE. Early loading of implant can be determined by excellent primary stability and characteristic of implant surface. The implant system with recently improved surface can have load application 4-6 weeks after installing in maxilla and mandible. This study evaluated the effect of healing period to the stability of hydrophilic tapered-type implant at maxillary posterior area. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This study included 30 patients treated by hydrophilic tapered-type implants (total 41 implants at maxilla) and classified by two groups depending on healing period. Group 1 (11 patients, 15 implants) was a control group and the healing period was 12 weeks, and Group 2 (19 patients, 26 implants) was test group and the healing period was 6 weeks. Immediately after implant placement, at the first impression taking, implant stability was measured using Osstell Mentor. The patients also took periapical radiographs after restoration delivery, 12 months after restoration and final followup period. The marginal bone loss around the implants was measured using the periapical radiographs. RESULTS. All implants were survived and success rate was 97.56%. The marginal bone loss was less than 1mm after 1 year postoperatively except the one implant. The stabilities of the implants were not correlated with age, healing period until loading, insertion torque (IT), the diameter of fixture and the location of implant. Only the quality of bone in group 2 (6 week) was correlated with the stability of implant. CONCLUSION. Healing period of 6 weeks can make the similar clinical prognosis of implants to that of healing period of 12 weeks if bone quality is carefully considered in case of early loading.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.51-62
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• 1997

The objective of this study was to review the meaning and problems of Scientific Knowledge and Ethical Value in Environmental Education. The ultimate goal of environmental education is shaping proenvironmental human behavior. The factors of human behavioral decision making are ideology, value, attitude and behavioral intentions. Ideology is a kind of belief system used by social groups to interpret their social world. The main elements of belief system are knowledge and value. The traditional thinking in education has been that we can change behavior by making human beings more knowledgeable and more valuable. In environmental education, the aim of scientific inquiry is to analysis cause-effect relation of human beings behavior and environmental phenomenon, and ethical education is to change the mind of human beings from zero-sum to positive-sum about the relations between human beings and natural environments. But, there are many problems of knowledge education and value education in environmental education. For example scientific knowledge without ethical value is dangerous to environment protection, and ethical value without scientific knowledge is vague. Therefore, we must recognize that the relationship of ethical value and scientific knowledge is not substitutional but complementary. The teaching-learning methods which can integrate knowledge and value in environmental education are rational decision making model. For this model, we can construct teaching contents with inquiry materials. To earn the benefits of specialization among several subjects in environmental education, social studies can focus on social science knowledge and decision making, science education can focus on pure natural science knowledge and scientific investigation, moral education can focus on problems of ethical value system, home economics can focus on practical action and environmental education(Environments in middle school, Ecology and Environments in high school) can integrate social-national science knowledge and ethical value in broad perspective about human beings and ecosystem. That is the method to protect from law of diminishing marginal utility of learning in environmental education.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.270-280
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the effects oi nutrition education program in physical health, nutritional status and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of the Elderly in Seoul. Nutrition education program was consisted of healthy eating, prevention and diet therapy of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis. Seventy eight free-living elderly people (13 male, 65 female), aged ${\geq}60 $ years participated in this program. Before and after nutrition education program, we surveyed the general characteristics, physical health, general health, nutrition status, and health-related quality of life to the subjects. All the subjects were divided into program completers (N=47) and noncompleters (N=31). All the data were analyzed by student t-test, chi-square test, paired t-test, and marginal homogeneity test using SPSS 9.0 version at p<0.05. After nutrition education program, physical activity and ADL maintained, however IADL improved in program noncompleters. In eating habits, 'slow eating' significantly improved in program completers in program completers. Nutrition knowledge and recognition scores were significantly increased in both groups, and accuracy score was significantly increased in program completers. However, nutrient-intakes of %RDA were not significantly changed in both groups, and it seemed to be more influenced by other factors such as 'family income' or 'family type' than by the nutrition education program. In HRQoL, social functioning was improved after nutrition education program in both groups (p<0.05). The nutrition education program has more effects on the program completers than on the noncompleters, and it is also needed social supports for the Elderly to fulfill their nutrient requirements.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.13-24
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• 1998

An analysis of the changing trends of kyongjobi expenditure pattern from 1982 to 1996 and the related factors of kyongjobi expenditure of urban household in 1996 has been performed. Major findings were as follow: An average monthly expenditure was 20,036 won during the period, and the increased rate of monthly expenditure was 5.6 times in the past 15 years which was the twice as much as of the total consumption. The ratio of the total kyongjobi consumption was increased about 2 times during the period, and it was 2.96% in 1996. During the period, an average marginal consumption propensity was 0.0379, and it was dramatically increased from '93 to '94. Average income elasticity was 1.743 during the period and found out that it was luxury goods. The result of Anova and Tobit analysis showed that the level of consumption, number of earners, age and education had positive effect on kyongjobi. And in Seoul area, house owner, male(head of the household), and professionals spent more on kyongjobi than other. The present problems of custom, spending of kyongjobi, were discussed and the change of the custom was urged.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to estimate the mediating effect of subjective unmet healthcare needs on poor health. The mediating effect of unmet needs on health outcomes was estimated. Methods: Cross-sectional research method was used to analyze Korea Health Panel data from 2011 to 2015, investigating the mediating effect for each annual dataset and lagged dependent variables. Results: The magnitude of the effect of low income on poor health and the mediating effect of unmet needs were estimated using age, sex, education level, employment status, healthcare insurance status, disability, and chronic disease as control variables and self-rated health as the dependent variable. The mediating effect of unmet needs due to financial reasons was between 14.7% to 32.9% of the total marginal effect, and 7.2% to 18.7% in lagged model. Conclusions: The fixed-effect logit model demonstrated that the existence of unmet needs raised the likelihood of poor self-rated health. However, only a small proportion of the effects of low income on health was mediated by unmet needs, and the results varied annually. Further studies are necessary to search for ways to explain the varying results in the Korea Health Panel data, as well as to consider a time series analysis of the mediating effect. The results of this study present the clear implication that even though it is crucial to address the unmet needs, but it is not enough to tackle the income related health inequalities.