• Journal of Environmental Policy
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.63-101
• /
• 2015

Banking and borrowing under the ETS may affect the low carbon technology investment level. If the indirect implementation measures are allowed, firms can gradually adjust their carbon reduction costs between implementation periods based on their carbon reduction costs and emission price forecasts. This implies that banking and borrowing may reduce or increase the level of low carbon technology R&D investment. In an oligopoly market, the effects of the measures are quite different from the ones in a perfectly competitive market. This is because the indirect implementation measures can shift market competition in Cournot competition model. The effects of banking and borrowing on the carbon reduction R&D investments depend on emission reduction costs, marginal production costs, discount rate, initial free allocation, and the cost reduction effects of R&D investment.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.339-347
• /
• 2004

This paper asks the question: what choice of environmental policy instruments is efficient to reduce sulfur dioxide from stationary sources\ulcorner: In Korea, command and control has been a common way of controlling $SO_2-emissions.$ When compared to the non-incentive environmental policy instrument such as command and control, economic incentive environmental policy instrument has been the advantage of making polluter himself flexibly deals with in marginal abatement cost to develop environmental technology in the long view. Therefore, the application possibility of the incentive environmental policy instrument was studied in this research to realize the countermeasure for controlling of $SO_2-emissions.$ As a result, enforcement of the countermeasure such as flue gas desulfurizer by command and control would be suitable because power generation is performed by the public or for the public in source of air pollution and thus, economic principle is not applied to the polluter. In the source of industrial pollution, enforcement of fuel tax is found to be suitable for the countermeasure for the use of low sulfur oil in terms of the flexibility of demand for the price in the long tenn. For the permissible air pollution standards applicable to all air pollutant emitting facilities, enforcement of incentive environmental policy such as bubble, off-set, banking policy or tradeable emission penn its would be ideal in long terms according to the regional characteristics and the number and scale of air pollutant emitting facilities.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.1-40
• /
• 2008

In this paper, I examine the welfare effects of various revenue-neutral tax reforms in the case of two vertically-related oligopolies(downstream and upstream), where the upstream industry is polluting. I show analytically when and how government can improve welfare by initiating various tax reforms, regardless of either the feasibility of a lump sum transfer or the availability of a tax on pollution. The profit wedge that is the difference between the unit price and the unit cost and the marginal environmental damages(MED) becomes important to decidethe direction of a tax reform and is crucial to determine the direction of welfare-improving tax-subsidy schemes. I also show that a tax on pollution(Pigouvian tax) is superior to a tax on intermediate good even in the case of vertically-related oligopolies, because the former always brings in positive welfare effect from the upstream firms' input substitutability, which a tax on intermediate good cannot provide. Some policy implications for 'reducing environmentally-harmful subsidies' are also discussed.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.388-400
• /
• 2008

This paper introduces a cost-effective method fur improving anchor picture quality of a multiview video coding scheme that is mainly based on chroma compensation. Proposed method is applied to both INTER $16{\times}16$ and SKIP modes in only anchor P-pictures. By testing using JVT common test conditions, simulation results show that proposed method can obtain the average BD-PSNR gains fur U and V as 0.136 dB and 0.127 dB, respectively, while maintaining almost same performance for Y (luminance). For the range of low bit-rates, it is observed that average BD-PSNR gains of Y, U, and V are 0.141 dB, 0.494 dB and 0.525 dB, respectively. Necessary computational complexity is very marginal because the number of anchor P-pictures is only 4.18% in comparison with whole coded sequences, however it can be found that the proposed method can significantly improve the coding efficiencies of color components.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
• /
• v.24 no.2 s.88
• /
• pp.31-41
• /
• 2006

The main purpose of this paper is to develop the practical method to estimate the congestion price in odor to overcome the difficulty of traditional microeconomics approach for demand and cost function concepts. In this paper, we estimate the theoretical congestion toll which reflecting the real traffic conditions such as a speed-density functions using a traffic engineering methods We calculates the optimal congestion toll based on the real traffic conditions assuming that the electronic road pricing (ERP) systems ave installed for the study road. After evaluating the various speed-density relationship methods. we found that the Drake model is best suited for the Gangbyeon Expressway Using the Drake model, the optimal congestion toll will be 94 to 3,255 Won for the traffic speed between 44km/h to 68 km/h based on wage rate method and 107 to 6,381 Won for the marginal substitution method for the Gangbyeon Expressway in city of Seoul, Korea.

• Plant Journal
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.50-57
• /
• 2013

This study investigates the risks that can occur during the development stage of IPP project in developing countries. In case that ECA and MLA cannot participate due to poor credit rating of the country, the diversification of power purchaser in marginal states can be a great help to reduce both market risk and country risk at the same time. In case of thermal power plants and combined cycle power plants, the effect of performance degradation as time passed will be considered and expected profit of sponsors should be maintained. Recently, developing countries are expanding IPP projects to reduce the financing cost and Korean power companies are positively participating in IPP projects. Accordingly, the loss of Korean companies should be minimized by risk management through the risk mitigation methods of this study.

• Membrane Journal
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.260-268
• /
• 2020

Mixed-matrix carbon molecular sieve membranes containing conventional and hierarchically structured 5A were synthesized for application in oxygen (O₂)/nitrogen (N₂) separation. In general, incorporating 5A fillers into porous carbon matrices dramatically increased the permeability of the membrane with a marginal decrease in selectivity, resulting in very attractive O₂/N₂ separation performances. Hierarchical zeolite 5A, which contains both microporous and mesoporous domains, improved the separation performance further, indicating that the mesopores in the zeolite can serve as an additional path for rapid gas diffusion without sacrificing O₂/N₂ selectivity substantially. This facile strategy successfully and cost-effectively pushed the performance close to the Robeson upper bound. It produced high performance membranes based on Matrimid^® 5218 polyimide and zeolite 5A, which are inexpensive commercial products.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
• /
• v.49 no.1
• /
• pp.67-89
• /
• 2018

In fisheries, as well as in other natural resource-based industries, there is difference between profit and rent. The former is a basic indicator for gauging the business performance of firms, while the latter is for the evaluation of the contribution of resources and industry to economic welfare. Put simply, resource economists are mainly concerned about rent, including pure resource rent and producer surplus (intra-marginal rent [IMR]). In other hand, business economists are mainly concerned about the profitability of the firms comprising the industry. In the academic literature, there are not always clear definitions of the profit and rent concepts and their use in actual analyses. This article will mainly discuss and clarify differences and similarities in profit and rent concepts. In the classical fisheries economic model with one-dimensional homogenous effort and a constant cost per unit of effort, no rent exists in open-access equilibrium. A simple change in this model, for example by introducing heterogeneous effort, opens it to the existence of rent, specifically IMR, at open-access equilibrium. We estimated resource rent and profit from the data using SNA(system of national accounts) and accounting data methods. RR(resource rent) is composed of value-added, compensation of employees, consumption of fixed capital and normal profit in SNA. RR(resource rent) is composed of EBT, Depreciation of fishing rights, financial costs of fishing rights and calculated interests on equity in accounting data methods. We found that the result of two methods is equal. RR is composed of excess profit, rent and interest expenses. In Korea, the magnitude of RR and profit is not different significantly.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.55-61
• /
• 2008

A real-time three-dimensional vision is a passive system, which would support various applications including collision avoidance, home networks. It is a good alternative of active systems, which are subject to interference in noisy environments. In this paper, we designed a SAD correlator with respect to resource usage for a real-time three-dimensional vision system. Regular structures, linear data flow and abundant parallelism make the correlation algorithm a good candidate for a reconfigurable hardware. We implemented two versions of SAD correlator in HDL and synthesized them to determine resource requirements and performance. From the experiment we show that the SAD correlator fits into reconfigurable hardware in marginal cost and can handle about 30 frames/sec with $640{\times}480$ images.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.689-733
• /
• 2011

This study evaluates a novel scheme to trade sulfur dioxide emission permits subject to non-uniform rates. These rates are based on generators' marginal costs of compliance with environmental policy in a hypothesized least social-cost solution. This scheme is compared against the existing trading program used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, featuring permits tradable one for one. Both policies are modeled to yield identical aggregate emissions. A numerical partial-equilibrium model of the U.S. energy industry is used to infer sulfur dioxide concentrations and health damages, as well as producer and consumer surplus, under the two policies. Regional pollution levels are found to vary across the two policies significantly. The system of exchange rates is estimated to outperform the uniform-trading scheme by $2.2 billion in industry profits and $2.1 billion in health damages, but to reduce consumer surplus by $6.7 billion. Paradoxically, exchange rates are thus estimated to lower total welfare by $2.5 billion. This is due to conceptual mechanism-design problems, as well as empirical issues.