• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.43-53
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• 2011

It is well known some Foreign aircraft used to fly INCHEON FIR(Flight Information Region), especially the island of IEODO without a flight plan, even though foreign aircraft is subject to submitting a flight plan to Flight Information Center(FIC) before its flight. IEODO is a sunken rock 4.6m beneath the sea level, 149km away from Marado. Facing the Yangtze river's sea entrance horizontally and military zones of Korea and China vertically, IEODO is a very important place for national security of North East Asia because it is located at the boundary between China East Sea and Yellow Sea of South Korea. Moreover, JDZ(the 7th mine lot) is just 77NM from IEODO, which possesses natural gas eight times bigger than the gulf region and oil 4.5 times bigger than that of the U.S. In addition, INCHEON FIR, managed by MLTM(Air Traffic Control Center) and Japanese Self-Defense Force's JADIZ(Japanese Air Defense Identification Zone) are overlapping on IEODO whose air space is very complex. This paper focuses on air space, FIR, ADIZ(Air Defense Identification Zone) and related airspace system and suggests strategic implications of how to prevent foreign aircraft from invading INCHEON FIR without permission and of how to utilize the airspace efficiently.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.301-330
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• 2018

A morphological study of Korean Fimbristylis was conducted in order to clarify the taxonomical position and scientific names among species. It was determined that the anther size and style length are important characteristics for the species-level identification of Fimbristylis. It was confirmed that Fimbristylis ovata (Burm.f.) J. Kern, which is recorded in the literature but which has no sampling specimens in Korea, grows on the grassland on Marado Island. According to this study, the genus Fimbristylis in Korea is classified into a total of 21 taxa, including four sections, nineteen species, and two varieties.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.377-394
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• 2012

To elucidate the mechanism associated with the development of heavy precipitation system, a field experiment was carried out in Jejudo (or Jeju Island) and Marado, Korea from 22 June to 12 July 2006. The synoptic atmospheric conditions were analyzed using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research's (NCEP/NCAR) reanalyzed data, weather maps, and sounding data. The kinematic characteristics of each precipitation system were investigated by dual Doppler radar analysis. During the field experiment, data of four precipitation events with more than 20 mm rainfall were collected. In F case (frontal precipitation), a typical Changma front was dominant and the observation field was fully saturated. However there was no convective instability near the surface. LF case (low pressure accompanied with Changma front) showed strong convective instability near the surface, while a strong convergence corresponded to the low pressure from China accompanied with Changma front. In FT case (Changma front indirectly influenced by typhoon), the presence of a convective instability indicated the transport of near surface, strong additional moisture from the typhoon 'EWINIAR'. The convergence wind field was ground to be located at a low level. The convective instability was not significant in T case (precipitation of the typhoon 'EWINIAR'), since the typhoon passed through Jejudo and the Changma front was disappeared toward the northeastern region of the Korean peninsula. The kinematic (convergence and divergence) characteristics of wind fields, convective instability, and additional moisture inflow played important roles in the formation and development of heavy precipitation.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.532-535
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• 2020

A total of 527 species of birds have been recorded in Korea. We summarize the records of three genera and six species that have been newly reported in Korea, discovered through the avian monitoring programs carried out by The National Institute of Biological Resources from 2013 to 2016. These six newly recorded species are; Ring-necked Duck (Aythya collaris), Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis), Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola), Black-winged Kite (Elanus caeruleus), Mongolian Lark (Melanocorypha mongolica) and Crested Myna (Acridotheres cristatellus). One Ring-necked Duck was observed on March 23, 2014 in Jungrangcheon Stream. One male Lesser Scaup was recorded on February 24, 2014 in Gyeongpoho Lagoon. A male bufflehead was first seen in Yeongrangho Lagoon on January 26, 2013. The Black-winged Kite was first observed on January 23, 2013 at the Gangseo Wetland Ecological Park. One Mongolian Lark was also recorded on May 11, 2016 and May 12, 2017 in Marado Island. The Crested Myna was first observed on April 20, 2016 in Seomando, Island.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.212-219
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate marine algal community characteristics and the status of barren ground in the summer at study sites on Jeju Island, Korea. Sampling was carried out from July to September 2017 using a qualitative and quantitative survey (including coverage of non-geniculated coralline algae and density of grazer) by scuba diving. A total of 121 species were identified, including 11 (9.1 %) green algae, 24 (19.8 %) brown algae, and 86 (71.1 %) red algae. Hyeongjeseom had the greatest diversity, with 60 species, and Harye the least, with 18 species. The mean biomass at the study sites was $1,503.0g{\cdot}m^{-2}$, while the mean for the neighboring islets ($3,268.7g{\cdot}m^{-2}$) was higher than that of the main island ($914.7g{\cdot}m^{-2}$). Also, dominant species was identified: Sargassum macrocarpum at the neighboring islets, and Ecklonia cava at the main island, with differences showing not only in biomass but also species composition. In conclusion, the marine algal community status in summer at the study sites was evaluated based on the algal community characteristics (species composition, biomass, biomass ratio of kelp species), coverage of non-geniculated coralline algae, and density of grazer. As a result, both Hyeongjeseom and Marado require preservation and management to maintain their excellent marine algal communities, and other sites on the main island require the creation and/or restoration of marine algal communities. In addition, as the generation of barren ground accelerates, it is urgent not only to grasp existing monitoring research but also to identify the status of the marine algal community where it is not known at present.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.351-355
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• 2008

Prodigiosin was isolated from marine bacteria Hahella chejuensis which has been recently discovered from Marado, Cheju Island, Republic of Korea. Immunosuppressive properties have been reported for prodigiosin members such as undecylprodigiosin, metacycloprodigiosin, prodigiosin, and its synthetic analogue PNU156804 (PNU). However, the effect of this agent on the function of macrophage and splenocyte has not been characterized in detail. In the present study, we examined the effects of prodigiosin for its ability to alter the function of murine macrophage and NK cell, and the proliferation of splenocytes. When thioglycollate-elicited macrophages pre-exposed to prodigiosin (1-50 ng/ml) were stimulated with LPS/IFN-$\gamma$, pretreatment with prodigiosin resulted in the inhibition of tumoricidal activity of macrophage in a concentration-dependent manner. Tumoricidal activity of NK cell was also inhibited by prodigiosin. Moreover, we found that prodigiosin was able to cause a dose-dependent inhibition of murine lymphocyte responsiveness to Con A and LPS although T-mitogenic response was the more sensitive one. Taken together, the present results point out that prodigiosin has a suppressive effect on the mitogen-induced proliferation of murine lymphocytes and the function of macrophage and NK cell.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.721-733
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• 2009

To examine the fluctuations of aerosol number concentration with different size in the boundary layer of marine area during summer season, aerosol particles were assayed in the Ieodo Ocean Research Station, which is located 419 km southwest of Marado, the southernmost island of Korea, from 24 June to 4 July, 2008. The Laser Particle Counter (LPC) was used to measure the size of aerosol particles and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and sounding data were used to analyze the synoptic condition. The distribution of aerosol number concentration had a large variation from bigger particles more than 3 ${\mu}m$ in diameter to smaller particles more than 1 ${\mu}m$ in diameter with wind direction during precipitation. The aerosol number concentration decreased with increasing temperature. An increase (decrease) of small size of aerosol (0.3${\sim}$0.5 ${\mu}m$ in diameter) number concentration was induced by convergence (divergence) of the wind fields. The aerosol number concentration of bigger size more than 3 ${\mu}m$ in diameter after precipitation was removed as much as 89${\sim}$94% compared with aerosol number concentration before precipitation. It is considered that the larger aerosol particles would be more efficient for scavenging at marine boundary layer. In addition, the aerosol number concentration with divergence and convergence could be related with the occurrence and mechanism of aerosol in marine boundary layer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2002

We studied the characteristics of catch fluctuation and distribution of yellow tail resources in Korean Waters from 1991 to 2000. The obtained results are summarized as follow, The distribution of yellow tail resources in Korean Waters was showed by mooving north-ward groups from Spring to Autumn and south-ward groups from Autumn to Winter with they passed Winter and spawned from the south of Jeju Island and Tsushima current. Therefore, the fishing ground of yellow tail by handline fishing around Marado targets a school of yellow tails which migrate south-ward so as to winter and spawn.

• Atmosphere
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.97-107
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• 2012

To investigate variation of aerosol number concentration at each different size with three-dimensional (3D) wind components in ocean area, aerosol particles and 3D wind components were measured in the Ieodo Ocean Research Station, which is located to 419 km southwest from Marado, the southernmost island of Korea, from 25 June to 8 July 2010. The Laser Particle Counter (LPC) and ultrasonic anemometer were used to measure the size of aerosol particles and 3D wind components (zonal (u), meridional (v), and vertical (w) wind) respectively. Surface weather chart, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and sounding data were used to analyze the synoptic condition. The distribution of aerosol number concentration had a large variation from bigger particles more than 1.0 ${\mu}m$ in diameter by wind direction during precipitation. In the number concentration of aerosol particles with respect to the weather conditions, particles larger than 1.0 ${\mu}m$ in size were decreased and sustained to the similar concentration at smaller particles during precipitation. The increase in aerosol number concentration was due to the sea-salt particles which was suspended by southwesterly and upward winds. In addition, the aerosol number concentration with vertical wind flow could be related with the occurrence and increasing mechanism of aerosol in marine boundary layer.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.259-268
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• 2012

To investigate the fluctuation of marine aerosol number concentration at each different size with vertical winds in ocean area, aerosol particles and vertical wind components were measured in the Ieodo Ocean Research Station, which is located to 419 km southwest of Marado, the southernmost island of Korea, from 8 to 22 June 2009. The Laser Particle Counter (LPC) and ultrasonic anemometer were used to measure the number of aerosol particles and vertical wind speed. Surface weather chart, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and sounding data were used to analyze the synoptic condition. The distribution of aerosol number concentration had a large fluctuation of bigger particles more than 1.0 ${\mu}m$ in diameter by vertical wind speed during precipitation. The aerosol particles larger than 1.0 ${\mu}m$ in diameter increased as the wind changed from downward to upward during precipitation. The aerosol number concentration of bigger size than 1.0 ${\mu}m$ in diameter increased about 5 times when vertical velocity was about 0.4 $ms^{-1}$. In addition, the accumulation and coarse mode aerosol number concentration decreased about 45% and 92%, respectively compared to concentrations during precipitation period. It is considered that vertical wind plays an important role for the increasing of coarse mode aerosol number concentration compared to the large aerosol particles sufficiently removed by the scavenging effect of horizontal winds. Therefore, the upward vertical winds highly contribute to the formation and increase in aerosol number concentration below oceanic boundary layer.