• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.392-396
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• 2009

For the reduction of ammonia ($NH_3$) volatilization from the cow manure composting process, a cow manure pile was covered with vinyl (white polyethylene) and the ammonia emissions were evaluated using the dynamic chamber system for 47 days. Nitrogen and phosphorus loss from cow manure pile by rainfall was also measured in this study. In the cow manure pile without covering, the amount of $NH_3$ emission was 0.78 N kg/Mg which accounted for 9.4% of total nitrogen contents in the cow manure. Eighty nine percent of the total $NH_3$ emission during experimental period from the cow manure pile without covering was emitted for the first 21 days. The vinyl covering of cow manure pile reduced 91% of $NH_3$ emission compared to the pile without covering. The amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus loss by rainfall from cow manure pile without covering were 1.27 N kg/Mg and 0.23 P kg/Mg for 47 days, respectively. Results from this study demonstrated that vinyl covering of cow manure pile could reduce $NH_3$ emission and loss of nitrogen and phosphorus by rainfall during composting.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.72-80
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• 2009

The main purpose of this study is as follows : Finding a solution for fresh wood chips to be used as an alternative growing-media through a study of the formation method of a compost base that is applicable on both construction site and composting factory to ferment fresh wood chips produced from construction site as well as a study on adjuvant or secondary materials. The result from the experiment plot using wood chips sized 50mm or less, manure and fertilizer mixed manure as a source of nitrogen to compost fresh wood chips has shown that the temperatures 9days and 3days after the beginning of the experiment reached to $49.0^{\circ}C$ and $40.4^{\circ}C$ respectively, the heating duration was 7days and 4days respectively, and the C/N ratio was 26.5 and 25.3, each satisfying the standard for composted manure (25.0~40.0). Also, the other result from another experiment plot using mixture of sandy soil and microorganism as an inoculation source of microorganism has shown that the temperature 10days after the beginning of the experiment reached to $67.6^{\circ}C$ and lasted 16days. The experiment plot using sandy soil has shown the highest figure of $5.3{\sim}108$ CFU/g in terms of number of microorganism. The result from the experiment plots for on-site composting of fresh wood chips have shown that the experiment plot that used sandy soil with fertilizer due to supply restriction of manure as a nitrogen source in construction site reached the high temperature of $54.7^{\circ}C$ after 3days of experiment beginning and maintained heating state for 17days and reached 30.6 of C/N ratio, satisfying the standard for composted manure.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.137-142
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the humification grade of compost, based on physico-chemical property and phyto-toxicity during the composting with three kinds of livestock manures and saw dust. The ratios of the compost, which was mixed with pig manure(P) and sawdust(S) were 4 : 6(PS-1), 5 : 5(PS-2) and 6 : 4(PS-3); poultry manure(PO) and sawdust(S) were 4 : 6(POS-1), 5 : 5(POS-2) and 6 : 4(POS-3); cow manure(C) and sawdust(S) were 4 : 6(CS-1), 5 : 5(CS-2) and 6 : 4(CS-3) by volume to volume, and they were decomposed for 60 days. In the result, the temperature in all treatments during composting rapidly increased above $65.4^{\circ}C$, and then gradually decreased to around $40^{\circ}C$. At 60 day, after the treatment, pH 5.9 ~ 8.0 at the incipient stage increased to 7.6 ~ 8.5, and the C/N ratio was 13.8 ~ 21.1 at the final composting stage. Germination Index(G.I.) showed in the range of 75.1 ~ 94.6 in all treatments at day 60. Therefore, it is likely recommended to take the best humification grade when the temperature maintains above $65^{\circ}C$ longer than a day at minimum, in the range of pH 6.5 ~ 8.5 for the final compost, under 20 of C/N ratio, and G.I. above 80. The level of G.I. above 80 should be the mature compost which could be used in the field without gas demage to crops.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.165-169
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• 2000

Regarding to maturity evaluation of pig manure compost mixed with saw dust, change of constituents of organic matter influenced by microbial activities were investigated. Throughout the two stages of active composting period, we obtained a lot of data related to compost stabilization. However, we found out that only a couple of parameters could be used for adequate evaluation of compost. We, therefore, decided that total sugar and reducing sugar could be used for the reasonable standard criteria of maturity during composting process, even though some enzyme activities by phosphates and cellulase reactions were obtained and compared. Because the other parameters such as contents of lignin, cellulose, and organic acids were difficult to be used for maturity evaluation of pig manure compost.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2003

축산업은 수질이나 토양오염 그리고 대기오염에 미칠 수 있는 영향으로 인해 관심의 대상이 되는 산업에 포함되어 있다. 가축분뇨가 환경오염원이 될 수 있는 것은 사실이다. 이러한 가축분뇨를 처리할 수 있는 최상의 방법은 가축분뇨를 적절한 방법으로 퇴비화 하여 유기성 비료로서 재활용하는 것이다. 따라서 본 연구는 몇가지 방법의 퇴비화 조건에서 가축분뇨의 퇴비화 특성을 조사하기 위하여 실시되었다. 각기 다른 정도의 공기를 함유하는 퇴비단들의 물리화학적 특성을 퇴비화 전기간에 걸쳐 조사하였다. 본 실험에서는 돼지분뇨를 톱밥과 혼합하여 110L 크기를 가진 실험실 규모의 플라스틱 재질의 용기들과 목재로 된 $1.5m^3$ 크기의 소형 사각용기에 충진한 후 60일 동안의 퇴비화를 수행하였다. 시험 전 기간 동안 공기펌프로 퇴비단에 공기를 공급하였고 주입 공기량은 유입부에 설치된 밸브로 조절하였다. 공기주입량은 각 용기들에 따라 20, 50, 100, 150, $200L/m^3/mim$ 수준으로 하였다. 퇴비화 기간 동안 발효 최고 온도는 $72^{\circ}C$까지 상승하였다. 퇴비화 20일째에 송풍 처리구의 퇴비단 표면에서 포집된 가스에서의 $H_2S$, $CH_3SH$, DMS 그리고 DMDS 농도는 29, 16, 6, 5ppb 이었고 무송풍구에서의 농도는 각각 32, 24, 15, 14ppb의 수준을 나타냈다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.261-270
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 한강유역에 위치한 축분퇴비공장의 작업환경 조사를 위한 현장 평가로서, 설문조사 및 악취물질 측정을 통해 근로자들의 작업환경 만족 수준과 이에 영향을 주는 요인들을 규명하였다. 연구결과, 축분퇴비공장 근로자들의 작업환경 만족도에 영향을 주는 요인들로 일반 건강수준, 악취, 작업량, 분진, 흡연으로 조사되었으며, 이 중 일반 건강수준, 악취, 작업량이 전체 작업환경 만족도의 61.3%를 대변하는 것으로 나타났다. 통계적 유의성을 나타낸 작업환경변수로는 일반 건강수준(p$<$0.01), 악취 작업량 분진(p$<$0.05) 등 이었다. 결론적으로 일반 건강수준이 높은 근로자일수록 작업환경 만족도가 높았으며, 작업량이 상대적으로 많고 악취와 분진에 쉽게 노출된 공장의 근로자일수록 작업환경 만족도가 낮은 것으로 분석되었다. 흡연을 하는 근로자는 작업환경 만족도가 낮게 나타냈으나, 통계적 유의성은 없는 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서 한강유역 축분퇴비공장 근로자들의 작업환경 만족도를 제고시키기 위해서는 공정 중 악취와 분진농도의 발생을 저감시켜야 할 것으로 판단된다. 그러므로 축분퇴비공장의 악취 및 분진농도의 발생을 최소화할 수 있는 처리공정 및 관리체계 정립이 시급하며, 이는 궁극적으로 축분퇴비공장 작업자의 건강 뿐만 아니라 주변 마을 정주민의 생활환경개선효과를 유발할 수 있다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2012

Two typical animal waste management practices, composting and stockpiling, were evaluated for their effect on the degradation of three veterinary antibiotics (VAs), chlortetracycline (CTC), tylosin (TYL), and monensin (MNS). The VAs were applied to horse manure plots subject to composting or stockpiling, and core samples were collected over a period of time. Selected buffer solutions were used to extract the VAs and analysis for concentration was conducted with solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) technique. The VAs demonstrated rapid dissipation within ten days followed by a gradual decrease in concentration until the end of the experimental period (141 days). All three VAs degraded more rapidly in the composting samples than in the stockpiling samples, particularly between 20 and 60 days of the observation period. Degradation of the three VAs generally followed a first-order kinetic model, and a fitted model with a calculated rate constant was determined for each treatment. TYL in composting showed the fastest degradation, with a calculated rate constant of $0.91day^{-1}$; the slowest degradation was exhibited by MNS in stockpiling, with rate constant of $0.17day^{-1}$. Calculated correlation coefficients ranged from 0.89 to 0.96, indicating a strong correlation between measured concentrations and fitted values in this study. Although concentration of TYL in composting treatment showed below detection limit during the test period, this study suggests that composting can reduce animal waste contaminants prior to field application as fertilizer.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.743-748
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• 2009

Fungal diversity during composting was investigated by culture-independent rDNA sequence analysis. Composting was carried out with pig manure and mushroom cultural waste using a field-scale composter (Hazaka system), and samples were collected at various stages. Based on partial sequence analysis of large subunit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and sequence identity values, a total of 12 different fungal species were found at six sampling sites; Geotrichum sp., Debaryomyces hansenii, Monographella nivalis, Acremonium strictum, Acremonium alternatum, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Myriangium durosai, Pleurotus eryngii, Malassezia globosa, Malassezia restricta, Rhodotorula glutinis, and Fusarium sporotrichioides. Geotrichum sp. of the class Saccharomycetes was the most predominant fungal species throughout the composting process (185 out of a total of 236 identified clones, or 78.4%), followed by Acremonium strictum (7.6%), Monographella nivalis (5.1%), and Pleurotus eryngii (3.8%). The prevalence of Geotrichum sp. was the lowest (61.1%) at the beginning of composting, and then gradually increased to 92.5% after 10 days of composting.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 1996년도 International Conference on Agricultural Machinery Engineering Proceedings
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• pp.722-727
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• 1996

A simple compost windrow-forming car and a compost tuner were developed at the aim of low cost manure management systems. The developed compost windrow- forming car is possible windrows formation at a short time. In order to be pulverized and mixed by upper and lower beaters at the windrow-forming, the condition of air and the mixing of materials to play a major role in composting is filled. This car can also utilized for a manure spreader by folding the windrow-forming cover. The developed compost turner is a type equipped with tractor rear-right side. Main specifications are 2.5m working width, overall length 3.3m and 45degrees conveyer inclination angle, 2 beaters for mixing and pulverization are equipped in front parts. Windrows of 2.5m width and 1.5m height are turned at the speed of 4.5-5.1m/min. In accordance with the above, by combining the compost windrow-forming car and the compost turner, a simple composting system for each farmer could be constructed by the low c st.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.5-13
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• 2020

본 연구는 수분조절제로서 팽화왕겨(compressed expansion rice hull; CERH) 처리에 따른 계분의 발효 특성 및 발효된 가공계분의 시비에 따른 상추와 청경채의 생육에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 실험에 사용된 처리구는 톱밥 처리구(계분 90%+톱밥10%; SP), 피트모스 처리구(계분 90%+피트모스10%; PP), 팽화왕겨 1 처리구[계분 90%+CERH1 (��1.3 mm) 10%; PCR1] 및 팽화왕겨 2 처리구[계분 90%+CERH2 (��3.0 mm); PCR2]로 설정하였다. 31일간 진행된 계분 발효 과정에서 발효 더미의 온도, 수분 함량, pH 및 총탄소 함량은 수분조절제의 종류에 따른 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 시험 종료 시 PP 처리구와 PCR1 처리구의 질소 함량은 SP 처리구나 PCR2 처리구보다 높았다. 발효 후 건조된 가공계분의 질소, 인산, 칼리 함량은 각각 2.76~3.65%, 1.69~2.05%, 2.53~2.90%로 나타났다. 수분조절제별 가공계분의 작물 재배 시험에서 SP 처리구와 비교할 때, 상추는 PP와 PCR1 처리구에서 10% 이상 건물중이 증가하였으나, 청경채는 PP 처리구에서만 증가되었다. 상기 결과들을 종합할 때, 1.3 mm 크기의 팽화왕겨는 계분 발효 시 수분조절제로서 피트모스나 톱밥을 대신하여 사용할 수 있었다.