• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.32-38
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• 2006

A clutch hydraulic system for automotive manual transmissions transfers hydraulic pressure generated by driver's pedal manipulation to the clutch mechanism. The foot effort when the clutch pedal is pushed is different than that when the clutch is returned. The effort or load difference, called hysteresis, is caused by the friction produced between rubber seal and inner wall inside the hydraulic cylinder. This clutch pedal travel foot effort hysteresis is essential for a clutch hydraulic system design and analysis. The dynamic model for a clutch hydraulic system is developed and a simulation analysis is performed to estimate the fiction coefficient as a function of the cylinder pressure. The simulation result is then compared to the measurements obtained from a clutch hydraulic system tester to ensure the reliability of the dynamic model and the coefficients estimated. Also the estimated friction coefficients at various pressure values are compared to those reported by an independent study.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.89-108
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• 2009

Objectives The purpose of this study is to report the clinical effects of oriental medical treatment on developmental disorder induced by traumatic brain injuries. Methods The patients were treated with herb medicine, acupunctures, moxibustions, and negative pressures, and then evaluated by manual muscle tests, gross motor function measurements, sequenced language scales for infants. Results The patient's manual muscle power, motility, cognition, speech were significantly improved after six weeks of oriental medical treatment. Conclusions This study showed that oriental medical treatments were effective on developmental disorder induced by traumatic brain injuries. However, further clinical studies were needed.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.42-51
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was effect of pilates exercise program on obesity pre-obese adult sixteen (men 3, women 13). The pilates exercise program was provided to subject for 4weeks (3 time a week) Measurements of pre and post 2weeks, and post 4weeks experiment were BMI (Body Mass Index), WHR(Waist-hip Ratio). The result were as follows: 1. The BMI was decreased in pre - exercise 2weeks, pre - exercise 4weeks but there was no statistically. There was significant difference between pre - exercise-4weeks. 2. The WHR was no significant difference between pre - exercise-2 weeks and pre - exercise-2 weeks and 2-4 weeks everybody.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.121-127
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• 2011

Objectives : To introduce the Jeongham Therapy which means a mandibul-rectifying treatment. And to show meaningful changes of thoracic kypkosis and lumbar lordosis by the Jeongham Therapy. Methods : We reviewed 8 patients having abnormal thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis who were treated at the JeongHam Korean Medical Clinic. We measured thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis by 3D Body Analyzer 'IBS 2000'. Results : Between before and after the Jeongham Therapy, statically significant differences were found in the thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis. And in these values of measurements, the thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis diminish after the Jeongham Therapy. Conclusion : These results suggest that the Jeongham Therapy is a meaningful therapy to diminish the thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.54-59
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• 2000

The next generation fibre size analyser has been developed in Kajaani based on over 15 years experience in fibre measurement. This new FiberLab-analyser can measure fibre length both along the fibre centre line and as projected. The cross-sectional measurements of fibre are in principle similar to the earlier version FiberLab. Measured data are generally displayed in distributions. Some new calculations have been added, for example the fibres cross sectional area and fibre volume index both available as distributions as well. The performance of the FiberLab measurement is verified against the manual microscopic testing. These tests show that the new image analysis-based measurement well matches with the manual methods.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.468-476
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• 2016

Recent advancements in optics technology enable us to realize fast scans of hands using two-dimensional (2D) image scanners. In this paper, we propose an automatic hand measurement system using 2D image scanners for customized glove production. To develop the automatic hand measurement system, firstly hand scanning devices has been constructed. The devices are designed to block external lights and have user interface to guide hand posture during scanning. After hands are scanned, hand contour is extracted using binary image processing, noise elimination and outline tracing. And then, 19 hand landmarks are automatically detected using an automatic hand landmark detection algorithm based on geometric feature analysis. Then, automatic hand measurement program is executed based on the automatically extracted landmarks and measurement algorithms. The automatic hand measurement algorithms have been developed for 18 hand measurements required for custom-made glove pattern making. The program has been coded using the C++ programming language. We have implemented experiments to demonstrate the validity of the system using 11 subjects (8 males, 3 females) by comparing automatic 2D scan measurements with manual measurements. The result shows that the automatic 2D scan measurements are acceptable in the customized glove making industry. Our evaluation results confirm its effectiveness and robustness.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.272-277
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• 2018

Background: Studying the ecosystem carbon cycle requires analysis of interrelationships between soil respiration (Rs) and the environment to evaluate the balance. Various methods and instruments have been used to measure Rs. The closed chamber method, which is currently widely used to determine Rs, creates a closed space on the soil surface, measures $CO_2$ concentration in the inner space, and calculates Rs from the increase. Accordingly, the method is divided into automatic or manual chamber methods (ACM and MCM, respectively). However, errors of these methods and differences in instruments are unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the characteristics and difference of Rs values calculated using both methods with actual data. Results: Both methods determined seasonal variation patterns of Rs, reflecting overall changes in soil temperature (Ts). ACM clearly showed detailed changes in Rs, but MCM did not, because such small changes are unknown as Rs values are collected monthly. Additionally, Rs measured using MCM was higher than that using ACM and differed depending on measured plots, but showed similar tendencies with all measurement times and plots. Contrastingly, MCM Rs values in August for plot 4 were very high compared with ACM Rs values because of soil disturbances that easily occur during MCM measurements. Comparing Rs values calculated using monthly means with those calculated using MCM, the ACM calculated values for monthly averages were higher or lower than those of similar measurement times using the MCM. The difference between the ACM and MCM was attributed to greater or lesser differences. These Rs values estimated the carbon released into the atmosphere during measurement periods to be approximately 57% higher with MCM than with ACM, at 5.1 and $7.9C\;ton\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. Conclusion: ACM calculated average values based on various Rs values as high and low for measurement periods, but the MCM produced only specific values for measurement times as representative values. Therefore, MCM may exhibit large errors in selection differences during Rs measurements. Therefore, to reduce this error using MCM, the time and frequency of measurement should be set to obtain Rs under various environmental conditions. Contrastingly, the MCM measurement is obtained during $CO_2$ evaluation in the soil owing to soil disturbance caused by measuring equipment, so close attention should be paid to measurements. This is because the measurement process is disturbed by high $CO_2$ soil concentration, and even small soil disturbances could release high levels into the chamber, causing large Rs errors. Therefore, the MCM should be adequately mastered before using the device to measure Rs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.1968-1979
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• 2010

New technology that includes 3D body scanning, digital virtual human, and digital virtual garments has had a significant impact on the current apparel industry. Virtual simulation technology enables the visualization of a 3D virtual garment on a virtual avatar so that consumers can try on garments with their virtual avatars before purchasing. However, the manual virtual avatar provided for online apparel shopping currently has revealed limitations on the different body sizes and shapes of customers. This study analyzes the process of designing the automatic virtual avatar and the manual virtual avatar using OptiTex software; in addition, the study compares the practicality of the automatic virtual avatar with that of the manual virtual avatar. Data was examined by evaluating how much each virtual avatar is similar to the real body and how well it matched the needs of the current apparel industry. In the study, Avatar 1 was automatically created from three-dimensional body scan data and Avatar 2 was manually created from body measurements. The virtual avatar images laid over a real body image and the results were evaluated by comparing the simulated sizes of virtual avatars with those of a real body. Consequently, Avatar 1 was evaluated as more similar to the real body than Avatar 2 in all five body shapes. This study illustrates that an automatic virtual avatar might solve the fit problem that is the most common reason for a high return rate for online shopping. The results show that future virtual simulation technology needs to be improved for the practicality of the virtual avatars.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.101-111
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• 2020

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to identify the comparison of the effects of manual therapy combined with exercise on range of motion (ROM), muscle strength, and functional performance in adolescent baseball players with internal impingement syndrome of the shoulder. Methods : The subjects were 30 patients diagnosed with impingement syndrome of the shoulder. Thirty subjects are randomly assigned to each 3 different groups; Group 1. (exercise group), Group 2. (exercise+mobilization; EMOB group), Group 3. (exercise+mobilization with movement; EMWM group). The interventions were performed three times a week for 4 weeks. The main outcome measures were goniometer, Biodex dynamometer, and Korean Kerlan Jobe shoulder-elbow (K-KJOC) scores. The ROM (external and internal rotation), muscle strength (external and internal rotation: 60 °/sec., 180 °/sec.), and functional performance were compared among the groups. Results : No significant difference was observed among the groups in the range of external rotation of the shoulder before and after the intervention, but the range of internal and total rotation was significantly increased in Group 2, 3 compared to Groups 1. Muscle strength of external and internal rotation (60 °/sec., 180 °/sec.) was not significantly different among Group 1, 2, 3, and functional performance was significantly increased in Group 2, 3 compared to Group 1. However, there was no significant difference between Group 2 and Group 3 in all measurements. Conclusion : An intervention with manual therapy such as EMOB and EMWM was more effective than exercise alone for rapid recovery from shoulder injury and improvement in functional performance. However, further efforts are needed to identify effects of specific interventions with manual therapy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2015

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ten minutes of manual passive exercise performed by physical therapists on autonomic nervous system. METHODS: Thirty-five healthy adults, both male and female, were chosen as subjects for this study. The autonomic nervous system was measured by heart rate variability (HRV),before and after passive exercise using the following measurements: mean heart rate (mean HRT), low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) components, the LF/HF ratio, root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD), and the HRV index. The exercise was performed on the subjects by a physical therapist with seven years of experience specializing in the nervous system. The exercise was conducted at the mid-range of motion on the upper and lower limbs of the subjects for two minutes and thirty seconds and for a total of ten minutes. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the LF component. The mean HRT and the LF/HF ratio both increased, but these increases were not significant. The HF component, RMSSD, and HRV index all decreased, but these decreases were not significant. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, mid-range manual passive exercise does not induce stress on the autonomic nervous system. It can safely be performed by a physical therapist.