• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.291-298
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• 2015

The aim of this study is that a theoretical formula for estimating the one-dimensional longitudinal dispersion coefficient is derived based on a transverse distribution equation for the depth averaged stream-wise velocity in open channel. In "Part I. Theoretical equation for stream-wise velocity" which is the former volume of this article, the velocity distribution equation is derived analytically based on the Shiono-Knight Model (SKM). And then incorporating the velocity distribution equation into a triple integral formula which was proposed by Fischer (1968), the one-dimensional longitudinal dispersion coefficient can be derived theoretically in "Part II. Longitudinal dispersion coefficient" which is the latter volume of this article. SKM has presented an analytical solution to the Navier-Stokes equation to describe the transverse variations, and originally been applied to straight and nearly straight compound channel. In order to use SKM in modeling non-prismatic and meandering channels, the shape of cross-section is regarded as a triangle in this study. The analytical solution for the velocity distribution is verified using Manning's equation and applied to velocity data measured at natural streams. Although the velocity equation developed in this study do not agree well with measured data case by case, the equation has a merit that the velocity distribution can be calculated only using geometric data including Manning's roughness coefficient without any measured velocity data.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.1775-1780
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• 2009

개수로 마찰흐름 특성에 관한 연구로서 유량조사사업단(2006)의 우리나라 3대강 유역 하천 관측자료와 Jarrett(1984)의 미국 Colorado지역 하천의 관측자료로 부터 흐름특성을 구분하여 개수로 흐름의 마찰특성 또는 조도계수의 변이특성을 분석하였다. 기존 지수형 완난류 마찰계수 산정식(유동훈과 이민호,1997)의 비례상수 $\alpha$에 조도계수 n을 도입하여 실무에서 보다 편하게 적용할 수 있는 새로운 산정식을 개발하였다. 유량조사사업단의 관측자료 분석에 있어서 유량 관측시 관측지점의 수면경사 및 하상경사의 미관측으로 하천정비기본계획상에 제시된 지형으로부터 관측지점의 하상경사를 추정하였으며 1차적으로 에너지경사는 하상경사와 동일하다고 가정하였다. 이러한 가정하에 하천정비기본계획상에 제시된 Manning의 조도계수를 인용하여 관측유속과 계산유속을 비교8 분석하였다. 또한 전통적 산정식인 Ganguillet & Kutter(1869)식과 Manning(1889)식으로 부터 산정된 유속과의 비교를 통하여 조도계수 n을 추정하였고 추정된n을 도입하여 새로 개발된 지수형 마찰계수 산정식의 적용성을 입증하였을 뿐만 아니라 기존 조도계수 산정의 문제점을 제시하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.613-618
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 개수로 마찰흐름 특성에 관한 연구로서 유량조사사업단(2006)의 우리나라 3대강 유역 하천자료와 미국의 Colorado지역 록키산맥 하천 관측자료를 통하여 개수로의 흐름특성을 집중적으로 검토하였다. 개수로 설계에 있어 수로의 흐름해석 및 마찰계수의 정확한 산정은 수로설계의 근간이 된다. 하지만 일반적으로 사용하고 있는 Manning(1889)식은 개수로 흐름특성을 판단하기에 너무 단순하여 상이한 결과를 보임에도 불구하고 단순성에 기인하여 사용되는 것으로 판단된다. Bazin(1865)과 Varwick(1945)의 개수로 실험결과를 보면 Nikuradse(1933)의 원형관수로 실험결과와 마찬가지로 층류, 천이층류, 완난류, 천이난류, 전난류 등 다섯 가지의 흐름특성이 존재함을 알 수 있다. 또한, 개수로 마찰계수의 특성변화를 보면 조고 또는 조도가 증가함에 따라 마찰계수가 상향으로 평행 이동하는 것을 볼 수 있다. 실험결과로부터 확인되는 이러한 흐름 특성이 현장에서도 분명히 나타날 것으로 판단하며 이러한 가설에 근거하여 각 하천의 관측자료를 분석하였다. 유량조사사업단의 우리나라 3대강 유역 하천 관측자료(2006)를 레이놀즈수의 함수인 완난류 흐름으로 전제하고 물의 기본적인 성질과 하천의 경사, 수심, 조고 등의 영향을 고려한 무차원수를 도입하여 마찰계수의 2차적인 분포특성을 파악하고자 하였다. 하지만 관측된 자료로부터 무차원수를 도입하여 산정된 마찰계수분포를 보면 마찰계수가 급격히 증가하고 추정된 유속과 관측된 유속을 비교하면 추정된 유속이 산개되는 경향이 나타났다. 이러한 문제점은 유량관측시 관측지점의 수면경사 및 하상경사의 미관측으로 하천정비기본계획상에 제시된 지형으로부터 하상경사를 추정하여 마찰계수와 유속을 산정하였다. 또한 하천정비기본계획상에 제시된 Manning의 조도계수를 이용하여 Ganguillet&Kutter(1869) 산정식과 Manning(1889) 산정식으로 부터 유속을 산정한 결과 오차가 크게 발생한 것을 확인하였으며, 실제 관측자료에 적합하도록 조도계수를 재 산정하였다. 논문의 분량 제한상 분석과정은 추후 논문에 제시하기로 하고 분석결과와 수위관측에서의 문제점을 제시하였다.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.299-308
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• 2015

The aim of this study is that a theoretical formula for estimating the one-dimensional longitudinal dispersion coefficient is derived based on a transverse distribution equation for the depth averaged stream-wise velocity in open channel. In "Part I. Theoretical equation for stream-wise velocity" which is the former volume of this article, the velocity distribution equation is derived analytically based on the Shiono-Knight Method (SKM). And then incorporating the velocity distribution equation into a triple integral formula which was proposed by Fischer (1968), the one-dimensional longitudinal dispersion coefficient can be derived theoretically in "Part II. Longitudinal dispersion coefficient" which is the latter volume of this article. The proposed equations for the velocity distribution and the longitudinal dispersion coefficient are verified by using observed data set. As a result, the non-dimensional longitudinal dispersion coefficient is inversely proportional to square of the Manning's roughness coefficient and the non-dimensional transverse dispersion coefficient, and is directly proportional to square of the aspect ratio (channel width to depth).

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.2B
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• pp.139-147
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• 2012

This study is derived relationships of the resistance coefficients of Darcy-Weisbach and Manning for flow resistance and the dimensionless velocity using many field measurements for 1,875 rivers consist of sand 179, gravel 992, cobble 651 and boulder 53 channels in natural rivers, respectively. The relationships of power law forms are developed as a function of flow discharge, friction slope, and relative submergence by the regression and the semi-empirical method. The measurements distribution of Manning resistance coefficients by the Box-Whisker Plots show the values which ranges from 0.004~0.151 for sand, 0.008~0.250 for gravel, 0.015~0.327 for cobble, 0.023~0.444 for boulder in natural rivers, respectively. Relationships of these semi-empirical and resistance coefficients will be useful to give information in hydraulic engineering.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.265-273
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• 2010

This study proposed the method that can calculate discharge using hydraulic characteristics that can acquire easily-comparatively such as hydraulic radius, bed slope, depth to improve the stage-discharge curve equation considering only stage. Roughness coefficient n value and C value that hydraulic characteristics of rivers is reflected from Manning's equation and Chezy's equation using the measured data of the natural open channel in the report of Albert University estimated and calculated discharge on the basis of this. The method proposed in this study was calculated stunningly to measured discharge. And that compared with discharge by existent stage-discharge curve.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.44 no.7
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• pp.553-563
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• 2011

According to the improvement of computer's performance, the development of Geographic Information System (GIS), and the activation of offering information, a distributed model for analyzing runoff has been studied a lot in recently years. The distribution model is a theoretical and physical model computing runoff as making target basin subdivided parted. In the distributed model developed by this study, the volume of runoff at the surface flow is calculated on the basis of the parameter determined by landcover data and a two-dimensional diffusion wave equation. Most of existing runoff models compute velocity and discharge of flow by applying Manning-Strickler's mean velocity equation and Manning's roughness coefficient. Manning's roughness coefficient is not matched with dimension and ambiguous at computation; Nevertheless, it is widely used in because of its convenience for use. In order to improve those problems, this study developed the runoff model by applying not only Manning-Strickler's equation but also Chezy's mean velocity equation. Furthermore, this study introduced a power law of exponential friction factor expressed by the function of roughness height. The distributed model developed in this study is applied to 6 events of fan-shape basin, oblong shape test basin and Anseongcheon basin as real field conditions. As a result the model is found to be excellent in comparison with the exiting runoff models using for practical engineering application.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.87-96
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• 2020

To use a hydraulic structure effectively, the velocity of a river should be known in detail. In reality, velocity measurements are not conducted sufficiently because of their high cost. The formulae to yield the flux and velocity of the river are commonly called the Manning and Chezy formulae, which are empirical equations applied to uniform flow. This study is based on Chiu (1987)'s paper using entropy theory to solve the limits of the existing velocity formula and distribution and suggests the velocity and distance formula derived from information entropy. The data of a channel having records of a spot's velocity was used to verify the derived formula's utility and showed R2 values of distance and velocity of 0.9993 and 0.8051~0.9483, respectively. The travel distance and velocity of a moving spot following the streamflow were calculated using some flow information, which solves the difficulty in frequent flood measurements when it is needed. This can be used to make a longitudinal section of a river composed of a horizontal distance and elevation. Moreover, GIS makes it possible to obtain accurate information, such as the characteristics of a river. The connection with flow information and GIS model can be used as alarming and expecting flood systems.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.1965-1970
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• 2010

국내 하천은 하천의 관리, 이용, 개발, 치수경제 및 수질 보전을 위해 각 하천에 대해 하천기본계획이 작성되고 있다. 치수와 관련하여 조도계수는 각 하천의 계획홍수량 산정 및 하천제방 등 구조물 설계에 필수적인 인자로서 조도계수의 정확도에 따라 결과에 큰 오차범위를 가지게 된다. 국내 하천기본계획은 하천의 하상재료 및 하도조건에 따라 산정되어지는 조도계수를 각 하천의 일정빈도 홍수량에 맞추어 일정한 값으로 조도계수를 추정하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국토해양부에서 2009년 한강유역 19개 지점에 대해 관측한 자료와 하천기본계획상에 제시된 조도계수를 적용하여 산정된 값을 비교 분석하였다. 국토해양부의 관측자료 분석에 있어서 유량 관측시 관측지점의 수면경사 및 하상경사의 관측 결함으로 하천기본계획상에 제시된 지형으로부터 하상경사를 추정하였으며 1차적으로 에너지경사는 하상경사와 동일하다고 가정하였다. 또한, 하천기본계획에 제시된 조도 계수의 값은 어느 일정 홍수빈도에 대하여 산정된 값으로 국토해양부 관측자료 중 갈수기 및 평수기의 자료는 제외하고 홍수기의 관측값에 대하여 분석을 실시하였다. 이러한 가정하에 하천기본계획상에 제시된 조도계수를 인용하여 Manning-Strickler 식으로 부터 산정된 유속과 국토해양부의 관측유속을 비교 분석하였다.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.619-629
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• 2009

The objective of this study is to estimate bed-resistance in gravel-bed rivers using the equivalent roughness height($k_s$). We calculated the friction factor(f) with the measured data from 8 domestic gravel-bed rivers and investigated the size distributions of the bed materials. The averaged $k_s$ in each cross-section, which is determined under the hypothesis that the vertical velocity distribution follows the logarithmic law, is compared with the reach $k_s$ which is calculated with the cumulative grain diameter distribution curve of bed materials. Moreover, the applicability of existing formulae, such as Strickler type equations, is examined by comparing with Manning's n value converted from the $k_s$. According to the results, the reach $k_s$ proves to be a good indicator of representative characteristic of bed materials in a reach, and the Manning's n based on the reach $k_s$ is appropriate for practical estimation of the bed-resistance, for RMS errors between calculated and measured Manning's n is less than 0.003. The correlation between the $k_s$ and specified bed-material size($D_i$) is very low, so it is difficult to select a proper one among the existing empirical equations.