• 유통과학연구
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2017

Purpose - This paper proposes some ideas with a view to reducing any possible accidents caused by unlicensed drivers and an illegal use of other's name, particularly by teenagers in consideration of easy and simple instruction on smartphone with very weak and mere consciousness on auto life. Research design, data, and methodology - This study analyzes some accident cases between cargo trucks and rental cars in South Korea, and unlicensed vehicle with unlicensed drivers who use rental cars collided with cargo trucks which were loaded a lot of goods to be delivered to buyer designated. In order to fulfill this research, a case study accompanied with literature survey was conducted. Ideal suggestion for the right growth on rental car industry will be realized by legislation of the law. Results - This paper classified bodily injury of the victim, property damage and damaged cargo arising out of the unlicensed who is driving on car sharing service in South Korea. Conclusions - For the purpose of reducing cargo accidents caused by unlicensed drivers and an illegal use of other's name particularly by teenagers, this paper proposes some ideas of Amendment of the law, Paradigm shift of car sharing company, Preparation by association side and Technical Complementary Measures in South Korea.

• 실천공학교육논문지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.187-202
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• 2020

"직업훈련 수강을 하나의 사회적 권리로 인정할 수 있는가? 그리고 개인이 수강하는 직업훈련에 소용되는 재원은 누가 부담하는 것이 타당한가?" 본고는 우리나라의 계좌제훈련을 중심으로 두 가지 이슈를 검토한 후 바람직한 계좌제훈련의 발전 방향을 제시하였다. 국내법에서 직업훈련을 권리로 인정한 명시적인 조문은 없지만 취약계층 등에 대한 국가의 훈련 제공 의무가 부정되는 것은 아니다. 그리고 우리나라의 직업훈련은 고용보험의 직업능력개발사업에 크고 의존하고 있으나, 동 사업은 과거의 훈련의무제를 계수한 사업으로서 고용보험에 가입하지 않은 많은 비정규직 등으로 인해 보험원리가 작동되기 어렵다. 향후 정책 방향은 현재 일반회계와 훈련생 자비부담 비율이 30% 미만이므로 이를 높여 나가는 것이 바람직하며 중장기적으로 계좌제 훈련의 발급 대상은 전국민으로 확대해 나가야 한다. 그리고 이미 제도적으로 마련되어 있는 유급교육훈련휴가, 근로시간단축청구 제도의 활용이 촉진될 수 있도록 노사의 공동노력이 필요하다.

• 대한영상의학회지
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• 제81권5호
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• pp.1069-1082
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• 2020

복부 영상 영역에서는 새로운 건강보험 보장성 강화 대책으로 인하여 2018년 4월 1일 상복부 초음파, 2019년 2월 1일 하복부 초음파와 2019년 11월 1일 복부 MRI가 순서대로 급여 확대되었다. 많은 환자들이 건강보험 급여 혜택을 보게 되었으며 간경화, 담낭용종, 간선종, 이형성 결절, 췌장 낭종과 자가면역성 췌장염, 담석 등이 건강보험에 포함되었다. 그러나 급여화로 인해 각 검사의 적응증, 추적검사 가능 질환과 적용 횟수 등이 보다 복잡해졌으며 획득하여야 할 표준영상과 판독소견서의 양식이 지정되었으며, 따라서 외래나 병실에서 검사를 처방하고 검사실에서 검사를 시행할 때 주의해야 할 필요가 있다.

• 동남아시아연구
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.173-218
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• 2018

본 연구는 지속가능개발목표(Sustainable Development Goals) 하에 보편적 건강보장(Universal Health Coverage) 달성을 목표로 전 국민의 건강보험 가입을 추진하고 있는 베트남의 보건의료 부문에 주목하여 보건의료 체계와 건강보험법의 개혁 과정에서 나타난 특징을 역사 문화적 맥락을 통해 파악해보고 개발의 관점에서 그 함의를 살펴보고자 한다. UHC의 세 가지 차원, 즉 인구 집단에 대한 보장성 확대, 다양한 의료서비스 제공, 그리고 재정적 보호를 기준으로 베트남 보건의료 부문의 현황을 요약하면 다음과 같이 정리할 수 있다. 첫째, 2015년 발효된 개정 건강보험법에서 가구 단위의 의무 가입과 그에 따른 건강보험료 정산 방식이 새로운 제도로 시행되고 있다는 점이다. 둘째, 1차 의료시설, 즉 사($X{\tilde{a}}$, Commune)급 단위의 보건소를 중심으로 예방 및 건강관리 서비스를 제공할 수 있는 의료 네트워크가 구축되어 있다는 점이다. 셋째, 의료보험법 및 다양한 제도 시행 이후 공공 지출이 증가하고 민간 지출이 감소하고 있지만 여전히 본인부담 의료비 지출(Out-of-Pocket Expenditure)이 많은 비중을 차지하고 있다는 점이다. 베트남의 사회건강보험 개혁은 현재 과도기이다. 따라서 베트남은 보건의료 체계와 건강보험 제도를 어떻게 구축해 나갈 것인가에 대한 문제가 더욱 중요할 수밖에 없는 시기적 상황에 당면해 있다. 제도와 체계에 대한 개발은 효율성보다는 그것을 고스란히 감당해내야 하는 주체, 즉 해당 사회의 구성원들에게 적절하고 정당한 방식으로 설계되어야 한다. 본 연구는 제도와 문화, 즉 제도를 공유하는 사회적 가치, 가족 문화 그리고 비공식적인 제도 등과의 상호작용 등으로부터 그 함의를 이끌어내고자 하였다.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.81-91
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to suggest strategies for advancing local-government-based accreditation systems and surveyor training in long-term care facilities in Korea. Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature including research papers and official reports issued by governments from the United States, Australia, and Japan was conducted to explore domestic and international policies related to long-term care facility certification and accreditation systems. Results: The USA has two types of care quality assurance systems including mandatory certification (5-star rating system) by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and voluntary accreditation by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Australia operates a government-based mandatory accreditation system for all long-term care facilities through the Australian Aged Care Quality Agency. Japan, particularly the Tokyo district, operates a third-party evaluation system that involves the voluntary participation of long-term care facilities. Conclusion: This study provides several strategies to enhance accreditation processes and surveyors'expertise. For instance, motivating facilities to voluntarily participate in accreditation is necessary by 1) providing sufficient and continuous consultations and feedback about how to improve care quality, 2) differentiating accreditation domains and indicators from the national health insurance certification system, and 3) actively utilizing accreditation results and providing incentives.

• 동아시아경상학회지
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.71-84
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• 2013

Purpose: The South African government is determined in alleviating poverty while encouraging job creation and protecting the disposable incomes of poor households. This article looks at the challenges that are facing the South African Social Security system and argues that the provision of income security is amongst the most practical expressions of a nation's cohesion and values. Research Design, Data and Methodology: There are seven proposals in the Social Security and Retirement Reform and these proposals are based on the following two principal objectives of the government, that is, to ensure a basic standard of living and to prevent destitution in old age or in circumstances of unemployment or incapacity partly or wholly through redistributive measures, and to encourage savings to provide for the replacement of income on retirement, disablement or death through long-term insurance arrangements. Results: This article evaluates these seven proposals, state old age pension, wage subsidy, mandatory participation in a national social security system for all, mandatory participation in private occupational or individual retirement funds, Voluntary additional contributions to occupational or individual retirement funds, reform of the governance and regulation of the retirement funding industry and reform of the tax system. Conclusion: This article concludes that the population size of South Africa has increased significantly to 51, 8 million in 2011 and therefore the time is right for bold new steps in improving income security of the poor and strengthening the fabric of social solidarity that binds all South Africans together.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제5권
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• pp.101-118
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• 1993

Generally there is no law and liability system which applies particulary to commercial space ventures. There are several international treaties and national statutes which deal with space ventures, but their impact on the liability of commercial space ventures has not been significant. Every state law in the United States will impose both tort and contract liability on those responsible for injuries or losses caused by defective products or by services performed negligently. As with the providers of other products and services, those who participate in commercial space ventures have exposure to liability in both tort and contract which is limited to the extent of the resulting damage The manufacturer of a small and cheap component which caused a satellite to fail to reach orbit or to operate nominally has the same exposure to liability as the provider of launch vehicle or the manufacturer of satellite into which the component was incorporaded. Considering the enormity of losses which may result from launch failure or satellite failure, those participated in commercial space ventures will do their best to limit their exposure to liability by contract to the extent permitted by law. In most states of the United States, contracts which limit or disclaim the liability are enforceable with respect to claims for losses or damage to property if they are drafted in compliance with the requirements of the applicable law. In California an attempt to disclaim the liability for one's own negligence will be enforceable only if the contract states explicitly that the parties intend to have the disclaimer apply to negligence claims. Most state laws of the United States will refuse to enforce contracts which attempt to disclaim the liability for gross negligence on public policy grounds. However, the public policy which favoured disclaiming the liability as to gross negligence for providers of launch services was pronounced by the United States Congress in the 1988 Amendments to the 1984 Commercial Space Launch Act. To extend the disclaimer of liability to remote purchasers, the contract of resale should state expressly that the disclaimer applies for the benefit of all contractors and subcontractors who participated in producing the product. This situation may occur when the purchaser of a satellite which has failed to reach orbit has not contracted directly with the provider of launch services. Contracts for launch services usually contain cross-waiver of liability clauses by which each participant in the launch agrees to be responsible for it's own loss and to waive any claims which it may have against other participants. The crosswaiver of liability clause may apply to the participants in the launch who are parties to the launch services agreement, but not apply to their subcontractors. The role of insurance in responding to many risks has been critical in assisting commercial space ventures grow. Today traditional property and liability insurance, such as pre-launch, launch and in-orbit insurance and third party liability insurance, have become mandatory parts of most space projects. The manufacture and pre-launch insurance covers direct physical loss or damage to the satellite, its apogee kick moter and including its related launch equipment from commencement of loading operations at the manufacture's plant until lift off. The launch and early orbit insurance covers the satellite for physical loss or damage from attachment of risk through to commissioning and for some period of initial operation between 180 days and 12 months after launch. The in-orbit insurance covers physical loss of or damage to the satellite occuring during or caused by an event during the policy period. The third party liability insurance covers the satellite owner' s liability exposure at the launch site and liability arising out of the launch and operation in orbit. In conclusion, the liability in commercial space ventures extends to any organization which participates in providing products and services used in the venture. Accordingly, it is essential for any organization participating in commercial space ventures to contractually disclaim its liability to the extent permitted by law. To achieve the effective disclaimers, it is necessary to determine the applicable law and to understand the requirements of the law which will govern the terms of the contract. A great deal of funds have been used in R&D for commercial space ventures to increase reliability, safety and success. However, the historical reliability of launches and success for commercial space ventures have proved to be slightly lower than we would have wished for. Space insurance has played an important role in reducing the high risks present in commercial space ventures.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.123-131
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• 2015

현대는 융합의 시대이다. 복잡하고 급격한 환경변화에서 살아남아야 하는 기업의 입장에서는 융합이라는 테마는 선택이 아닌 필수가 아닐 수 없다. 기술 분야에 있어서도 융합의 바람은 거세다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 현상들은 실생활에서도 많이 찾아 볼 수 있다. 실생활에서 가장 많이 접하고 있는 서비스 분야도 예외는 아니다. 융합으로 인하여 은행과 보험이 결합된 방카수랑스란 이름으로 은행업과 보험업이 통합되고 있다. 심지어 최근에는 은행 지점내에서 투자 상담, 주식매매 서비스까지 제공되고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기업의 융합 필요성에 근거를 두고 기업의 융합요인이 재무적 성과에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지를 회귀분석을 통하여 살펴보았다. 연구 결과 융합요인을 구성하는 외부환경요인, 내부환경요인, 핵심역량요인 모두 재무적 성과에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제8권10호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 인공지능 로보어드바이저의 활용 증가로 인한 부작용을 최소화하고 금융소비자 및 시장을 보호하기 위해 필요한 현행 법체계의 제도적 보완점에 관하여 주로 검토하였다. 먼저, 개별적인 보완점으로서, 로보어드바이저 운용사에 대한 이상거래 신속 탐지체계 구축 의무의 도입, 운용사의 무과실책임 도입, 운용사의 손해배상보험 의무가입제도 도입, 형사처벌의 부분적인 도입 등이 필요하고, 더 나아가 인공지능에 관한 포괄적인 기본법의 제정이 필요하다. 포괄적인 기본법에서는 인공지능 기술 발전을 장려하기 위한 측면과 부작용을 최소화하기 위한 측면이 조화롭게 다루어져야 할 것이다. 본 연구에서의 접근법과 마찬가지로 향후 다양한 관점에서 인공지능 시대에 대한 구체적이고 실질적인 논의가 진행되기를 기대한다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2024

Background: The rise in national health care costs has emerged as a global problem given the ever-aging population and rapid development of medical technology. The utilization of interventional pain management has, similarly, shown a continued rise worldwide. This study evaluates the differences in the medical costs in the field of interventional pain treatment (IPT) between two countries: Korea and Japan. Methods: Korean medical insurance costs for 2019 related to pain management focused on IPT were compared to those of Japan. Purchasing power parity (PPP) was used to adjust the exchange rate differences and to compare prices in consideration of the respective societies' economic power. Results: The cost of trigger point injections in Japan was 1.06 times higher than that of Korea, whereas the perineural and intraarticular injection prices were lower in Japan. The cost of epidural blocks was higher in Japan compared to Korea in both cervical/thoracic and lumbar regions. As for blocks of peripheral branches of spinal nerves, the cost of scapular nerve blocks in Japan was lower than that in Korea, given a PPP ratio 0.09. For nerve blocks in which fluoroscopy guidance is mandatory, the costs of epidurography in Japan were greater than those in Korea, given a PPP ratio 1.04. Conclusions: This is the first comparative study focusing on the medical costs related to IPT between Korea and Japan, which reveals that the costs differed along various categories. Further comparisons reflecting more diverse countries and socio-economic aspects will be required.