• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.100-108
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• 1997

Our current food hygiene law mandates nutrition label (NL) for the special nutrition foods, health support foods, instant foods, and foods with certain nutrient emphasized note, only. Currently more processed foods are bearing nutrition labels though the format is quite inconsistant. This study examined the status on current nutrition labeling practices for the processed foods that are retailed in the supermarket. The obtained information was assessed in the aspects of numerical data presentation on nutrients content, descriptive terms, health claim, and the format. The results are summarized as follows. 1) Foods with NL are limited to the food category specified by current hygiene law while voluntary nutition labeling is few. 2) Descriptive terms such as free, low, and sufficient are not substantiated with quantitative data. The efficacy of microelements which has not been clalified yet are overemphasized but major nutrients are ignored. 3) The regulations for the descriptive terms are set on the base of the nutrient content per 100g or 100ml under current nutrition labeling act. It would mislead consumers thus the definition for these descriptor be better set on the unit of the amount of food customary eaten at one time. For this the standard serving size should be set officially. 4) Quantitative nutrition information given on food products is difficult to compare because of the lack in formality. The title of NL, load and kinds of nutritents, order of nutrients listed, the unit of expression, RDA comparision, and reference RDA are inconsistant among the foods similar in dietary property. Uniform format is needed to give NL the credibility and usefulness. Proividing nutrition information to the consumers with NL is a worldwide practice though its efficacy has been controversial. Under newly legistered health promotion law in Korean nutrition education is esxpected to take part in to improve national nutrition condition and NL would education is expected to take part in to improve national nutrition condition and NL would be a potent tool for public nutritions education. It appears to be the time to mandate NL to all the processed foods in the market. The result of present study would initiate further consumer experiments related to NL. Various interest groups such as food and nutrition professions, public health organizations, government regulatory agencies, food producers and marketers, and consumer groups need to particepate and communicate for the legislation of NL and the development of NL format.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.177-183
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• 2006

IMO and ITU-R have done an intensive study to develop performance standards and technical standards of maritime digital communication systems, respectively. In particular, each administration strives to develop new agenda items of adopting digital new technologies. IMO COMSAR submitted draft performance standard of LRIT to IMO MSC, so that IMO mandates carriage requirement of LRIT In addition to that, COMSAR is preparing performance standard of AIS-SART, and approved the utilization of mobile phones for SAR activities. On the other hand, a new agenda item concerning E-navigation strategy was submitted to MSC 81th meeting. These challenges toward enhanced maritime radio communication systems would make it change largely the concepts of traditional navigation We suggest future directions of maritime information communication systems, investigating the study results of IMO and ITU-R.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.185-195
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• 2011

Aircraft-related accidents cause mass casualties and major material damages. At present, runway-related accidents in our country account for 28% of all air accidents. Furthermore, internationally 33% of all air accidents is connected with runway. To prevent these accidents, FAA mandates the installation of aircraft rapid arresting system(ARAS) at the runway end safety areas which do not meet the FAA requirements. Even if the areas satisfy the conditions, FAA recommends the installation of ARAS to ensure the safety. In accordance of the international affairs, the domestic studies for ARAS are in progress and the legal formalities for domestic adoption of ARAS is under way. In this study, we analyzed the stopping distance, drag force, vertical force and tire penetration of runway overrun to assess the performance of ARAS reasonably by using two different kinds of analysis programs. The first is ARRESTOR program adopted by FAA, and the second is LS-DYNA which is available for 3-dimensional nonlineal dynamic analysis. As a result, analytically the stopping distances between two programs are similar. The drag force is rather different, but the tendencies are similar. Later on, the 3-dimensional simulation analysis considering various air-craft condition and properties of packaging materials is necessary. In addition, ongoing development of simulation analysis program is required for more accurate analistic results.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.3-26
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• 2005

Since the Agreement on Commercial Arbitration was signed by the Governments of South and North Korea last year, there has been quite a few discussions on the way for implementing the Agreement in both public and private sectors. The Department of Justice of South Korea was quite active in making the draft of arbitration rules representing the South Korean views in alliance with the Department of Reunification of South Korea and recently held an informal seminar to preview their draft. On the other hand, the Korea Arbitration Association, a main body of commercial arbitration which are composed of professors and lawyers, were carefully watching the steps and the draft made by the Department of Justice. The reasons are to assure that not only shall the commercial arbitration rules comply with comment norms of international arbitration but shall it be made to meet the needs of enterprises investing in the Special Economic District of Kaesung City in North Korea. The concerns of the Korea Arbitration Association can be accomplished if the Department of Justice would modify the provisions pointed out in the seminars. Five general principles shall be brought into the attention in promulgating the commercial arbitration rules. First, it should comply with the Agreement on Commercial Arbitration signed by South and North Korea. Second, it should accept common rules contained in UNCITRAL arbitration rules. Third, it should boost the promptness of proceedings when a case was filed. Fourth, it should feature unique aspects of trade between South Korea and Korea by differentiating it from purely international trade between a country and a country. Lastly, it should combine the respective rules of both South and North Korea, currently in effect. With the above five principles accomplished, it should be noted that the Agreement on Commercial Arbitration the upper authority of arbitration rules, mandates the following features. It declared that arbitration be processed by three arbitrators. Single arbitrator is not permitted. Arbitration can be adopted even if an arbitration clause does not exist in an agreement by the parties, provided that the dispute arose out of the scope of the Agreement on investment Guarantee signed by South Korea and North Korea. It excluded quick and simplified procedures even if the amount of claim in arbitration is minimal. All the procedures should take a formal procedure. It let the double administration offices operate. One is to sit in Seoul of South Korea and the other is to sit in Pyongyang of North Korea. This would intimidate the fastness of procedures. With the above principles and the features considered, each provision in the draft by the Department of Justice should be reviewed and suggested for change.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.683-691
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• 2015

Circulating Fluidized Bed(CFB) combustion has the several advantages which are the fuel flexibility, the economy, the efficiency and the environment. It is necessary to apply a renewable energy to produce electricity due to the Renewable Portfolio Standard(RPS) mandates recently. So, in this study, co-combustion with a coal and a wood pellet was investigated to evaluate the combustibility and the environment as function of blending ratio of them in a Lab-scale CFB reactor. To investigate the characteristics of the co-combustion, the blending ratio which is the weight of wood pellet by the total calorific value of the supplied, was considered. Bed material was a river sand(No. 7). As increasing the blending ratio, the exhausted gas emissions such as CO, NOx, HC and SOx were decreased. But in case of wood pellet over 30%, CO, HC and SOx emission were increased. And the gas temperatures at the downstream were decreased.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.47-47
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• 2010

Over the past 20 years, constant progress in noise and vibration (NVH) engineering has enabled to constantly advance quality and comfort of operation and use of really any products - from automobiles to aircraft, to all kinds of industrial vehicles and machines - to the extend that for many products, supreme NVH performance has becomes part of its brand image in the market. At the same time, the product innovation agenda in the automotive, aircraft and really many other industries, has been extended very much in recent years by meeting ever more strict environmental regulations. Like in the automotive industry, the drive towards meeting emission and CO2 targets leads to very much accelerated adoption of new powertrain concepts (downsizing of ICE, hybrid-electrical...), and to new vehicle architectures and the application of new materials to reduce weight, which bring new challenges for not only maintaining but further improving NVH performance. This drives for innovation in NVH engineering, so as to succeed in meeting a product brand performance for NVH, while as the same time satisfying eco-constraints. Product innovation has also become increasingly dependent on the adoption of electronics and software, which drives for new solutions for NVH engineering that can be applied for NVH performance optimization of mechatronic products. Finally, relentless pressure to shorten time to market while maintaining overall product quality and reliability, mandates that the practice and solutions for NVH engineering can be optimally applied in all phases of product development. The presentation will first review the afore trends for product and process innovation, and discuss the challenges they represent for NVH engineering. Next, the presentation discusses new solutions for NVH engineering of products, so as to meet target brand values, while at the same time meeting ever more strict eco constraints, and this within a context of increasing adoption of electronics and controls to drive product innovation. NVH being very much defined by system level performance, these solutions implement the approach of "Model Based System Engineering" to increase the impact of system level analysis for NVH in all phases of product development: - At the Concept Phase, to be able to do business case analysis of new product concepts; to arrive at an optimized and robust product architecture (e.g. to hybrid powertrain lay-out, to optimize fuel economy); to enable target cascading, to subsystem and component level. - In Development Phase, to increase realism and productivity of simulation, so as to frontload virtual validation of components and subsystems and to further reduce reliance on physical testing. - During the final System Testing Phase, to enable subsystem testing by a combination of physical testing and simulation: using simulation models to simulate the final integration context when testing a subsystem, enabling to frontload subsystem testing before final system integration is possible. - To interconnect Mechanical, Electronical and Controls engineering, in all phases of development, by supporting model driven controls engineering (MIL, SIL, HIL). Finally, the presentation reviews examples of how LMS is implementing such new applications for NVH engineering with lead customers in Europe, Asia and US, with demonstrated benefits both in terms of shortening development cycles, and/or enabling a simulation based approach to reduce reliance on physical testing.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.101-124
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• 2020

Plan S is a policy that mandates research papers supported by specific funders such as the European Community be published in open access journals. The funder supports APC to researchers, providing a chance to advance the era of gold open access, and is expected to bring significant changes to the scholarly publishing ecosystem. This study explored the impact of Plan S from the perspective of each stakeholder of the scholarly publishing ecosystem, such as funders, academic societies or publishers, authors, and libraries, through a review of previous studies. In addition, the status of Korean gold open access publishing and position for each stakeholder were identified through the collected data analysis. As a result of the analysis, the share of publishing gold open access journals in Korea was 22%, which was less than 26% worldwide. Korean funding agencies were predicting and preparing for the impact of Plan S. On the other hand, Korean academic societies produce about 70% of all papers, but there are not many open access papers except medicine (51%). The response of the Korean library was not sufficient, and it contrasted with the activities of librarians in the U.S. that actively provide research support services based on the research lifecycle. It was suggested that Korean libraries should also actively try to change the role of librarians; advising researchers to plan open access publishing in grant project applications, consulting on copyrights, and so on. This study identified the background, principles, and impact of Plan S policy that would be effective in 2021 and examined the response situation in Korea. This study is valuable in that it served as the necessary basis for revitalizing the academic publishing ecosystem in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.232-237
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• 2018

According to the MAIIF report, from 1998 to 2009, 101 incidents involving entering enclosed spaces aboard ships resulted in 93 deaths and 96 casualties. IMO has therefore amended the Recommendations for entering Enclosed Spaces Entry and SOLAS 1974 Convention Chapter 3 Regulation 19, which mandates enclosed spaces entry and rescue drill on a regular basis. The training of entering such enclosed spaces should be practical, recognizing all possible risks of entering enclosed spaces aboard ships, while also considering the safety of trainees during the training. Recently, educational contents utilizing virtual reality (VR) have been applied in various fields to improve education and training effects, and these methods have proven to have advantages in actual and repetitive learning without being limited to physical space. In this study, the effectiveness, characteristics and differentiation of training of entering enclosed spaces aboard ships using VR were compared with traditional class room lectures through quantitative evaluation and questionnaires of training participants. Through the evaluation and questionnaire, it was found that participants using VR understood and learned the required training elements better than the control group, all of whom were trained through the normal class room lecture. Moreover, participants reported to display preference for training with the help of VR. As a result of the study, it was confirmed that the learning effects of VR onboard training can be used as an effective training method, especially by using video and other types of simulators.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.235-245
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• 2004

The Korea School Lunch Program mandates that school meals should safeguard the health and well-being of our children. School meals provide a nutritious diet that contains at least ⅓ of the daily Recommended Dietary Allowances of necessary nutrients at reasonable prices. This study was performed to assess the nutritional management of primary school meals, and to provide basic data for improvement of school meal nutritional guidelines. Three hundred and thirty six dietitians who worked at primary schools were recruited using a stratified sampling method. A survey was done by e-mail with a set of questionnaires about nutritional meal management. During school lunch planning, dietitians referred nutrition standards with priority, followed by students' food preferences and food hygiene. They considered energy as a most important nutrient during primary school lunch planning, followed by protein and calcium. Protein is usually over-served, whereas iron, vitamin A and calcium are usually under-served during primary school meal planning. For first and second grade primary students, grains, meat and vegetable side dishes seemed to be large compared to their eating capacity. Over 92% of school dietitians agreed the needs of food group standards for primary school lunch program. For making a checklist of the school lunch program, energy, protein and calcium were highly recommended, and meat.fish.egg group, vegetable.fruit group and dairy group were also highly recommended by school dietitians. Cooking method was also highly recommended. School dietitians proposed that remodeling of school kitchens and new cooking machine were the most important factors for improving school lunch system. These results suggest that food standards should be established for health-oriented nutritional management of primary school lunch programs. Nutritional checklists could include nutrient-rich foods and food groups, and items about cooking methods.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.73-90
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• 2016

In Climate change is a global issue that requires global responses. As a key factor in climate change, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have attracted increasing attention the international community. One of the crucial global efforts to alleviate climate change is the establishment of an international climate change regime, comprising rules, norms, principles, procedures that are applicable to a wide range of activities. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) received a mandate from the Kyoto Protocol to regulate shipping GHG emissions. However, the IMO Convention and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea also provide regulations on regarding GHG emissions. To execute its mandate, the IMO has developed various regulatory initiatives. In addition, the Chinese government has declared new regulations which designate parts of its coastal waters as emission control areas (ECA). Owing to the growing recognition of the benefits of ECA, ships, including ocean-going vessels that operate in areas near the Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta, and the Bohai Sea will be obliged to use fuel containing less than 0.5% sulfur. China's shipping industry is playing a growing role in the international shipping market, and its response to these initiatives will have a substantial effect on the future application of these regulations. This study analyzed the GHG mandates of the IMO and the Chinese government, and then examines the main outcomes that have been achieved.