• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.11-18
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• 2024

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to suggest the activation plan of the post-construction sales through the results of a survey on the perception of Seoul citizens and experts. Research design, data and methodology: The purpose of this study is to suggest the activation plan of the post-construction sales through the results of a survey on the perception of Seoul citizens and experts. Results: According to a survey of Seoul citizens' perceptions, 76.7% of Seoul citizens were well aware of post-construction sales and recognized that post-construction sales would reduce pre-sale speculation and confusion in the real estate market. Second, 73.6% of Seoul citizens were willing to buy houses through post-construction sales, and third, 79.6% of Seoul citizens recognized that a post-sale system was necessary. Experts' opinions generally responded to the expansion of the introduction of post-construction sales, saying, 'It is necessary for both the public and the private sectors'. Second, while experts say that there are also positive effects, negative effects such as polarization centered on large corporations, an increase in sales prices, and a decrease in housing supply are also concerned. Third, experts responded that 'diversification of financing methods' is the most important task in revitalizing the post-sale system. Conclusions: The policy implications are that it is necessary to mandate the post-construction sales in the long term, and that the quality assurance system needs to be supplemented even if the sale is promoted post-construction sales. In addition, private participation is essential to revitalize the post-construction sales, and government support such as initial financing, low-interest rates, and various financing measures should be sought to expand private participation.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.28
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• pp.267-302
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• 2017

This study aims to understand the concept of God in Daesoon thought through gods, divine beings, and divine Dao as they are featured in the I Ching. This study also explores analysis by dividing the 'one' from the I Ching into personal subject, metaphysical and fundamental marvel, innate divinity and morality of human beings as being among various concepts of god. Among the terms regarding god, divine Dao is especially clear in its depiction of this concept. In this context, the study looks closely at the characteristics of the concept of God. The divine Dao is actually an order that has been spread throughout the world by Sangje's will and the gods are endowed with His mandate. Through such order, the divine Dao leads to the Dao of divinely empowered humans by the Great Dao of mutual beneficence and natural solution. Divinely empowered humans is a concept which corresponds to the idea that 'Divine affairs are akin to those of humans.' Divine beings have human will and feelings in the afterlife, and due to their close relationship to human beings, they exercise an influence over human beings. They have human will and feelings while alive as well. In addition, they also have grievances and grudges. Such grievances and grudges can be resolved by mutual beneficence. And the divine affairs and activities move in accordance with Taegeuk (the Great Ultimate), Sangje's will, and the divine Dao. Therefore, it is a principle that divine beings should obey and an operational law in theonomy. Sangje's divine Dao and heavenly mandate accord with the Great Ultimate and are thereby revealed. Natural solutions can be reached when Divine beings and human beings gain awareness of this truth. To realize the divine Dao, humans and divine beings should practice the dao of benevolence, justice, propriety, wisdom, and they should rely on one another. Furthermore, this is done to accomplish the dao of heaven and earth.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.228-241
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• 1997

Today's healthcare environment is changing, driven by demographic, environmental, social, political and technological forces. These rapidly changing healthcare environment and increasingly professional nursing practice indicate that identifying leadership characteristic of nursing leaders and executives is a vital importance in today's time and also mandate innovative leadership for nursing service. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examined the transformational, transactional leadership styles of the Nurse Administrators. Also described are the relationships between these leadership styles and the job satisfaction. the organizational commitment of their subordinates. The sample consisted of sixteen mid-level nurse administrators, fifty head nurses and one hundred aid fifty-three staff nurses of 4 public & private University Hospitals and 1 General Hospital. Data for this study was collected from Sep. 20 to Oct. 5 by Questionnaire(Bass' MLQ, Job Satisfaction scale developed by Paula(1978), Organizational Commitment scale by Peter et at(1979). The data was analyzed by frequency, percentage, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient with SPSS PC/sup ＋/ program. Major findings are as follows : Appropriate one-way ANOVA tests revealed that the differences for transformational and transactional leadership styles of nurse executives. mid-level nurse administrators, head nurses as perceived by their immediate subordinates were statistically significant(P<.05), The scores of transformational and contingent reward behaviors were declined of the mid-level nurse administrators, nurse executives. The transactional scores of nurse administrators were lower than trans- formational ones, which is a desirable findings. The result of this study, the head nurses were perceived as the highest transformational leader by their subordinates, and second was the mid-level nurse administrators. The nurse executives received the lowest transformational leadership scores from their subordinates. These results were opposit to the previous studies. And significant positive correlations were founded between transformational leadership including charisma, intellectual stimulation, individual consideration and contingent reward of nurse administrators and the job satisfaction, the organizational commitment of their subordinates. From the data, it can be concluded that transformational leadership style of nurse administrators promotes the job satisfaction, the organizational commitment of thier staff nurses. Therefore leader looks for potential motives in subordinates, seeks to satisfy higher need, and engages the full person of the subordinate resulting in a relationship of mutual stimulation and elevation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.100-108
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• 1997

Our current food hygiene law mandates nutrition label (NL) for the special nutrition foods, health support foods, instant foods, and foods with certain nutrient emphasized note, only. Currently more processed foods are bearing nutrition labels though the format is quite inconsistant. This study examined the status on current nutrition labeling practices for the processed foods that are retailed in the supermarket. The obtained information was assessed in the aspects of numerical data presentation on nutrients content, descriptive terms, health claim, and the format. The results are summarized as follows. 1) Foods with NL are limited to the food category specified by current hygiene law while voluntary nutition labeling is few. 2) Descriptive terms such as free, low, and sufficient are not substantiated with quantitative data. The efficacy of microelements which has not been clalified yet are overemphasized but major nutrients are ignored. 3) The regulations for the descriptive terms are set on the base of the nutrient content per 100g or 100ml under current nutrition labeling act. It would mislead consumers thus the definition for these descriptor be better set on the unit of the amount of food customary eaten at one time. For this the standard serving size should be set officially. 4) Quantitative nutrition information given on food products is difficult to compare because of the lack in formality. The title of NL, load and kinds of nutritents, order of nutrients listed, the unit of expression, RDA comparision, and reference RDA are inconsistant among the foods similar in dietary property. Uniform format is needed to give NL the credibility and usefulness. Proividing nutrition information to the consumers with NL is a worldwide practice though its efficacy has been controversial. Under newly legistered health promotion law in Korean nutrition education is esxpected to take part in to improve national nutrition condition and NL would education is expected to take part in to improve national nutrition condition and NL would be a potent tool for public nutritions education. It appears to be the time to mandate NL to all the processed foods in the market. The result of present study would initiate further consumer experiments related to NL. Various interest groups such as food and nutrition professions, public health organizations, government regulatory agencies, food producers and marketers, and consumer groups need to particepate and communicate for the legislation of NL and the development of NL format.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.287-295
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• 2017

Background: Recently, the use of ultrasound (US) techniques in regional anesthesia and pain medicine has increased significantly. However, the current extent of training in the use of US-guided pain management procedures in Korea remains unknown. The purpose of the present study was to assess the current state of US training provided during Korean Pain Society (KPS) pain fellowship programs through the comparative analysis between training hospitals. Methods: We conducted an anonymous survey of 51 pain physicians who had completed KPS fellowships in 2017. Items pertained to current US practices and education, as well as the types of techniques and amount of experience with US-guided pain management procedures. Responses were compared based on the tier of the training hospital. Results: Among the 51 respondents, 14 received training at first- and second-tier hospitals (Group A), while 37 received training at third-tier hospitals (Group B). The mean total duration of pain training during the 1-year fellowship was 7.4 months in Group A and 8.4 months in Group B. Our analysis revealed that 36% and 40% of respondents in Groups A and B received dedicated US training, respectively. Most respondents underwent US training in patient-care settings under the supervision of attending physicians. Cervical root, stellate ganglion, piriformis, and lumbar plexus blocks were more commonly performed by Group B than by Group A (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Instruction regarding US-guided pain management interventions varied among fellowship training hospitals, highlighting the need for the development of educational standards that mandate a minimum number of US-guided nerve blocks or injections during fellowships in interventional pain management.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.311-317
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to identify the needs of the nursery director, teachers, parents, and the general public regarding the use of mandatory CCTV. In other words, we will examine the benefits, problems, and solutions of mandatory CCTV. The subjects of this study included families, private day care centers, private presbytery, kindergartens, teachers, parents and the general public in D metropolitan city. The research tools were modified and supplemented questionnaires appropriately for the study purpose with reference to the previous research. Collected data was analyzed by frequency and F-test using SPSS 21.0 program. The main results of this study are as follows: First, the benefits of mandatory CCTV for daycare centers is that CCTV becomes objective evidence of human rights incidents, identifies violence among children, and can take measures. In addition, mandatory CCTV can also reduce or prevent abuse. Second, major problems concerning the mandatory use of nursery school CCTV include privacy, violation of basic rights, and education. CCTV is a stressful factor that causes teachers to feel embarrassed, uncomfortable, and tense. Third, the main improvement measures for the nursery school CCTV mandate are to prevent unfair staff and complement existing guidelines for CCTV use. Based on the results of the study, we detail the benefits, problems, and solutions for the nursing home CCTV mandatory poli.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.31
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• pp.81-106
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• 2006

The Terms of Reference are one of the most distictive features of ICC Arbitration. No document of this type is required to be drawn up under the rules of any of the other major international arbitration institutions. The purpose of this paper is to examine their advantages and to introduce main contents provided in Article 18 of ICC Rules of Arbitration, which results in the wide recognition of the Terms of Reference. As the volume of our international commercial transaction ranks almost ten in the world, the frequency using ICC Arbitration is expected to increase continuously. The Terms of Reference provide the parties and the arbitrators with an opportunity to identify and agree on procedural and other matters, such as the applicable law, the language of the arbitration and the timetable for the arbitration. They also afford the parties and the arbitrators to identify the substantive issues that are addressed in the arbitration and to delimit the precise scope of the Arbitract Tribunal's mandate. The contents of the Terms of Reference which are provided in Article 18(1) include the summary of parties claims, the list of issues and procedural rules. For the effects of the Terms of Reference, they are not intended to replace the parties' arbitration agreement. But they may in certain circumstances be regarded as a form of submission agreement. Article 18(2) provides that the Terms of Reference shall be signed by the parties and the Arbitral Tribunal, and requires the Arbitral Tribunal to transmit a signed copy of the Terms of Reference to the Court within two months of the date on which the file was transmitted to it by the Secretariat. The Court enjoys the power to extend the two-month time limit for the Terms of Reference on the reasoned request of the Arbitral Tribunal or on the Court's own initiative. Article 18(3) provides that if any of the parties refuses to take part in the drawing up of the Terms of Reference or to sign the same, they shall be submitted to the Court for approval. Article 18(4) allows the Arbitral Tribunal to extablish in a separate document a provisional timetable. This is a provision that encourages the acceleration of the arbitraction process. The timetable provided for therein is merely "provisional" and may be modified, as necessary, during the course of the arbitration.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.139-146
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to analyze the efficiency and working conditions of the patternwork departments by surveying the apparel manufacturing companies sampled in Seoul for their organization, working enviornment and technology of their patternwork departments, and thereby, find the ways to promote the functions of the patternwork department. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; 1. As a result of analyzing the working environment of patternwork departments, it was found that the problems counted by most of the pattern workers were lack of workforce, unhygienic or unpleasant workplaces. 2. As a consequence of analyzing the sample production in terms of tacking methods and times, They rarely tacked the white cotton. Such an omission of tacking procedure may serve to save time, but if a sewing error occurs, the working time would rather be longer due to the defects of pattern to be remedied. 3. As a result of reviewing the general patternwork conditions, it was found that the patterns were still worked out in two dimensions. On the other hand, more than 60% of the pattern workers were applying to their patternworks the styles which they had learned from their seniors. Few patterns are being developed in conformity to apparel trends or body shape changes. 4. As a consequence of examining the problems involving the production of patternsl, the problems involved primarily the patterns incised off no-dart pattern and body structure, and in light of items, involved mainly the trousers and in light of material, involved much the stretch or velvet. Moreover, it is deemed necessary to establish a special institute devoted to a systematic development of pattern technology. 5. Most of the CAD patternworks are used not for pattern designing but for grading and marking works, which suggests that pattern workers need to be educated on this new technology for more diverse and precise patternworks. 6. Lastly, as a result of examining the conditions of patternwork departments and their relevant works, most of the pattern workers were found to be subject to irregular and excessive workload, having little time to produce good patterns. This finding suggests that it is necessary to mandate the pattern workers to more involve the commodity planning.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.219-244
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• 2014

Agricultural extension service in Ethiopia was started in early 1950s with mandate of transferring local research outputs and technologies to farmers, and importing technologies and improved practices from abroad. Extension service provided in this early time was limited to areas surrounding the experiment stations. Since then, Ethiopian Agricultural extension service has passed through at least five stages: the land grant extension system, the Comprehensive Package Programs, the Minimum Package Projects, the Peasant Agricultural Development Program, and the Participatory Demonstration and Training Extension System (PADETS). The comprehensive package extension program was initially implemented in selected pilot areas and eventually to be scaled up to cover about 90% of the farming community within 15-20 years time. The program used demonstration plots managed by development agents and used to train farmers organized through various field days. However, since all of these programs were operational in only small areas, the vast majority of the country was out of their reach. Through Participatory Demonstration and Training Extension System, the extension service in Ethiopia has come under the spotlight and government debates and external reviews are putting additional scrutiny on the system. Despite this long history, the system is still in its infancy in terms of coverage, communication and institutional pluralism. Currently in Ethiopia the Agricultural extension is provided primarily by the public sector, operating in a decentralized manner through which extension is implemented at the district level. Therefore, the main focus of this paper is to scrutinize the past, the present and the future Agricultural extension system in Ethiopia.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.103-126
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• 2004

The court-mandated spouse abusers with drinking problems not only resist and complain about taking the court-mandate but also have the low motivation to change their problem drinking and violent behaviors. Therefore, in this study the program is developed to decrease violent behaviors of spouse abusers with drinking problems. Also, the usefulness of this program is examined by quantitative and qualitative methods. The results are as follows: The experimental group's pre-to-post variation is decreased by significant level statistically more than the comparison group's variation in drinking problems. Regarding violent behaviors among groups, the experimental group's pre-to-post and pre-to-followup variation are decreased significantly. It is assumed that Motivation Enhancement Therapy(MET) influences the differences of motivation to change violent behaviors in both groups. The reason is that MET is considered to have influences on the group's dynamics and interaction. Also, it is helpful to change the negative emotions to the positive emotions and to stimulate the group interaction and the participation. This study will be contributed to promote the speciality on providing services for family in a domestic violence in Korea. Through this study, I suggested future implications in research, practice, and political side on spouse abusers with drinking problems.