• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.241-250
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• 2000

In 1997, a new disease on creeping bentgrass and Kentucky bluegrass occurred in the green and fairway of a few golf courses in Korea. The disease spread gradually throughout the country and became a threat to turfgrass management. Symptoms of the disease consisted of small, circular, and sunken patches sized 3~5cm in diameter. The disease named as a dollar spot following its characteristic symptoms of circular blight and bleach on the green. The disease peaked two times in a year from April to June and from late August to October and white cottony mycelia of the causal fungus developed on diseased turfs in the early morning when the conditions were favored. A causal fungus was consistently isolated from the infected tufgrass and seven isolates originated from seven golf courses located in six provinces were selected for further study. The fungus produced abundant white aerial mycelia on PDA and turned to dark gray or light brown as it aged. Width of the mycelium was ca. $5~8\mu\textrm{m}$. While sclerotia were not readily formed on the medium, scattered small and dark colored stromata were developed on the surface. The fungus grew well on PDA between 5 to $30^{\circ}C$ and maximally around $25^{\circ}C$. Based on investigated mycological and cultural characteristics, the causal agent of dollar spot was identified as Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. The fungus showed strong pathogenicity to several turfs as creeping bentgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, tall fescues, and zoysiagrass.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.343-348
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• 2023

본 연구는 스크린골프장 서비스품질이 재이용에 미치는 영향을 검증하고 살펴보고자 하였다. 총 300부를 배포하여 응답이 부실하거나 누락된 문항이 많은 설문지 53부를 제외하고 총 247부를 분석에 사용하였다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 다음과 같은 시사점을 도출하였다. 첫째, 스크린 골프장 이용자들은 주로 친구, 지인, 친목단체가 주로 이용하였으며, 정보는 인적, 인터넷으로 많은 정보들을 얻었으며, 서비스품질 중 공감성, 신뢰성이 스크린 골프장 재이용에 영향을 미쳤다. 이용자들은 품질이 좋은 서비스를 경험하면 만족감과 서비스 품질이 높으면 신뢰를 가지며, 충성도 형성과 주변 사람들에게 추천과 홍보할 확률을 높일 수 있다. 그러나, 품질이 나쁜 서비스를 경험하면 고객들이 실망하고, 주변 사람들에게도 악평을 남길 수 있으며, 이는 신뢰를 떨어뜨려 재이용의 가능성이 낮아진다. 따라서 골프장 재이용을 높이려면 품질 관리 및 고객들의 의견과 피드백을 수용하고 문제가 생겼을 때 신속하게 대처하여 서비스의 품질을 개선 및 고객이 만족할 수 있는 서비스를 제공해야 스크린 골프장의 재이용을 유도할 수 있을 것이다. 둘째, 스크린골프장 서비스품질 하위요인 유형성, 응답성, 확신성이 이번 연구결과에서는 유의하게 나오지는 않았지만 재이용에 영향을 미치는 요인들에 대해 경쟁이 치열한 스크린골프장 업계에서의 생존력을 키우고 차별화된 서비스 제공으로 재이용할 수 있도록 경영전략을 삼아야 할 필요가 있다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2010

본 연구는 골프장의 경기력과 운영관리 향상을 위한 평가지표들을 개발하고자 수행되었으며, 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 이론연구 및 전문가 예비설문을 통해 가정된 골프장 조성 및 운영관리 15개 중간평가지표, 55개 하위평가지표 체계가 성립되지 않고 최종적으로 환경친화성, 회원서비스 수준, 진행원의 인적서비스 수준, 코스의 난이도, 코스관리수준, 운영관리 공정성, 접근성 및 입지성, 클럽의 전통성 및 클럽의 분위기, 코스의 우수성, 코스레이아웃 등 10개의 중가 평가지표 및 52개 하위평가지표로 재구성되었다. 골프장 이용자 선호도 평가지표의 중요도 결정요인을 분석한 결과, 코스의 관리수준, 포스의 우수성, 진행원의 인적서비스 수준, 코스레이아웃, 환경친화성 순으로 기여도가 높게 나타났다. 골프장 평가지표의 경로계수를 파악한 결과, 코스레이아웃 부문에서는 홀의 굴곡과 코스길이의 순으로 인과효과의 크기가 나타났다. 코스의 우수성에는 토너멘트 진행시설, 다양한 샷 밸류(shot value)의 순으로, 운영관리 공정성에는 대기의 편리성, 예약의 공정한 배정 등의 순으로 인과관계가 높게 나타났다. 클럽의 전통성 부분은 골프코스의 역사 및 환경적 특성, 지역의 역사문화가, 접근성 및 입지성과 관련해서는 지리적 조건이, 환경친화성에서는 농약 및 비료유출량, 수질오염 등이, 회원서비스 수준에서는 회원혜택과 직원의 친절한 응대 등이 상대적으로 인과효과의 크기가 높은 지표로 나타났다. 경기진행원의 인적서비스 수준 분야에서는 경기진행원의 친절한 응대, 경기진행원의 전문지식 정도가, 코스의 난이도 부분은 티잉 에어리어(Terming area)의 위치, 오비(Out of Bounds: OB) 및 해저드(Hazard) 말뚝 위치의 순으로 코스의 관리수준에는 러프상태 및 장애물 관리상태 등이 상대적으로 인과효과가 높았던 지표들로 나타났다. 향후 보다 세부적인 평가지표들을 도출하는 후속연구를 통해 골프장 이용자 선호도 평가지표 체계 모델을 완성하고, 국내외 골프장을 대상으로 평가지표들을 현장 적용하고 검증해 보는 과정이 뒷받침될 필요가 있다.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2005년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2005
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• pp.653-655
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• 2005

More than 70 percent of terrestrial territory of Korea is mountainous areas where degradation becomes serious year by year due to illegal tombs, expanding golf courses and stone mine development. We elaborate the potential usage of high resolution image for the monitoring of the phenomena. We made the classification of tombs and the statistical radiometric characteristics of graves were identified from this project. The graves could be classified to 4 groups from the field survey. As compared with grouping data after clustering and discriminant analysis, the two results coincided with each other. Object-oriented classification algorithm for feature extraction was theoretically researched in this project. And we did a pilot project, which was performed with mixed methods. That is, the conventional methods such as unsupervised and supervised classification were mixed up with the new method for feature extraction, object-oriented classification method. This methodology showed about $60\%$ classification accuracy for extracting tombs from satellite imagery. The extraction of tombs' geographical coordinates and graves themselves from satellite image was performed in this project. The stone mines and golf courses are extracted by NDVI and GVI. The accuracy of classification was around 89 percent. The location accuracy showed extraction of tombs from one-meter resolution image is cheaper and quicker way than GPS method. Finally we interviewed local government officers and made analyses on the current situation of mountainous area management and potential usage of KOMPSAT-II images. Based on the requirement analysis, we developed software, which is to management and monitoring system for mountainous area for local government.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.453-464
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• 2010

We evaluated the status and problems of golf course developments in the southern coast of Korea. It's adjacent waters supports nursery and fishing grounds for commercially-important fisheries species, and various sites are designated and protected as marine protection area(MPA), fisheries reserve, or clean area(blue belt) for producing shellfish. We proposed key assessment items for environmental impact assessment(EIA) and checklists in selecting golf course locations. For the protected areas, we suggest that it is essential to limit golf course establishment while setting a minimal distance from the coast to secure a buffer zone for mitigating the environmental impacts. To efficiently utilize existing regional coastal management plans, it is necessary to diagnose how a golf course development will potentially modify geomorphology and scenery, amplify pollutant loads from non-point sources, and disrupt the functions of coastal ecosystem. Especially, continued monitoring and assesssing input loads of hazardous materials originating from agricultural chemicals should be obligatory. Finally, measures for improving the QA/QC analysis were discussed to enhance reliability of environmental data with respect to golf courses and adjacent coastal waters.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.589-596
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• 2017

Chemical management of dollar spot in turf may lead to the development of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa populations with reduced fungicide sensitivity. The objective of this study was to investigate resistance of S. homoeocarpa isolates to triazole fungicides and to test cross-resistance among three triazole fungicides. A total of 66 isolates of S. homoeocarpa were collected from 15 golf courses across Korea, and tested via in vitro sensitivity assay against hexaconazole, propiconazole and tebuconazole. $EC_{50}$ values of the isolates to these fungicides were distributed in the range of $0.001-1.1\;a.\;i.\;{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$. Based on the $EC_{50}$ values, twelve representative strains were selected as sensitive isolates including control and insensitive isolates with respect to each fungicide. At a concentration of $0.1\;a.\;i.\;{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$ for all fungicides, the selected strains were distinguished as sensitive or resistant isolates with the mycelial growth inhibition rate of 50% as the criterion. The $EC_{50}$ values of resistant strains exposed to hexaconazole, propiconazole and tebuconazole were 20-50 times, 50-70 times, and 77 times greater, respectively, than that of the control strains. Two isolates of S. homoeocarpa S0-41 and Sh14-2-1 showed sensitivity toward all the fungicides used, while two other isolates Sh7-5-1 and Sh2-1-1 showed resistance to all fungicides. Each isolate showed similar resistance to the three types of triazole fungicides, whereby cross-resistance of isolates was confirmed in the present study; all three triazole fungicide combinations displayed significant correlation coefficients equivalent to or greater than 0.8.

• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.165-183
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• 2009

In a service process, the customer typically experiences two types of interactions; one is interaction with the physical ambiance (servicescape) and the other is with employees who may be responsible for the service process quality. The literature in general supports that process quality is a critical determinant for overall service quality and customer satisfaction. In this paper, we primarily examine how the servicescape intervenes the association between process quality and employee/customer satisfaction. The proposed models are tested. using the data collected from the major golf courses in Korea. The results suggest that improving process quality and servicescape have a positive influence on employee/customer satisfaction directly and/or indirectly, but the effect of servicescape may be stronger in the case of golf course businesses. Servicescape also contributes to improving process quality by enhancing employee satisfaction. These results collectively indicate that management emphasis on improving service quality without renovating physical surroundings may results in unsatisfactory outcome.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2012

It has been known that Golf course could impose negative impacts on water-ecosystem if pollutant-laden runoff is not treated well. It is important to control non-point source and re-use treated wastewater from the golf course to secure water quality of receiving waterbodies. At golf courses, the rainfall-runoff is affected by various practices to manage grasses. In many hydrological modelings, especially in simple rainfall-runoff modeling, effects on runoff of plant growth and cutting are not considered. In the study, the water erosion prediction project (WEPP), capable of simulating plant growth and various management, was evaluated for its runoff prediction from golf course under grass cutting and irrigation. The %Difference, $R^2$ and the NSE for runoff comparisons were 1.15%, 0.93 and 0.92 for calibration, and 18.12%, 0.82 and 0.88 for validation period, respectively. In grass cutting scenario, grass height was managed to be 18~25 mm. The estimated runoff was decreased by 27%. The difference in estimated total runoff was 11.8% depending on irrigation. As shown in this study, if grass management and irrigation are well-controlled, water quality of downstream areas could be obtained.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.446-454
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• 2021

Plant-parasitic nematodes are not only an important constraint on agricultural crop production, but also cause both direct and indirect damage to turfgrass, which is a ground cover plant. However, studies on plant-parasitic nematodes of turfgrass in Korea are scarce. A survey for plant-parasitic nematodes was carried out on 13 golf courses in Korea. The results yielded 28 species/taxa belonging to 16 genera and 12 families of plant-parasitic nematodes. Among the isolated species, Helicotylenchus microlobus, Mesocriconema nebraskense, Tylenchorhynchus claytoni, Mesocriconema sp., and Meloidogyne graminicola were the most prevalent species in all management zones. Twelve species were new records of plant-parasitic nematodes in Korea. Highest maximum densities were showed by T. claytoni, Paratylenchus nanus, M. nebraskense, M. graminicola, and H. microlobus. Diversity (H'), was significantly higher in fairways compared to tees and greens, though species evenness (J') and dominance (D) showed no statistically significant differences. This information is crucial in nematode problem diagnosis, and the subsequent formulation of management strategies.

• 한국토양환경학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.13-20
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• 1997

1992년부터 1996년 까지 5년간 강원도에서 운영중인 18홀 이상 3개 골프장에 대하여 농약 사용실태와 농약 잔류량 등을 조사하였다 농약 잔류량은 3개 골프장의 토양, 잔디, 유출수등 총 186개 시료에 대하여 유기염소제 4종과 유기인제 12종을 GC-ECD와 GC-NPD를 이용해 분석 하였다. 각 골프장의 연 평균 농약 사용량은 1,635.6kg 이었고, 단위 면적당 농약 사용량은 그린 33g/$\textrm{m}^2$, 페어웨이 3g/$\textrm{m}^2$ 였다. 골프장 잔디에 사용 할 수 없는 미고시 농약은 186개 시료중 24개 시료에서 검출되었고, 검출율은 12.9% 였다. 토양에서 검출된 농약의 평균 잔류농도는 캡탄 0.208ppm, 퓨다코닐 0.031ppm 이었다. 미고시 농약의 연도별 검출율은 92년 이래 매년 감소추세에 있으며 96년에는 전혀 검출되지 않았다. 따라서 현행 미고시 농약 위주의 조사 방법은 고시농약중 많이 사용하는 농약을 검사 할 수 있도록 개선되어야 하며, 유출수에 대한 허용기준도 설정되어야 한다.