• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.99-145
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• 2003

Quasi-fiscal activities (QFAs) refer to those activities that public corporations carry out to achieve policy objectives of the government. QFAs often lead to the understatement of the government involvement in the economy and the overstatement of its financial balance, thereby lowering fiscal transparency and hiding fiscal risks. Central banks, as public corporations, perform various QFAs in many countries. I define QFAs in this case as those activities that are not directly related to the intrinsic function of central banks, whose responsibility lies in the administration of monetary policy and the provision of banking services for the government and commercial banks. In Korea, the Bank of Korea (BOK) has been an active source of QFAs. Of particular importance are the policy loans to commercial banks to promote their lending to small- and medium-sized enterprises and others. The outstanding stock of policy loans increased rapidly in the aftermath of the recent economic crisis, and stood at 7.6 trillion won (20 percent of the reserve money) at the end of 2002. Another important QFA by BOK stems from the transfer of part of its profits to the central government. The accumulated transfer during 1998-2002 amounted to 9.9 trillion won. My calculation shows that if these and other QFAs had been carried out by the government as explicit fiscal activities, the consolidated central government financial balance would have been below the actual balance by about 0.5 percent of GDP in each year since the economic crisis. It is suggested that the QFAs by BOK be reduced in coming years not only to enhance fiscal transparency but also to expand the flexibility of BOK's reserve management. Abolishing policy loans and minimizing transfers to the government would be the first step in this direction. BOK should also consider paying interest on the government deposit held in BOK.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.697-708
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• 2008

Operational risk is defined as the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems, or external events. The advanced measurement approach proposed by Basel committee uses loss distribution approach(LDA) which quantifies operational loss based on bank's own historical data and measurement system. LDA involves two distribution fittings(frequency and severity) and then generates aggregate loss distribution by employing mathematical convolution. An objective validation for the operational risk measurement is essential because the operational risk measurement allows flexibility and subjective judgement to calculate regulatory capital. However, the methodology to verify the soundness of the operational risk measurement was not fully developed because the internal operational loss data had been extremely sparse and the modeling of extreme tail was very difficult. In this paper, we propose a methodology for the validation of operational risk measurement based on bootstrap confidence intervals of operational VaR(value at risk). We derived two methods to generate confidence intervals of operational VaR.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.93-105
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• 1999

Recently, Korean health care industry managers are paying more attention to customer oriented service, the rationalization of business administration, and quality control of service to adjust their business to outer environment since IMF bailout program. They are focusing on the cost reduction through remodeling the size and structure of man power, viz. labor flexibility. Nurses are not free from this juncture and contingent nurses are increasing fast. This article intends to verify the actual condition of two types of contingent nurses -part-time nurses and internship nurses-and to compare their job satisfaction to provide basic resource for efficient management of nurse man power. The concrete goals of this article are; Firstly, to verify the actual condition of their employment. Secondly, to compare their job satisfaction. And Thirdly, to the relation between employment condition and job satisfaction. To accomplish these research goals, a statistical survey was executed, in which 384 questionnaires - 66 for manager nurses, 318 for contingent nurses-were given to nurses working at 66 general hospitals-which have at least 100 beds-in Seoul. Among them, 121 questionnaires-of 28 general hospitals-were returned. Then, the data coded and submitted to mean, standard deviation, T-test, variance analysis (ANOVA), correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis with SAS program. The research results of the contingent nurses are followings: 1. Two types of contingent nurses shows similar age spans: they are mostly 21 - 30 years old and unmarried. But internship nurses have high level of educational career. Part - time nurses spread at general beds, out -patient part, intensive care part, operation part, etc, but internship nurses work mostly at general beds. 2. Two groups shows difference in actual employment condition: average employment career of part -time nurses is 7.0 months but internship nurses' is 2.0 months: average duty-on days per month of part - time nurses are 23.7 days but internship nurses' are 24.8 days. But there are little difference in average working time per day: 7.7 hours for part -time nurses and 0 hours for internship nurses. 3. The average wage per month for part -time nurses is 836,026 won but for internship nurses is 557,428 won-66.7% of part-time nurses'. Both groups are enjoying little additional pay. 4. Both groups are getting job not so much through advertisement of newspaper or hospitals as through acquainted person or college. 5. Both groups show very high level of job satisfaction: 3.2195 for part -time nurses and 3.2881 for internship nurses. But they show very low satisfaction on payment level compared with other categories and two groups show meaningful difference(P<.0001). 6. The multiple regression test reveals the factors related with job satisfaction: wage level, working part(OR or ICU), age, job career, and motive of contingent job-taking('because I can take care of family duties at the same time') influence positively: motive of contingent job-taking('because I can work regularly without alternation') influences negatively.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.127-144
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• 1987

The purpose of this study is to explore the family communication and power. Communication is a symbolic, transactional process in functional view . To say tat communication is a process implies a continuous interaction of an indefinite large number of variables with a concomitant, continuous change in the values taken by these variables. Finally the process implies change. Family functions include the primary functions of cohesion and adaptability and supporting functions of family images, themes, boundaries, and biosocial issues, The primary functions reveal concepts integrated family interaction and supporting functions, along with those of cohesion and adaptability, give shape of family life. The message system is the major element of communication process and influences both the form and the content of thier relationship and create and share meanings. The family-of-origin issues influence all aspects of family communication and account for many of the communication patterns, rules and networks. Power does not belong to an individual. rather it is a property of a relationship between two or more persons, Power, a system property is the ability of an individual to change the behavior of other members in a social system. Power operate transactionally in a family and any power maneuvers within it have a system wide effect. In order to study power in families , it is necessary to examine 1) family power operations 2) development of family power and 3) the communication of power strutegies. The research presented indicated that a rigid power structure, characterized by dominance and little sharing, restricts family flexibility reduce cohesion, and adversely affects satisfaction in families. power constantly changes as a family grows and develops within its system. Although power changes may be more obvious in children as they mature and more from a independent stated to an independent one, each of the parents experience egual or greater. Communication and activities take place that either enhance positively or negatively the images, themes, and degree of unity of cohesion the family desires. Power operated within a dynamic, growing, changing, interdependent transactional family system. Power struggle may develop when as issue becomes important to one or more family member. When this happens, and the rational exploration of alternatives ceases, various one-up power maneuvers usally follows, This affect family intimacy. a vital element in meaningful relationships . To resolve differences and not become the victim of another's power , one need to engage in constructive conflict since the ability to clearly and comfortably repudiate another is part of the achievement of intimacy.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.277-288
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• 1999

A distributed multimedia school system is developed for the multimedia classroom at high school and university. The system is designed and implemented for students to improve the learning efficiency through the personalized multimedia contents and pace of learning. The previously developed multimedia information retrieval systems have some limitations on being applied to the multimedia classroom: expensive cost per stream or poor retrieval quality inappropriate for education, unscalability of system and service, unfamiliar proprietary client environment, and difficulty for teachers to use the authoring tools and manage the authored teaching materials. The system we developed overcomes the above problems. It is so scalable as to be applicable not only to a segmented classroom but also to the world wide Internet. The stream server is one of the components of the system: stream servers clients, a service gateway system, and a authoring management system. This paper describes the design and implementation of the stream server. A single stream server can simultaneously playback the multimedia streams as many as clients at one classroom. This is achieved only by the software engine without any changes of the hardware architecture. The systematic coupling with other components gives the scalability of the system and the flexibility of services.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.48-56
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• 2011

The objective of this study is to develop quantitative criteria for setting reasonable standards and regulations for building heights in collective facility districts inside national parks or those connected to their borders. Heights of all building sin collective facility districts were simulated in order to determine heights of ridge lines of sight passing the upper parts of buildings from a main view point. Where a facility's zone is located at the inside or boundary of inland mountainous national parks, and there are coastal type national parks with mountains in the background, the study recommended assigning the maximum allowable height of a building as 8.82m if national park authorities intend to preserve the ridges at three-tenths the height of a mountain. It amounts to 3 or 3.5 stories when it is converted into the number of floors. It is desirable to apply this standard to accommodations like a hotel except lodge or cottage as the maximum allowable height of a building. Nevertheless, when there aren't back mountainous areas among coastal-type national parks, there is a need for applying a separate standard. If an equal and uniform standard is applied to all collective facility districts, it becomes difficult to address local differences when managing landscape. There must be flexibility when applying a standard, depending on variables such as location of view points, differences in the methods of selection of view points, and differences in view angles, etc. Thus, there is a need for different landscape management strategies that address the unique natural environment of different zones.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.2 s.60
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• pp.303-314
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• 2005

This study is intended to promote local woodcraft industry with revitalization of local festival in Inje-county. To do so, we propose the travel souvenir design with local identity and the plan for production and marketing based on the management of 'Design Hospital' and the building of production method through 'laser wood inlaying technique like puzzle style'. Research method is benchmarking analysis of successful cases of travel souvenir which is developed for cultural contents of local festival. The result of this study is the following. First, design outsourcing is done one of support in industry focused on old boy network, Through it, Special brain of design can be supplied without compensation. Also the difficulty of manpower problem is lessened and the ability of product development in short term can be guaranteed. On the basis of this, we are able to apply Mass Customization production by up to date digital production method. This enables us to maintain the production flexibility of cultural goods fit for the traits of local festival. This study is intended to present the best model guananteeing both profit of wood technological industry and the possibility of local cultural.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1075-1086
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• 2008

In order to investigate the applicability and suitability of the industrial by-products to apply mono-layer cover system for non-sanitary landfill sites, 6 different industrial by-products, such as construction waste, bottom ash, gypsum, blast furnace and steel manufacture slags, and stone powder sludge, were evaluated. Various physicochemical and hydrodynamic properties of the industrial byproducts were investigated. The environmental safety was monitored using batch and long-term leaching tests as well. In addition, the flexibility of plants was observed by cultivating them in the industrial by-products. The results for physicochemical properties indicate that most of the materials considered appeared to be suitable for landfill cover. Particularly, the concentration levels of hazardous elements regulated by the Korean Law for Waste Management did not exceed the regulatory limits in all target materials. In addition, the concentrations of regulated elements for the Korean Soil Conservation Law were examined below the regulatory limits in most of materials considered, except for the stone powder sludge. The results of batch and long-term experiments showed bottom ash and construction waste were the most suitable materials for landfill cover among the industrial by-products considered. The results of plant studies indicate that the bottom ash among industrial by-products considered was most effective in developing vegetation on landfill site, showing fast germination and large growth index. At the final covering system made of mixture of soil and bottom ash, the optimum application rate of farmyard manure was observed to be 40-50 Mg/ha.

• Proceedings of the Korean DIstribution Association Conference
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• 2006.02a
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• pp.43-78
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• 2006

While trust and commitment, essential ingredients of the relationship quality variables, are core mediating variables for the purpose of maintaining the long-term relationship, in the context of the internal political economy of company and the relational performance of its members, there have been limited studies which explore as to how each of the dimensions have affect differently. The basic purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between an automobile manufacturer and its agencies. The main purpose of this study is to examine how each different dimension of trust and commitment on the automobile manufacturer have different mediating effects in the context of internal political economy variables and relational performance perceived by its agents. Another purpose is to investigate the mechanism by which the relational performance of the agencies is improved. An empirical study surveying 115 sales office managers at a leading automobile manufacturer in Korea was conducted. An analysis of the collected data indicates that while internal political economy variables have a positive influence on the agencies' relational performance through the mediating role of trust and commitment, agencies' benevolence on its headquarter has a different influence on the dimensions of commitment. Currently, an automobile manufacturer is advised to implement the relational management philosophy in dealing with its agencies with an hope of innovative orientation for customers. In this sense, this study is a big stride in providing ample implications for the automobile manufacturer in establishing trust and commitment, which are the prerequisite conditions in developing and maintaining a successful long-term relationship with its agencies, and in improving the agency's relational performance.

• Journal of Satellite, Information and Communications
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

As the information age comes out, the aspect of future war brings about the many changes in terms of war-fighting environment. Accordingly, information superiority and intelligence-centric warfare have been important and new war-fighting concept such as NCW(network centric warfare) have been turned up. This paper proposed all-weather core-strategy communications systems guaranteeing not only the real-time transmission of the information collected in a battlefield and expansion, automation, and rapidity of a battlefield but also broadband, mobility, survivability, and flexibility. The proposed military satellite communications system is classified into wideband mass capacity link, survivability, and the system supporting OTM(on the move) communication for the real-time transmission of battlefield information. This paper analyzed the essential operation concepts and core schemes of the U.S. Army's next generation system, TSAT(Transformational Satellite Communication System). Base on the analysis results, this paper proposed that the architecture of next generation military satellite communications systems for NCW have to provide the data rate, anti-jamming capability, network control and management capability which are optimally adaptable for the wireless channel environments such as jamming and interference and to support the variety of platforms like high-speed mobile vehicles, micromini devices, super-high speed unmanned aerial vehicles. Finally, this paper also proposed that next generation military satellite communications systems need the technologies such as the adaptable multi-antenna, laser link, and next-generation anti-jamming waveform.