• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.71-89
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• 2016

Sentiment analysis is used for identifying emotions or sentiments embedded in the user generated data such as customer reviews from blogs, social network services, and so on. Various research fields such as computer science and business management can take advantage of this feature to analyze customer-generated opinions. In previous studies, the star rating of a review is regarded as the same as sentiment embedded in the text. However, it does not always correspond to the sentiment polarity. Due to this supposition, previous studies have some limitations in their accuracy. To solve this issue, the present study uses a supervised sentiment classification model to measure a more accurate sentiment polarity. This study aims to propose an advanced sentiment classifier and to discover the correlation between movie reviews and box-office success. The advanced sentiment classifier is based on two supervised machine learning techniques, the Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Feedforward Neural Network (FNN). The sentiment scores of the movie reviews are measured by the sentiment classifier and are analyzed by statistical correlations between movie reviews and box-office success. Movie reviews are collected along with a star-rate. The dataset used in this study consists of 1,258,538 reviews from 175 films gathered from Naver Movie website (movie.naver.com). The results show that the proposed sentiment classifier outperforms Naive Bayes (NB) classifier as its accuracy is about 6% higher than NB. Furthermore, the results indicate that there are positive correlations between the star-rate and the number of audiences, which can be regarded as the box-office success of a movie. The study also shows that there is the mild, positive correlation between the sentiment scores estimated by the classifier and the number of audiences. To verify the applicability of the sentiment scores, an independent sample t-test was conducted. For this, the movies were divided into two groups using the average of sentiment scores. The two groups are significantly different in terms of the star-rated scores.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.311-319
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• 2014

Early sexual maturation through temperature stimulation was induced in female and male of yezo scallop. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) in female showed $9.12{\pm}2.9$ in January, $14.89{\pm}2.9$ in February and $21.3{\pm}1.4$ in March in experiment I. GSI in experiment I showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) and in experiments II and III were not show significant variations (P > 0.05). It also showed significant between the control and the experiments I, II, and III in February (P < 0.05) measurements. Experiment I has showed good results in sexual maturation and spawning when compared with other experiments II and III and the control. Histological observation showed that ovary condition was in a growing stage in all the experiments I, II, and III. In February, ovary condition through histological observation was a late mature stage in all the experiments I, II, and III except the control of a growing stage. GSI and gonad weight were $4.4{\pm}0.88$ and 2.8 g, respectively in November whereas it was $15.1{\pm}2.8$, and 11.7 g, respectively in January and $21.7{\pm}5.4$, and 19.4 g, respectively in February after rearing at a water bath of $12^{\circ}C$ depending on the condition of experiment I. It was possible early releasing of eggs and sperms of yezo scallop in February instead of the middle of April to the end of May being spawning period. Fertilized eggs have become a gastrula stage through a spiral cleavage and then become a trochophore larvae after 36 hours. After 10 days, D-shaped larvae have changed into an umbo stage larvae and attached to juveniles in the post larvae after 20-23 days.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.486-496
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• 2018

In this study, we have selected Larix kaempferi as a study area in Woraksan National Park for understanding the ion index according to the difference of topography in national parks. We measured the weather and ion at two fixed points, ridge and valley, where the Larix kaempferi dominates in the same ecological structure in Woraksan National Park. The weather measurement results showed the average, maximum, and minimum temperatures of $28.22^{\circ}C$, $29.9^{\circ}C$, and $26.4^{\circ}C$, respectively at the ridge. The average, maximum, and minimum temperatures at the valley were $27.08^{\circ}C$, $27.8^{\circ}C$, and $25.5^{\circ}C$, respectively. The average, maximum, and minimum relatively humidities at the ridge were 67.02%, 75.25%, and 61.95%, respectively. he average, maximum, and minimum relatively humidities at the valley were 69.74%, 76.8%, and 63.75%, respectively. The average, maximum, and minimum amounts of positive ions generated in the ridge was $698.40{\pm}59.80ea/cm^3$, $885.88ea/cm^3$, and $597.88ea/cm^3$, respectively. The average, maximum, and minimum amounts of negative ions generated in the ridge were $736.07{\pm}83.89ea/cm^3$, $934.53ea/cm^3$, and $599.32ea/cm^3$, respectively. The ion index is calculated to be 1.06. The average, maximum, and minimum amounts of positive ions generated in the valley were $1,732.49{\pm}354.08ea/cm^3$, $2,652.10ea/cm^3$, and $1,110.92ea/cm^3$, respectively. The average, maximum, and minimum amounts of negative ions generated in the valley were $1,990.47{\pm}433.57ea/cm^3$, $3,126.75ea/cm^3$, and the minimum value was $1,352.17ea/cm^3$. The ion index is calculated to be 1.16. The difference in the amount of negative ions generated in ridge and valley was $1089.26ea/cm^3$, and the difference of the calculated ion index between the ridge portion and the valley portion was 0.10. The results of this study were provided as the reference weather data of national parks for health management.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.97-109
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• 2016

In Korea, the survival rate of start-up of 5-year after foundation is as low as 29.6% of the country. This low survival rate is from because of insufficient resources in start-ups compared to those of mid-sized companies. Therefore, the marketing characteristics of entrepreneurship has emerged as a major cause. Therefore, In this study, because learning orientation, marketing experience, competition orientation and etc are differently owned in start-ups, marketing impact to marketing strategy in start-up companies are differently investigated. Therefore, the relationship of learning orientation, marketing experience, competition Orientation with marketing strategies was examined. Based on this, Business performance was examined to suggest contents related to eco-system of start-up companies to representative of start-up companies. For this study, Survey was conducted for 250 start-up entrepreneurs within 3 and half year since foundation from Nov. 20 to Dec. 20, 2015. In result of data-cleaning, 207 meaningful samples were gathered. Based on these, conclusion was obtained. Using SPSS 20.0 statistical program, frequency analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis were conducted. the following conclusions were drawn. First, in the impact of marketing environment of Phase 1 start-up companies on marketing strategy, product strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy were positively affected by learning orientation, marketing experience and competition orientation. Second, in the effect of 2nd phase marketing strategy to business performance, the financial performance and the non-financial performance. Were positively affected by product strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategies. Third, The effect of learning orientation, marketing experience and competition orientation to financial performance was positively mediated by product strategy and distribution strategy among 3rd phase meditation strategies. the effect of learning orientation, marketing experience and competition orientation to non-financial performance was positively mediated by products strategy. In comprehensive summary, in order to increase business performance in start-up companies, marketing strategy should be applied in. Especially, the role of learning orientation and marketing experience is vital. In increasement of business performance to characteristics of star up marketing, financial performance can be increased by product strategy and distribution strategy. And, both of financial and non-financial performance can be increased by product strategy. Therefore, in conducting of marketing characteristics of start-up, to increase business performance, the apply of marketing strategy to marketing characteristics of start-up should be required.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

The aim of this study is to investigate the microbial contamination assessment of raw Jinmichae to cook and to establish its control. Three kinds of Korean Jinmichae products(K1, K2, K3) and three kinds of imported Jinmichae products(Chile: F1, Peru: F2, Mexico: F3) were collected from markets and department stores in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. The results were as follows; Aerobic mesophilic bacteria in raw Jinmichae(F2) was detected $7.20{\times}10^7$ CFU/g, which exceeded the acceptable standard level, $1.0{\times}10^6$ CFU/g. The rest of raw groups fell up to $1.0{\times}10^3{\sim}1.0{\times}10^4$ CFU/g. Aerobic mesophilic bacteria were detected in blanched and fried Jinmichae groups. Boiled Jinmichae group did not exceed the acceptable standard level of $1.0{\times}10^6$ CFU/g. However, all the fried groups exceeded the level. E. coli were detected in raw Jinmichae but it was able to be controlled by blanching. Unlike this, E. coli was not completely controlled by roasting for 20 seconds relative to 40, 60 seconds. S. aureus were effectively controlled by boiling, however, it was not controlled by roasting. After roasting Jinmichae for 60 seconds, S. aureus were detected in the half of all groups. In this study, Jinmichae were found to be favorable one of side dishes in school meal service. Jinmichae can be contaminated by microbial pathogens such as S. aureus, E. coli, etc. Therefore, further studies are needed to monitor microbial pathogens and to provide their control.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.521-529
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• 2008

This research conducted a survey on waterbirds visiting this area four times by season from February to October in 2007 to look into the habitat use of waterbirds, to do a value and grade testing of the tidal flat by dividing the foreshore on Muan Bay located in Jeollanam-do into four areas (Dongam, Guro, Bokryong and Wangsan tidal flats). The survey results revealed that there existed a total of 15,755 individuals of 54 species including 2 species of grebes, 7 species of herons, 7 species of dabbling ducks, 6 species of diving ducks, 20 species of waders, 3 species of gulls and 9 other species and this survey also observed 9,291 individuals of the wading birds as a dominant group on Muan Bay. In these classified groups, the gulls and waders were observed to mostly use Dongam tidal flat as their habitat, while the group using Guro tidal flat as their habitat was mostly grebes, dabbling and diving ducks. As a result of UPGMA clustering analysis in consideration of the species and number of individuals, there appear the close similarities between Dongam and Bokryong tidal flats and so do Guro and Wangsan tidal flats. Taking a look at the grading of tidal flats by setting up ecological indexes, such as diversity index, abundance index, and dominance index, etc. legally reserved species and maximum number of individuals as a standard, the rank for the value and importance degree of Bokryong tidal flat appeared higher than that of the other three tidal flats. Like this, the gradation of tidal flats according to waterbirds are judged to able to suggest objective data on the issue of proper judgment and designation of valuable tidal flat areas and its subsequent effective preservation and management.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.333-342
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• 1999

Objectives: Most descriptive studies of cancer have focused either or cancer incidence or mortality. Cancer prevalence has rarely been estimated. Cancer prevalence data can be used as a measure of the economic and social burden of cancer and are also useful for health care planning. This study attempts to estimate cancer prevalence in Kangwha county. Methods: This investigation is based on data of Kangwha cancer registry. The data include all cases of cancer diagnosed from 1983 through 1992. We define 'prevalent cases' as cancer patients who is alive as of January 1, 1993. For each five-year age group, the number of 'known prevalent cases' is added to the number of 'estimated prevalent cases'. Prevalence is calculated by dividing these sums by the populations of Kangwha County on December 31, 1992(derived from Kangwha Statistics Annual). Results: Crude prevalence of cancel among males and females are 536.7 and 601.1 per 100,000 respectively. Gastric cancer is the most common malignant neoplasm(213.2 per 100,000, crude prevalence) among males. It is followed by lung cancer(45.1 per 100,000), liver cancer(32.8 per 100,000), rectal cancer(25.4 per 100,000) and colon cancer(25.4 per 100,000). Cervical cancer is the most common cancer(201.9 per 100,000, crude prevalence) and is fellowed by gastric cancer(91.5 per 100,000), thyroid cancer(64.8 per 100,000), breast cancer(57.2 per 100,000) and rectal cancer(32.7 per 100,000) among females. Conclusions: We tried to estimate cancer prevalence based on the Kangwha cancer registry for the first time in Korea. The estimation of cancer prevalence based on a population-based cancer registry will be more correct and useful as the data accumulate. We will make another estimation in the near future.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to identify the knowledge contents of basic nursing sciences needed by nurses in the practices of the intensive care unit(ICU). To attain the goal of this study, the nurses working at 10 hospitals in the areas of Seoul and Kangwon Province were randomly selected. They were primarily interviewed, and the open question was secondarily put to them through the questionnaire. In the process of the 1st interview, the interviewees were asked of the question, "What is the knowledge of basic sciences such as anatomy, pathology, physiology. microbiology, pharmacology and the like thought to be lacking when you communicate with doctors in the ICU and when you carry out your nursing practices in it?" The contents of the interview were tape-recorded. The period of data collection ranged from May 1, 2001 to Sept 30. The interviews were conducted with total of 20 nurses. The open-end questionnaire was secondarily mailed to nurses. 113 questionnaires were returned. 100 questionnaires except 13 ones thought to be poorly completed in content were used for data analysis. Three coders classified data obtained from the interview and the questionnaire research into 5 detailed items relating to such as anatomical physiology, pathology, pharmacology. microbiology and basics of nursing. The three coders had experiences in nursing education of 18 years, 8 years and 6 years, respectively, and of them one coder was professor in basic nursing sciences. Data were statistically treated using frequency analysis and percentage by the SAS program. As a result, the following findings were obtained : It was found that the contents that ICU nurses responded were most needed in the field of Human structure and function were water and electrolytic balance(38%), blood and circulatory system(20%), changer in the patient's skin(12%), the arrangement of the human body(10%) and the endocrine system(10%), nervous system(6%), and assessment of the state of the patient's consciousness(4%). It was found that the contents that ICU nurses responded were most needed in the field of pathology were found to be the process of the progress of the disease(32%), symptoms of the disease(27%), prognosis of the disease(22%), followed by the injury-healing process, clinical pathological examination, and examination by radiation. It was found that the contents that nurses responded were most needed in the field of pharmacology were the effect of drug(25%), the side effect of drug(22%), the relationship between diseases and drug(20%), the relationship between disease-causing bacteria and drug(20%) and chemotherapy(2%). It was found that the contents that ICU nurses responded were most needed in the field of microbiology were the relationship between diseases and disease-causing bacteria(45%), Kinds and characteristics of disease-causing bacteria(18%), infection control(16%), application of the aseptic technique(12%), isolation(9%) and the like. It was found that the basic knowledge that ICU nurses responded were needed were the identification of the patient's current state(36%), understanding of the therapeutic process(22%), the operating principle of medical equipment and instrument(20%), medical terminology(9%), equipment and instrument management(7%), calculation of the dose of injection(2%) and the like.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.28-36
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• 2009

While existing literature has focused extensively on the strengths and weaknesses of the Chaebol and their ownership and governance, there have been few studies of Korean non-Chaebol firms. However, Lee, Lee and Pennings (2001) did not specifically investigate the competitive strategies that non-Chaebol firms use to survive against the Chaebol in the domestic Korean market. The motivation of this paper is to document, through four exploratory case studies, the successful competitive strategies of non-Chaebol Korean companies against the Chaebol and then offer some propositions that may be useful to other entrepreneurial firms as well as public policy makers. Competition and cooperation as conceptualized by product similarity and cooperative inter.firm relationship respectively, are major dimensions of firm.level marketing strategy. From these two dimensions, we develop the following $2{\times}2$ matrix, with 4 types of competitive strategies for non-Chaebol companies against the Chaebol (Fig. 1.). The non-Chaebol firm in Cell 1 has a "me-too" product for the low-end market while conceding the high-end market to a Chaebol. In Cell 2, the non-Chaebol firm partners with a Chaebol company, either as a supplier or complementor. In Cell 3, the non-Chaebol firm engages in direct competition with a Chaebol. In Cell 4, the non-Chaebol firm targets an unserved part of the market with an innovative product or service. The four selected cases such as E.Rae Electronics Industry Company (Co-exister), Intops (Supplier), Pantech (Competitor) and Humax (Niche Player) are analyzed to provide each strategy with richer insights. Following propositions are generated based upon our conceptual framework: Proposition 1: Non-Chaebol firms that have a cooperative relationship with a Chaebol will perform better than firms that do not. Proposition 1a; Co-existers will perform better than Competitors. Proposition 1b: Partners (suppliers or complementors) will perform better than Niche players. Proposition 2: Firms that have no product similarity with a Chaebol will perform better than firms that have product similarity. Proposition 2a: Partners (suppliers or complementors) will perform better than Co.existers. Proposition 2b: Niche players will perform better than Competitors. Proposition 3: Niche players should perform better than Co-existers. Proposition 4: Performance can be rank.ordered in descending order as Partners, Niche Players, Co.existers, Competitors. A team of experts was constituted to categorize each of these 216 non-Chaebol companies into one of the 4 cells in our typology. Simple Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in SPSS statistical software was used to test our propositions. Overall findings are that it is better to have a cooperative relationship with a Chaebol and to offer products or services differentiated from a Chaebol. It is clear that the only profitable strategy, on average, to compete against the Chaebol is to be a partner (supplier or complementor). Competing head on with a Chaebol company is a costly strategy not likely to pay off for a non-Chaebol firm. Strategies to avoid head on competition with the Chaebol by serving niche markets with differentiated products or by serving the low-end of the market ignored by the Chaebol are better survival strategies. This paper illustrates that there are ways in which small and medium Korean non-Chaebol firms can thrive in a Chaebol environment, though not without risks. Using different combinations of competition and cooperation firms may choose particular positions along the product similarity and cooperative relationship dimensions to develop their competitive strategies-co-exister, competitor, partner, niche player. Based on our exploratory case-study analysis, partner seems to be the best strategy for non-Chaebol firms while competitor appears to be the most risky one. Niche players and co-existers have intermediate performance, though the former do better than the latter. It is often the case with managers of small and medium size companies that they tend to view market leaders, typically the Chaebol, with rather simplistic assumptions of either competition or collaboration. Consequently, many non-Chaebol firms turn out to be either passive collaborators or overwhelmed competitors of the Chaebol. In fact, competition and collaboration are not mutually exclusive, and can be pursued at the same time. As suggested in this paper, non-Chaebol firms can actively choose to compete and collaborate, depending on their environment, internal resources and capabilities.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.375-402
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• 2020

The adoption and entering into force of the Registration Convention was another achievement in expanding and strengthening the corpus iuris spatialis. It was the fourth treaty negotiated by the member states of the UNCOPUOS and it elaborates further Articles 5 and 8 of the Outer Space Treaty(OST). The Registration Convention also complements and strengthens the Article 11 of the OST, which stipulates an obligation of state parties to inform the UN Secretary-General of the nature, conduct, locations, and results of their space activities in order to promote international cooperation. The prevailing purposes of the Registration Convention is the clarification of "jurisdiction and control" as a comprehensive concept mentioned in Article 5 8 of the OST. In addition to its overriding objective, the Registration Convention also contributes to the promotion and the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes. Establishing and maintaining a public register reduces the possibility of the existence of unidentified space objects and thereby lowers the risk such as, for example, putting the weapons of mass destruction secretly into orbit. And furthermore it could serve for a better space traffic management. The Registration Convention is a treaty established to implement Article 5 of OST for the rescue and return of astronaut in more detail. In this respect, if OST is a general law, the Registration Convention would be said to be in a special law. If two laws conflict the principle of lex specialis will be applied. Countries that have not joined the Registration Convention will have to follow the rules concerning the registration of paragraph 7 of the Declaration by the United Nations General Assembly resolution 1721 (X V I) in 1961. UN Resolution 1721 (XVI) is essentially non-binding, but appears to have evolved into the norm of customary international law requiring all States launching space objects into orbit or beyond to promptly provide information about their launchings for registration to the United Nations. However, the nature and scope of the information to be supplied is left to the discretion of the notifying State. The Registration Convention is a treaty created for compulsory registration of space objects by nations, but in reality it is a treaty that does not deviate from existing practice because it is based on voluntary registration. With the situation of dealing with new problems due to the commercialization and privatization of the space market, issues related to the definition of a 'space object', including matter of the registry state of new state that purchased space objects and space debris matter caused by the suspension of space objects launched by the registry state should be considered as matters when amendments, additional protocols or new Registration Convention are established. Also the question of registration of a flight vehicle in the commercial space market using a space vehicle traveling in a sub-orbital in a short time should be considered.