• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.139-144
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• 2013

Objective : Transient anterograde amnesia is occasionally observed in a number of conditions, including migraine, focal ischemia, venous flow abnormalities, and after general anesthesia. The inhalation anesthetic, isoflurane, is known to induce transient anterograde amnesia. We examined the involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) in the underlying mechanisms of the isoflurane-induced transient anterograde amnesia. Methods : Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups : the control group, the 10 minutes after recovery from isoflurane anesthesia group, and the 2 hours after recovery from isoflurane anesthesia group (n=8 in each group). The rats in the isoflurane-exposed groups were anesthetized with 1.2% isoflurane in 75% nitrous oxide and 25% oxygen for 2 hours in a Plexiglas anesthetizing chamber. Short-term memory was determined using the step-down avoidance task. BDNF and TrkB expressions in the hippocampus were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis. Results : Latency in the step-down avoidance task was decreased 10 minutes after recovery from isoflurane anesthesia, whereas it recovered to the control level 2 hours after isoflurane anesthesia. The expressions of BDNF and TrkB in the hippocampus were decreased immediately after isoflurane anesthesia but were increased 2 hours after isoflurane anesthesia. Conclusion : In this study, isoflurane anesthesia induced transient anterograde amnesia, and the expressions of BDNF and TrkB in the hippocampus might be involved in the underlying mechanisms of this transient anterograde amnesia.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.22-31
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• 2000

Despite research to treat delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), no effective treatment has been reported. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of a hold-relax technique and cryotherapy on DOMS. Thirty-three subjects were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: control, hold-relax technique, or hold-relax technique and cryotherapy. DOMS was induced in the non-dominant biceps muscle through repeated eccentric contractions. Resting elbow joint position, flexion and extension (universal goniometer), pain (Visual Analogue Scale; VAS), and WBC count (blood analysis) were measured one hour before DOMS was induced and 24, 48, and 72 hours after DOMS was induced. The data were analyzed by repeated measure of two-way ANOVA. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1) While analysis showed no significant differences between groups in relation to a resting elbow joint position, there were significant differences over time, especially at 24, 48 hours after DOMS was induced compared with resting elbow joint position before DOMS was induced. 2) While analysis showed no significant differences between groups in relation to range of flexion, there were significant differences between range of flexion before DOMS was induced and range of flexion 72 hours after DOMS was induced. 3) There were no significant differences between groups or over time in relation to range of extension. 4) While analysis showed no significant differences between groups in relation to VAS, there were significant differences over time in different hours. 5) There were no significant differences between groups or over time in relation to WBC count. 6) There were no interactions between groups or over time in all variables. This results suggested that hold-relax technique and cryotherapy were not effective to reduce DOMS.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.738-743
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• 2000

Objectives : The less invasive stereotactic surgery of hypertensive intracerebral hematoma has been preferred. Many techniques were developed to facilitate aspiration of a dense blood clot in acute stage. Authors describe a method for evacuation of putaminal hematoma via computerized tomography(CT)-aided free-hand stereotactic infusion of urokinase and frequent negative pressure aspiration. Patients and Methods : A total of ten patients with spontaneous putaminal hematoma underwent surgery with negative pressure aspiration in the three-year period. All procedures were performed within 12 hours of insult. A silicone ventricular catheter was inserted into the center of hematoma through a burr hole at the Kocher's point under local anesthesia. In a typical case of putaminal hematoma, the trajectory of catheter was pointed the center of hematoma parallel to sagittal plane vertically and the external auditory meatus posteriorly. Immediately after the first trial of hematoma aspiration low-dose urokinase solution(2,000IU/5ml saline) was administrated through the catheter and drain was clipped for 30 minutes. Subsequently, the partially liquified hematoma was manually aspirated using a 10ml syringe with a negative pressure of less than 2 to 3ml. The procedure was carefully repeated every 1 hour until the hematoma was near totally evacuated. Results : The patients population consisted composed of 4 men and 6 women with a mean age of 61.6 years. All had major neurological deficits preoperatively. The mean hematoma volume was 44.3 ml and hematoma was drained for 20 to 48 hours. No complications such as rebleeding, meningitis, or malplaced catheter were noted. Outcome was moderately disabled in four patients and good recovery in three patients. Conclusion : Although the frequent negative pressure aspiration and low-dose urokinase infusion has the disadvantage of possbility of rebleeding and infection, it is consisdered to be an effective method because it allows a simple, safe, and complete removal of hematoma.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.51-56
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• 1970

Studies on the feeding and resting behavior of Culex pipiens pallens, a possible vector of Japanese encephalitis in Korea, was carried out at Kobu-Ri, Kobu-Myon, Chongup Kun. Cholla Pukdo in 1967. 1. Indoor and outdoor human biting collections showed that 47.3 per cent Culex pipiens pallens were collected indoors and 52.7 per cent outdoors. 2.Feeding occurred throughout the night from dusk to dawn, with the peak period from 23:00-24:00 hours outside the house and from 24:00-01:00 hours inside. 3. Culex pipiens pallens females preferred man for their blood feeding to domestic animals. The results of human and cow biting collections showed that the feeding ratio between man and cow was 2.1 to 1. As to the feeding preference to the domestic animals, the ratio among cow, pig and horse was 7.3 to 5.1 to 5.4 4. Daytime resting collections showed that large numbers of Culex pipiens pallens females rest inside the house, especially in the bed room and the chicken pen. As temperatures increased, fewer mosquitoes resting indoors and more mosquitoes rest ing outdoors were caught. By means of sweep-net collections at outdoors resting places, a small number of Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes were caught in such places as grass fields, vegetable fields, barley fields, bean fields, culverts, bomb shelters, and so on. A comparison between number of mosquitoes collected resting during the day in bedrooms and verandahs with resting collections in the same places at night showed that more mosquitoes were present at night. It was observed that the majority of the unfed females rested before feeding at night.

• 벤처혁신연구
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.57-70
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• 2022

현대의 산업자본주의는 근로의 제공과 임금의 수령이라는 관계가 사회를 규율하는 중요한 원리로 자리 잡고 있다. 근로계약에 따라 자신의 노동력에 대한 처분권을 사용자에게 맡기고 제공받는 임금은 직접적인 보상이 되고 있으며, 적절한 휴식의 보장으로 인간다운 삶의 보장과 재생산을 할 수 있어야 한다. 자유계약에 의한 근로관계의 구축은 근로자 보호에 문제점을 나타내고 있으며, 이에 따라 근로자에 대한 최소한의 권리로 근로시간의 최대치를 정하고 최소휴식의 기준을 설정·부여하고 있다. 근로시간의 단축은 근로자의 삶의 질이라는 측면에서 매우 중요하지만 효율적인 기업활동에 있어서도 중요한 문제이다. 우리나라는 2020년 기준 연간 근로시간이 1,908시간으로 장시간 근로를 하고 있으며, UN산하 자문기구인 지속가능발전해법네트워크(SDSN)가 조사한 행복지수에서 OECD 37개국 중에서 하위 3번째로 나타나고 있다. 이에 따라 근로시간 단축의 필요성은 인정되어, 2018년부터 1주의 최대 근로시간이 52시간으로 제한하고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 기업의 부가가치 창출력을 유지하고, 근로자의 다양한 니즈에 부응하기 위한 방안으로 법적으로 다양한 근로시간의 예외를 두고 있으며, 우리나라 근로기준법은 3개월 이내의 탄력적 근로시간제와 3개월을 초과하는 탄력적 근로시간제, 선택적 근로시간제와 근로시간의 연장을 허용하는 연장근로의 제한을 두어 이를 허용하고 있다. 하지만 2021년 개정된 탄력적 근로시간제를 적용하는 것과 최근 논의되고 있는 정산 단위기간의 확대에 대한 논의에서 탄력적 근로시간제의 문제점이 있어 이에 대한 개선이 필요하다. 따라서 본 논문은 탄력적 근로시간제의 문제점과 이에 때한 개선방안을 살펴보고자 한다. 탄력적 근로시간제는 미리정한 기준에 따라 특정일 또는 특정주에 법정근로시간을 초과하더라도 근로기준법에서 정하고 있는 근로시간에 위배되는 것이 아님과 동시에 초과한 연장근로에 대한 가산임금을 지급하지 않아도 되는 제도로 주로 계절별 시기별 업무량 편차가 심한 제조업, 판매서비스업, 연속사업이나 장기간 조업을 위한 전기·가스·수도, 운수업 등에 있어 교대근무형태로 유용하게 활용되고 있으며, 운용에 따라 보다 짧은 근무일 설정을 통한 휴일 확대 등 근로시간 단축의 방편으로 활용되기도 한다. 하지만 정산 단위기간을 확대할 경우 근로자가 수령할 수 있는 가산임금을 수령하지 못하게 되어 근로자에게 불리하다. 따라서 첫째, 현재 논의되고 있는 정산 단위기간 확대를 하려면 현행 기준에서 확대되는 기간에 대하여 추가임금 지급을 하도록 하여야 한다. 둘째, 탄력적 근로시간제의 개별근로자에 대한 적용을 개선하여 근로자대표와의 서면합의에 있어 개별근로자와 충분한 협의를 하도록 하는 조치가 필요하고, 셋째, 정산 단위기간 동안 연장 근로의 허용시간을 명확히 하여야 하며, 넷째, 1일 최대근로시간이 정해지지 않고 있어 근로시간의 한도를 최대 근로시간으로 제한하거나 연속휴식에 대한 적용이 필요하며, 추가적으로 근로자대표의 서면합의가 탄력적 근로시간제의 적용에 있어 중요한 문제이므로 근로자대표의 대표성을 확보하여야 할 것이다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.406-418
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• 1996

침수의 깊이와 시간에 따른 토마토의 생육단계별 생육저해정도와 수량 감소 및 이와 관련된 이병성, 시비효과, 형태적 특성 및 생리적 변화 등의 차이를 비교 검토하여 침수피해에 따른 피해정도의 예측에 기초자료로 활용하기 위하여 온실조건에서 발아기, 유묘기별로 각각 침수깊이를 지면위 0, 5. 10, 15 cm의 4개 처리에, 각각 시간을 6, 12, 24, 48, 120 시간으로 처리하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 발아기(發芽期) 만수(漫水) 반응(反應) $0{\sim}5$ cm 침수에서 48시간, $10{\sim}15$ cm 침수에서는 $25{\sim}27$시간을 기점으로 현저한 발아제한이 이루어졌다. 초장은 침수깊이에 관계없이 24시간 이내까지 회복이 가능했고, 엽수는 침수깊이가 증대됨에 따라 회복 가능한 시간의 한계가 짧아졌다. 생체중의 감소는 지하부보다 지상부에서 민감한 반응을 보이고, 침수경과 24이내에서 회복이 가능하였다. 침수처리별 발아율과 초장, 엽수, 지상 및 지하부 생체중간의 모든 형질간에 고도의 유의적 상관 관계가 있었다. 2. 유묘기(幼苗期) 만수(漫水) 반응(反應) 초장은 0 cm 깊이에서는 24시간 처리수준까지 초장회복이 되었고, 그 이상 깊이에서는 시간과 관계없이 유의적인 감소가 되었으며, 엽수에서는 0 cm에서는 120시간까지도 회복되었고, 5 cm에서는 24시간까지 회복이 가능하였으나, 그 이상 깊이에서는 6시간 이상처리에서 유의적인 감소가 있었다. 지상 및 지하부 생장량은 초장 및 엽수에서와 같은 경향을 보였다. 최장근신장이 0 cm 침수에서는 대조구의 80% 정도로 유지될 수 있었지만 5 cm이상 깊이에서는 120시간 침수로 근신장이 불가능 하였다. 근활력은 0 cm이상의 침수로 현저히 감퇴되었고, 호흡량은 5 cm 깊이를 변환점으로 하여 현저한 감소가 야기되었다. 그러나 광합성량은 침수깊이에 따라 직선적으로 감소하였다. 엽록소 함량은 침수깊이를 달리하여 48시간까지는 완만한 감소를 보였으나, 120시간에서는 현저한 엽록소 분해가 초래되었다. 발병은 침수처리 깊이와 시간 증대에 비례하여 커지는 경향이었고, 살균제 처리에 따른 방제의 가능성은 있었으나, 질소엽면시비 효과는 없었다. 개체당 총과중과 총과수는 침수깊이와 시간이 길어 질수록 완만하게 감소하였고, 평균 과중은 증대 되었으며, 침수깊이와 시간간의 통계적인 상호작용 효과는 없었다. 생장 및 수량 특성 모든 조사항목들 상호간에 고도의 유의성 있는 정의 상관관계를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.157-166
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• 1984

These biologic test procedures are designed to test the suitability of P.V.C. made in Korea intended for parenteral preparation, which were based on the U.S. Pharmacopeia XIX "Biologic Test-Plastic Container", Official from July 1, 1975. Healthy adult human blood and rabbits weighing 2\ulcorner.2Kg were used for test materials. Sample P.V.C. were sampled from the medical equipments made in Korea randomly and Control P.V.C. were sampled from the standardized Cobe and Polystan P.V.C. tubes. P.V.C. extract was prepared from a homogeneous P.V.C. samples by incubating 60 square centimeters of the sample per 20 millimeters of sterile pyrogen-free saline at 70\ulcorner for 72 hours or autoclaving at 120\ulcorner for 1 hour. The Implantation Test was designed to evaluate the reaction of living tissue to the plastic by the method of the implantation of the Sample itself into animal tissue. The Systemic Injection Test, the Intracutaneous Test, and the remainders were designed to determine the biological response of animals to plastics by the single-dose injection of specific extracts prepared from a Sample. The results are as follows; 1.Implantation Test - No significant difference for reactions was noted between the Sample treated animal and the Control after 72 hours of implantation. 2.Systemic Toxicity Injection Test - No sign of toxicity and/or death immediately after injection and at 4, 24, 48 hours respectfully after injection. 3.Intracutaneous Test - None of the animals treated with the Sample showed a significantly greater reaction than the observed in the animals treated with Blank. 4.Pyrogen Assay-Only one animal treated with the Sample showed the maximal rise of rectal temperature about 0.2\ulcorner after 3 hours of injection, but remainders showed no change. 5.Hemolytic Index - The positive Control tube of distilled water exhibited complete hemolysis while the negative Control tube and P.V.C. extract were negative demonstrating no hemolysis. 6.Cell Morphology of Erythrocytes and Leukocytes on Stored, Heparinized Human Blood -- There was no significant difference in the morphology of either the Control or Sample extract. 7.Clotting Mechanism of Human Blood in vitro - After allowing to the P.V.C. extract at room temperature for 5 Hours and at 10\ulcorner for 24 hours, there was no appreciable difference in Prothrombin Time under these conditions. 8.Clotting Mechanism of Rabbit in vivo - At the termination of 5 days after intraperitoneal injection of the P.V.C. extract, no significant changes in Clotting Time were observed. According to the above results, it could be concluded that the P.V.C. made in Korea was acceptable for parenteral preparation, especially treated with physiologic saline and/or human blood.man blood.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.136-140
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• 1986

생선회에 사용되는 선어육중에 오염된 장염비브리오균이 저장온도와 시간에 따른 균의 증감정도를 파악하여 식중독 예방대책에 필요한 기초자료를 얻고자 가다랭이와 방어의 마쇄육에 Kanagawa현상 양성인 장염비브리오균을 접종하여 $30^{\circ}C,\;18^{\circ}C,\;4^{\circ}C$ 및 $-20^{\circ}C$에서 24시간 저장하면서 매 2시간마다 균수의 변화를 실험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 가다랭이나 방어의 마쇄육에 장염비브리오균을 접종하여 상온에 방치하여 두었을때 처음 2시간까지는 균수감소 경향을 나타내었으며 그 이후부터 급격한 균의 증식현상이 나타났다. 2. 생선 마쇄육에 장염비브리오균을 $10^3/g$ 정도 오염시켜 $18^{\circ}C$에 10시간정도 보관하여 두었을때 $10^4/g$ 정도로 증가하는데 반하여 $30^{\circ}C$에 같은 시간 보관하였을 경우에는 $10^6/g$인으로 증가하였다. 3. 장염비브리오균을 생선마쇄육에 오염시켜 $-20^{\circ}C$에서 24시간 저장했을 때에 약 $20\%$의 생잔율을 나타내었다. 4. 생선회를 $4^{\circ}C$ 냉장고에 보관했을에 4시간후에는 약 $10\%$ 감소하였고, 24시간 후에는 약 $50\%$ 감소하였다. 5. 용선회를 $4^{\circ}C$에 냉장보관할때 신선한 방어육에 오염된 장염비브리균이 동결해동한 가다랭이육에 오염된 경우 보다 균 감소율이 $10{\sim}15\%$정도 높았다.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.245-257
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• 2000

A clinical study was done 40 patients of chronic prostatitis who was treated in Dept. of Internal Medicine, Oriental Medicine Hospital, Taejon University, from 1 Mar. 1999 to 31 Oct. 1999. The results were as follows. 1. In distribution of age, 30's and 40's were 57.5% the most, 20's and 60's were 35.0%, 50's was 7.5%. 2. In distribution of past history, the urethritis(45.0%) was the most. 3. In distribution of ocupation, a white-collar worker was 35.0%, a business man was 22.5%, a public servant was 12.5%, etc. 4. Sitting the mean time of day were distributed 5~7 hours, above 7 hours, 3~5 hours, under 3 hours, etc. 5. The resting interval of a long distance drive were distributed 2 hours(35.0%), 3 hours(32.5%), etc. 6. The habit of enduring ejaculation during sexual intercourse was showed 45.0%. 7. The habit of enduring urination was showed 20.0%. 8. Influency of mental stress was showed 90.0%. 9. Ten cases(25.0%) were showed riding horse or riding bicycle. 10. Four cases(10.0%) were showed wearing tight trousers. 11. The habit of put a wallet his hip pocket was showed 57.5%. 12. The most common symptom was distributed the others symp-tom(66.8%) and the voiding symptom(63.3%) more than pain-neuro-logical symptom(37.5%) and symptom related with sexual function (26.6%). 13. In distribution of palpation, lower abdominal pain, lumbar pain, perineal or parascrotal pain were mostly showed right side. Moreover diagnosis of pulsation was weakly showed chi pulse of right. 14. Duration of disease were distributed above 1 year(82.5%), under 1 year(17.5%). Degree of prostatitis was severe showed adove 1 year. 15. The distribution of WBC count of the prostatic secretion, com-paring with before therapy and after therapy, were showed from 5 cases to 0 case in very many/HPF, from 23 cases to 13 cases in many/HPF, from 12 cases to 13 cases in 10~30/HPF, from 0 case to 13 cases in under 10/HPF. 16. Therapeutic improvement of symptom were distributed pain-neurological symptom(94.8%), the others symptom(90.8%), the void-ing symptom(89.6%) and symptom related with sexual function(67.5%). 17. Differentiation of symptoms and signs were distributed dificiency of spleen-lung vital energy, wetness-heat of lower warmer, dificiency of spleen-kidney yang, dificiency of kidney yin, wetness-phlegm, dificiency of vital energy and blood. The prescriptions were Bojungikgitang(44.6%), Yukmijihwangtang(20.7%), Palmijihwangtang(12.0%), etc.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.130-135
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• 1997

본 연구는 개화기의 토마토에 각각 침수깊이를 지면위 0, 5, 10, 15cm의 4개 처리에, 각각 시간을 6, 12, 24, 48, 120시간 조합 처리후 생육저해정도, 생리적 변화 및 수량감소 등을 비교 검토하였다. 초장은 $0{\sim}10cm$ 깊이에서 48시간 이상 침수, 15cm 깊이에서 24시간이상 침수에서만 초장이 저하되었고, 엽수에서는 0cm 깊이에서 12시간까지, 그리고 5cm 이상 깊이에서 6시간까지만 무처리와 대등하였고, 그 이상에서는 감소하였다. 생체중의 변화는 0cm에서 12시간까지, 그리고 그 이상 깊이에서는 $6{\sim}12cm$시간까지, 뿌리의 생체중은 0cm에서 48시간까지, 5cm에서는 12시간까지 무처리와 비슷하였으며, $10{\sim}15cm$에서는 6시간 처리에서도 감소하였다. 개체당 착화수와 결실수는 침수 길이가 길고 시간이 길수록 뚜렷이 감소하였다. 부정근 발생은 $0{\sim}10cm$ 깊이에서는 24시간 이상, 15cm 깊이에서는 12시간 이상이 경과하면 부정근 발생이 많았다. 상편생장정도는 침수가 길이가 길고 시간이 길수록 급격히 증대하였다. 잎의 기공확산저항성은 침수가 깊고 시간이 경과될수록 증대되었다. 발병은 침수 시간경과에 따라 심하였고 살균제 처리에 의한 방제효과가 있었다. 요소엽면시비는 경엽증의 증대에 효과가 있었다. 개체당 총과실수는 0cm 깊이에서 24시간까지는 감소는 없었으나 그 이상의 깊이에서는 감소되었으며, 처리시간이 길어질수록 커졌다. 착화수가 줄었기 때문에 평균 과중은 각 침수깊이의 120시간 처리를 제외한다면 오히려 침수깊이가 깊어지고 침수시간이 길어질수록 커졌다. 상편 생장정도와 기공확산저항성 정도는 다른 모든 조사형질간에 부의 상관관계를 보이고 수량특성을 나타내는 개체당 총 과중과 총 과수 및 평균 과중 상호간에는 정의 상관관계를 보였다.