• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2001

Objectives: We surveyed the prevalence of smoking among the adolescent population and analysed the correlation of the two exposure biomarkers-concentration of blood cadmium and urinary cotinine-to the smoking status. Methods: Subjects were 193 middle and high school students in Chungnam province. Blood cadmium and urinary cotinine were compared by sex and smoking status. Smoking status were classified by either the concentration of urinary cotinine or subjective answering as a smoker in the questionnaire. Results: Smoking prevalence was 24.6%, 36.2% and 6.7% among all subjects, male and female subjects, respectively. Average smoking amount was 17.5 and 1.5 cigarettes per month among the male subjects and female subjects, respectively. Mean concentration of urinary cotinine among the male subjects was $135.57{\mu}g/{\ell}$, and that of female subjects was $116.59{\mu}g/$. Direct smokers showed higher concentration of urinary cotinine than those of indirect smokers, and subjects with higher urinary concentration showed higher prevalence of smoking, too. Mean concentration of blood cadmium was $0.0572{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ among the male subjects, and $0.0693{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ among the female subjects. Among the male subjects, both exposure biomarkers showed significant correlation to the smoking status, but among the female subjects urinary cotinine did not show significant correlation to the smoking status. Conclusion: Concentrations of these two biomarkers suggested that this population had significantly high evironmental tobacco smoking(ETS) and efficient stop-smoking programs to reduce ETS should be directed to this population.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.133-140
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• 2005

Purpose： This study estimated the prevalence of smoking among male and female school employees. This study also correlated key indicators of health with the number of cigarettes consumed per day by the male smokers. The indicators of health included health behavior, blood pressure (mmHg), BMI (kg/m2), diabetes, total cholesterol, GOT, GPT and GTP. Methods： Subjects included 2,640 male and 2,747 female employees working at elementary, middle, and high schools who received a physical check-up at the Seoul School Health Center in 2002. Data was obtained from the physical examinations, questionnaires, and laboratory results. Results： 39.7% of males and 0.4% of females were current smokers. 60% of the male smokers consumed between 10 and 19 cigarettes per day, and39.6% of male smokers had been smoking between 10 and 19 years. Smokers who consumed more than one pack per day had a relatively higher BMI than the non-smokers (24.7 24.1, respectively). However, smokers had lower blood pressure than non-smokers. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure of current-smokers were 128.2 and 82.8, respectively, while the values among non-smokers were 129 and 84.5, respectively. The proportion of current smokers with severe obesity (over BMI 30) was 5.0%. This was considerably higher than the 1.3% of severely obese non-smokers. Current-smokers also had mean and abnormal rate of fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, GOT, GPT, and GTP that were higherthan those of non-smokers. The frequency of red meat consumption, alcohol use, perceived incidents of stress were alsomore frequent in current-smokers than in non-smokers. Exercise frequency was also lower among smokers. In multiple regression after adjusting all possible confounding factors including age, BMI, diet, and drink, the parameter value of fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, GOT, GPT, and GTP increased relative to the level of cigarette consumption. Conclusion： Among school employees, health behavior, and general health status including BMI, total cholesterol, GOT, GPT, GTP, and fasting blood glucose were worse in smokers than in non-smoker.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2005

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors contributing to intentions of quitting smoking, and use of smoking cessation services for daily smokers, and willingness of using smoking cessation services by the public health centers. Method: A total of 1,403 cases of male smokers were collected by a telephone survey. The age of smokers in the study ranged from 20 to 59. Socio-demographic variables, cigarette consumption behaviors, quit attempts and intentions of quitting smoking, and use of clinical services provided by the local public health centers were analysed using SPSS program. Result: About 77.8% of the smokers consumed a pack of cigarettes or less per day. About 20% of the smokers have used quit aides such as nicotine patch, gum, quit cigarettes, and acupuncture. These variables were associated with prior quit attempts in the past 1 year. Older age, degree of addiction(less time spent without smoking after a smoker gets up in the morning), prior quit attempts, panning to quit in one month, doctor's advice to quit were the major predictors of using the smoking cessation services provided by the public health centers. Conclusion: Health educators have to entice physicians to give smoking cessation advice to smokers, and have to provide many different types of educational programs to help quitting smoking.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.4575-4581
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• 2014

Turkey protects its entire population of 75 million people with all the MPOWER measures at the highest level. The aim of this study is to make a comparison of smoking and addiction data obtained from Sakarya University students in 2005-6 and 2012-13. A total of 4,200 (2,500 and 1,700 for each academic year) students at Sakarya University in Sakarya, Turkey, were randomly selected for sampling purposes. The selected participants represented Sakarya University students. Data were collected using a pretested anonymous and confidential, self-completed questionnaire which took 15-20 minutes to complete and Fagerstrom Test for nicotine dependence. Chi-squared, Spearman correlation, and binary logistic regression tests were used to define associations, if any. The level of significance was kept at alpha=0.05. Smoking prevalance dropped by 8.5% (from 26.9% to 18.5%). Male gender, older age, high family smoking index, low self-rated school success, and high peer smoker proportion were common variables that have correlation with smoking status. In the binary logistic regression test the highest contributor to "being a smoker" was found to be the rate of peer smokers. Having all friends smoking puts the student a a 47.5 and 58.0 times higher risk for smoking for males and females, respectively. Our results suggest an admirable diminution of smoking prevalance among Sakarya University students, which can be attributed to MPOWER protection.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.125-138
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was attempted to find out female smoking behavior and the smoking related factors. Method: Study subjects were 226 female smokers who have visited temporary clinic or smoking cessation clinic run by 10 public health centers in Incheon. The data were collected through the questionnaire specially designed for this study from April 1 to June 30, 2008. The data were analyzed by the SPSS 12.0 program. Result: 68.0% of feale smokers have smoked habitually. The average daily smoking amount of the subjects was $12.0{\pm}8.7$ ea, average rate of nicotine dependence was $4.2{\pm}2.2$ points, the mean smoking duration was $12.7{\pm}9.3$ years, and the smoking start age was $23.1{\pm}8.5$ year old. The smoking behavior by the drinking frequency showed significant difference in average daily smoking amount and rate of nicotine dependence(p<.05). Also the smoking behavior by exercise showed significant difference in current smoking frequency(p<.05). There was positive relation between female smoking behavior and monthly income, frequency of drinking, exercise, and stress respectively(p<.05, p<.01). Conclusion: Compared to a male smoker, the average daily smoking amount of a female smoker was less and the duration of smoking was longer. This study suggests that not only a social movement about a female smoking cessation is imperative but also smoking cessation programs should be combined with reduced drinking consumption, exercise and stress relief programs. Moreover, early intervention for preventing teenager smoking should be added to smoking cessation programs.

• 한국환경독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경독성학회 2003년도 추계국제학술대회
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• pp.150-150
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to describe the distribution of metals concentrations in blood of adults who were not occupationally exposed in Korea. The blood samples were obtained between February and August 2001 from volunteer adults in urban area of Korea. 66 male participants were 46 (20-75) years of age and 74 female were 40 (20-69) years of age. The levels of metals in blood were observed the log-normal distribution, and we calculated geometric mean (GM) and geometric standard deviation (GSD). The GM levels of metals in blood of the men were 65.88$\mu\textrm{g}$/$\ell$, 1.01$\mu\textrm{g}$/$\ell$, 0.23$\mu\textrm{g}$/$\ell$ and 0.15$\mu\textrm{g}$/$\ell$, for Pb, Cr, Ni and Cd, respectively. The GM levels of the women were 58.49$\mu\textrm{g}$/$\ell$, 1.66$\mu\textrm{g}$/$\ell$, 0.30$\mu\textrm{g}$/$\ell$ and 0.10$\mu\textrm{g}$/$\ell$, for Pb, Cr, Ni and Cd, respectively. The levels of Pb-B and Cd-B were significantly higher non-smoker than smoker, whereas those of Cr-B and Ni-B were not different by smoking habit.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 1981

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of passive inhalation of cigarette smoke and the correlation between change of flicker value and active or passive smoking in poorly ventilated room. Forty five male students were tested by divided into four experimental groups composed of active and passive smokers and three control groups. Each four experimental groups were exposed to smoke for Two hours in enclosed room. Vital capacities, flicker values, blood carboxyhemoglobin levels and carbon monoxide concentration in room air were estimated before, during and after the exposure, and amounts of smoking or smoke exposure during two hours were also noted. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Concentration of carbon monoxide in air and increase of blood carboxyhemoglobin level (% COHb) were positively correlated with smoking amount. 2. Increase of blood carboxyhemoglobin in passive smokeres, in average, were about seventy six percent of that in smokers, as 2.2% vs. 2.9%. 3. Comparison with published data showed that Peterson's equation gave most similar result to this study in estimation of increase of blood carboxyhemoglobin level. 4. During the exposure, flicker values fell steadily in both experimental groups and control groups as time passed. Flicker values were, however, elevated again in experimental groups after exposure, despite the fact that values still fell in control groups. 5. Blood carboxyhemoglobin and flicker value were negatively correlated and this correlationship was stronger in passive smoker than in active smoker. 6. Multiple regression equation between flicker value and exposure time and blood carboxyhemoglobin level was expressed as: Flicker value=41.6-0.2 COHb%-0.9Hour, 7. In general, it is suggested that biological criteria would be more preferrable than chemical criteria in establishment of statutory limitation of smoking in enclosed spaces.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.569-579
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• 1994

The genetically determined ability to metabolize debrisoquine (DBR) is related to risk of lung cancer and DBR hydroxylation exhibits wide inter-individual variation. In this study, 100 korean adults were tested for their ability to metabolize DBR. The DBR metabolic phenotype were determined by metabolic ratio (MR, DBR / 4-HDBR) which is the percent dose excreted as unchanged DBR divided by the percent dose excreted as 4-hydroxyebrisoquine(4-HDBR) in a aliquot of an eight hour urine sample, after 10mg DBR test dose administration. Analysis was performed on a capillary gas chromatograph fitted with electron capture detector. The results were as follows; 1 Geometric mean of DBR MR was 0.32 in male,0.27 in female,0.30 in total and the distribution of log (MR) was seemed to follow normal distribution. 2. Metabolic ratio of DBR was higher in non-smoker and non-drinker than in smoker and drinker without any statistically significant difference. 3. None of personal factors was significantly related to DBR MR except age. 4. The DBR metabolic phenotype was extensive metabolizer(EM) 93, intermediate metabolizer(IM) 7 by traditional method and EM 98, IM 3 by Caporaso's method. The poor metabolizer (PM) phenotype was not found by either method. 5. Maximal expected PM phenotype was 0.36% by traditional method and 0.04% by Caporaso's method.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.125-134
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• 2021

Purpose : This study applies inspiratory muscle resistance exercise with aerobic exercise to smokers and nonsmokers and then determines whether subjects' breathing functions (FVC, FEV1) are increased and how much effect smoking has on the difference in the increase of breathing functions between the two groups. Methods : For this experiment, 26 male adults were selected and randomly allocated to the smoker group (n=13) and nonsmoker group (n=13). The smokers and nonsmokers performed the inspiratory muscle resistance exercise with aerobic exercise three times a week for four weeks. Regarding the breathing functions, the forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) were measured three times: week 0, week 2, and week 4. The aerobic exercise was performed using a stationary bicycle with 8 difficulty levels. The inspiratory muscle resistance exercise was performed using Power Breathe with 10 resistance levels. Results : The study found that the FVC and FEV1 values of the smoker group decreased slightly after four weeks of inspiratory muscle resistance exercise with aerobic exercise. In other words, the difference was not statistically significant. In contrast, the FVC and FEV1 values of the nonsmoker group increased by a statistically significant amount. In addition, the intergroup comparison of the average increases in FVC and FEV1 values showed statistically significant differences. Conclusion : The results of this study show that when inspiratory muscle resistance exercise with aerobic exercise was performed, the increase in the breathing functions of nonsmokers was higher than that of smokers. This confirms that, within the parameters of the study, smoking had a negative effect on the increase of breathing functions. This suggests that quitting smoking must be considered as an essential factor when applying a breathing physiotherapy or a breathing function improvement program in clinical settings

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.54-68
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• 1996

This study aimed at examining the risk factors of smoking behavior among middle school students and preparing school-based smoking prevention program. This study surveyed at February 1995 from 892 students at 3 middle schools in Seoul. The major findings of this study are follows; The proportion of current smoker among students in this study was 3.8%, and the proportion of intentions to smoking was 8.4%. At demographic variables male, pocket money of month was significantly positive association with smoking behavior, but economic status and education status of father were significantly negative association with smoking behavior. Results indicated that social influence variables(peer influence), alcohol, and positive attitudes of smoking were significantly positive association with smoking behavior. So implications for smoking prevention programs may be more effective at risk populations than using general adolescent population. Also ‘School-based smoking prevention programs’ may be learning social pressure resistance skills and giving knowledge and information about negative attitudes about smoking.