• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.1-11
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• 2002

The morphology, seed germination, and life history of Salix nipponica were investigated in the wetland of the Nam-River, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea from 2000 to 2001 to provide the basic data necessary for riverine ecosystem restoration through understanding the growth characteristics of Salix nipponica. Salix nipponica had stomata on only lower side and stomata type was paracytic. Salix nipponica produced many small and light seeds. The seed number per mature ament was 1599.4, seed mass of 0.04 mg, and fertilization rate of 66.1%. Seed germination was little affected by light. Germination rate was high and mean germination time was short Under flooding condition, seeds were germinated normally and were viable after as much as 14 days of flooding. But there were no differences under various water depths on germination rates. Tree age was closely correlated with more stem diameter than tree height and there was no difference of growth rate between male and female tree. Growth rate was most rapid for 2 to 3 years after germination, and length growth was almost stopped for more than 11 years even though mass growth was done. Besides even a second-year indivisual was flowered.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1990.05a
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• pp.128-129
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• 1990

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.698-704
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of diet of Korean safflower(Carthamus tinctorious L.) seed powder on bone tissue during the recovery of rib-fracture in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats of 10 weeks old, weighing 370$\pm$5g, were divided into two groups including the control group(C group, AIN-76 semipurified diet) and safflower seed group(S group, AIN-76 semipurified diet+10% safflower seed powder) and were fed experimental diets for 12 days after adaptation period. After this period, the 9th right rib was fractured surgically and sham-operation was also performed. Rats were fed with experimental diets for up to 30 more days after rib-fracture. The degree of bone repair was evaluated during the recovery period at the 8th, 11th, 16th, 21st, 30th days after the surgical operation by microscopic observation of the fractured rib tissue. In callus formation, the portion of hyaline cartilage was noticably higher in S group than C group. The intracatilagenous ossification was observed at the 8th day in S group, but at 11th day in C group. The intramembranous ossification in callus was widely found over the 8th day to the 11th day in S group, but it was shown over the 11th day to the 16th day in C group. Bone resorption was also occured more rapidly in S group as indicated by large numbers of osteoclasts observed. At the 30th day, most of trabecular bones were disappeared in S group, whereas still shwon in C group over wide ranges of fractured ribs. These results imply that the supplementation of Korean safflower seed powder influences in the recovery of bone fracture by accelerating the process of bone repair.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.85-90
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• 1997

This study was carried out to clarify the cause of incompatibility in interspecific hybrid plant between Panax ginseng and p. quinquefolium. The floral structure of F,(p.g. x p.q.) hybrid was normal because the redundant anther was 0.2 mm longer than pistil in Fl hybrid and the size and structure of redundant carpel in F, hybrid were similar to P. ginseng and p. quiquefolium Pollens of $F_1$ hybrid did not germinate on stigma of P-quinquefolium but germinated well on stigma of P. ginseng. Pollen tube was able to penetrate styles completely and seed harvest rate was 16.8% in field. However on stigma of $F_1$ hybrid, Pollen did not germinate when P. ginseng was used as male Parent. In addition, the growth of pollen tube was halted on style and seed was not set when P qlfinquefoEi2a was used as male Parent. These suggest that the inhibitor of pollen germination present on stigma caused $F_1$ hybrid sterility. It took 5 hours for pollen grains to germinate, 12 hours to arrive at in trance of ovule, 16 hours to penetrate micropyles in Panax ginseng.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2002

Korean safflower (Carthami Flos) seed has been known to have healing effects on both bone fracture and osteoporosis. On the base of such a notice, this experiment was carried out to explore the effects of safflower seed on bone formation and bone repair. In addition, the healing mechanism was evaluated by analysing serum after feeding the seed to experimental. animals. The effect of Korean safflower seed were evaluated with 40 rats,3-month old. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats composed of 20 male and 20 female were underwent unilateral tibial defect and then fastened with unilateral fixators. The operated rats were divided into two groups depending on the composition of diet, such as positive control group fed normal diet (C-OP group) and safflower seed group fed 30% of safflower seed diet and 70% of normal diet (S-OP group). Postoperative radiographys were taken once in 2 weeks to evaluate callus formation for operated groups. In addition, a possible protein spots involved in bone recovery were examined using 2-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (2-DE). The comparison of the radiography between C-OP and S-OP group were showed that the safflower seed diet appeared to stimulate the formation of callus in the rat. On the images of 2-BE, it was able to identify possible five protein spots, having pl from 4 to 5 and molecular weight range from 24 to 26 kDa, involved in bone formation and repair, since no differing protein spots were found the two between groups except the five spots. No differences were observed between two groups before operation, but clear and bigger protein spots were observed from the S-OP group compared with C-OP group on 6 and 9 weeks post operation. These protein spots were, however, showed similar sizes and densities between two groups in 12 weeks later. The transformation of protein spots was suggested that these protein spots were involved in bone formation and recovery, in addition safflower seed might induce the formation of factors and activate these factors. In conclusion, this study suggest that safflower seed influence a variety of factors in the course of bone formation or the periods of remedy.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.195-209
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• 2008

Some Korean terminologies on reproductive structures of seed plants in plant morphology, written incorrectly in many books, were analysed to propose accurately expressed terminologies. 31 books in areas such as general biology, plant biology, plant morphology, and biological dictionaries and glossaries were selected to analyse the accuracy of the terminologies for reproductive structures in gymnosperms, e.g., cone or strobilus, seed (or ovulate) cone and pollen cone, and conifer(s) or coniferous plants, and for flower structures in angiosperms, e.g., corolla, anther, filament, pistillate (or female) flower and staminate (or male) flower, apocarpous, and syncarpous. The definition and etymology of the terminologies were traced in 4 textbooks of plant anatomy and 2 dictionaries of biology and botany written in English. On the basis of the definition, etymology, and principles for terminology formation according to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 704:2000), reasonably expressed Korean terminologies were proposed. All of the 8 terminologies examined in this study were included in the glossary of biological terminologies, published by the Korean Association of Biological Sciences in 2005, and designated as an editorial source for science and biology textbooks for middle and high schools by Ministry of Education in 2007. However, the only 1 of the 8 terminologies described in the glossary were consistent with the proposed expression in the present study. These inconsistencies indicated the need for a reassessment of this glossary of biological terminologies. The newly proposed terminologies would facilitate mutual understanding between teachers and students of plant biology.

• Plant Resources
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 2004

We characterized the resistances such as to waterlogging, Phytophythora and viruses in hybrids between Italian and Korean mother lines and screened them for complex resistances and agronomic traits to select elite multi-resistant lines for hybrid breeding. Resistance to waterlogging was selectable due to diversity of the resistance. Phytophythora resistance introduced from Italian lines could also be combined with resistance to other diseases and restoration abilities from cytoplasmic male sterility that has been maintained in Korean varieties.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.99-104
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• 1993

The objectives of this study were investigation of the sutiable propagation method by softwood cuttings of female Ilex serrata, the comparison of sex determination of Ilex serrata after seeding and the fruiting percentage of the Ilex serrata male and female. The results obtained were as follows. 85 percentage of the seed were germinated with three months cold stratification. 35 percentage of female plant were observed after seeding. Cuttings should be rooted on late June using a quick dipping of 1,000ppm IBA solution. The rooting rate of the softwood cuttings treated IBA 1,000pm on June 22 in a closed moist chamber with 50% shade screen was 72.2 percentage. The suitable planting of male and female of Ilex serrata was male one versus female thirteen in a distance of 50 meter.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.49-57
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• 1980

A $F_1$ hybrid out of 143 crosses of rape (Brassica napus) using cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility yielded 5.18 tons per hectare. European and native varieties used, were found out to have 78% and 58% of genes restoring fertility, respectively. The $F_1$ hybrids of three way cross using non-isogenic maintainer showed higher heteroses than those of double cross. To produce F 1 hybrids of three way cross, three stages of crossing operations are needed and seeds produced from about 60 hectares can be covered to 60, 000 hectares.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.12
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• pp.7-14
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• 1972

Four treatment leveles(check 500, 1, 000 2, 000ppm) of Ethrel were applied to barley and wheat grown in greenhouse and fields at three stages (preboot, boot, afterboot) of growth in orderd to induce male sterility and to evaluate possibility of practical $F_1$-hybrid-seed production as gametocide. The results are summarized as follows. 1. The shortening plant height, especially the first internode length. spike length and decreasing 1, 000 seeds weight and induction of male sterility, were observed with all Ethrel theatments. The earier the stage of spraying at the boot and the higher concentration of Ethrel, the greater effects were observed. 2. The most practical level of inducing male sterility occurred ranging from 1, 000-2, 000ppm applied at all stages, while with increasing maturity, greater concentration of Ethrel were required to induce the same level of male sterility. .3. Great differences for male sterility per spike in bagged and unbagged spikes were shown with all treatments indicated ovary receptiveness, and that out-crossing has taken place, 4. Ethrel treatment induced more practicable extent of male sterility in barley than wheat. This results indicated that $F_1$-hybrid-seed production in barley with gametocide appears feasible if high combining ability lines were selected for increased out-crossing ratio. 5. There seemed to be no indication of additive surfactant influence on the Ehrel action in the present studies, and showed an interest on further studies on this matter.