• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.78-95
• /
• 1999

The grafting of a kidney has been found to be the best medical treatment for patients who have renal insufficiency failure, but the patients still have experienced much trouble and apprehension. This study was done to further nursing theory developing for patients who have has a kidney graft from another person. The research method followed grounded theory methodology of Strauss and Corbin. The subjects were three female and four male patients. This study done befween Oct. 1997 and Mar. 1998. All of the subjects were interviewed by the author. Interview were done by the long interview technique and observation. In the process of data analysis, 'heart-boiling' was found to be the core phenomenon. The results were composed to 101 concepts. These concepts were grouped into nineteen categories, and then to twelve categories. There were 12 super-class categories as follows ; 'pain', 'heart-boiling', 'experience of dialysis', 'term of admission to a hospital', 'support of other person', 'dependence on God', 'direction', 'negative reaction', 'positive reaction', 'comfortable', 'lacking', 'acceptance'. In this process, 14 hypotheses were derived from the categories as follows ; (1) The more experience with dialysis that the patients have, the stronger the heart-boiling will tend to be. (2) The less experience with dialysis the patients have, the weaker the heart-boiling will tend to be. (3) The longer admission to hospital the patients have, the stronger the heart-boiling will be. (4) The shorter the admission to hospital the patients have, the weaker the heart-boiling will be. (5) The weaker the intense-grief is, the more positive the reaction to heart-boiling the patients wll have. (6) The stronger the intense-grief is, the more negative the reaction to heart-boiling the patients will have. (7) The stronger the support of other persons that the patients have, the more positive the reaction to heart-boiling the patients will have. (8) The weaker the support of other person that the patients have, the more negative the reaction to heart-boiling the patients will have. (9) The stronger the dependence on God that the patients have, the mure positive reaction to heart-boiling the patients will have. (10) The weaker the dependence on God that the patients have, the more negative reaction to heart-boiling the patients will have. (11) The more positive thoughts that the patients have, the more positive reaction to heart-boiling the patinets will have. (12) The more negative thoughts that the patients have, the more negative reaction to heart-boiling the patients will have. (13) The more positive reaction the patients have, the more free from heart-boiling the patients tend to be. (14) The more negative reaction the patients have, the less free from heart-boiling the patients tend to be. From the analysis of observed data and comparing each class, I concluded that there are four formula relation types between reaction of patients and heart-boiling. (1) If patients have the experience of dialysis, have a long term admission to hospital, are strong in heart-boiling, depend on God, have positive thoughts and another's strong support, they experience release by positive reaction to the intense-grief. (2) If patients have the experience of dialysis, have a short term admission to hospital, are weak in heart-boiling, do not depend on God, have negative thoughts, and have few supports from others, they experience attachment to heart-boiling though a negative reaction. (3) If patients have the experience of dialysis, have a long term admission to hospital, are strong in heart-boiling, do not depend on God, and have negative thoughts, they experience attachment to heart-boiling through negative reaction in spite of support from another. (4) If patients have the experience of dialysis, have a long term admission into hospital, are strong in heart-boiling and satisfaction is low, but they have positive thoughts, then they experience acceptance and harmony through the positive reaction to heart-boiling. The results of this study are expected to help the way nurses care for patients who have had a kidney graft from another.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.31 no.6 s.165
• /
• pp.974-984
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study was to find differences in evaluation criteria and to find differences in preferred images based on benefits segmented groups of jeans products consumers. Male and female Korean university students participated in the study. Quota sampling method was used to collect the data based on gender and a residential area of the respondents. Data from 492 questionnaires were used in the analysis. Factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, cluster analysis, one-way ANOVA, and post-hoc test were conducted. As a result, respondents who seek multi-benefits considered aesthetic criteria(e.g., color, style, design, fit) and quality performance criteria(e.g., durability, ease of care, contractibility, flexibility) more importantly when evaluating and purchasing jeans products. Respondents who seek brand name considered extrinsic criteria(e.g., brand reputation, status symbol, country of origin, fashionability) more importantly than respondents who seek economic efciency. Respondents who seek multi-benefits such as attractiveness, fashion, individuality, and utility tend to prefer all the images: individual image, active image, sexual image, sophisticated image, and simple image when wearing jeans products. Respondents who seek fashion are likely to prefer individual image, and respondents who seek brand name more prefer both individual image and polished image. Mean while, respondents who seek economical efficiency less prefer sexual image and polished image.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.31 no.5
• /
• pp.466-471
• /
• 1998

Purpose: The safety and efficacy of minimally invasive techniques in congenital heart surgery were tested in this study. Materal and method: Between July 1997 and November 1997, a total of 46 children were underwent minimally invasive cardiac operations at Seoul National University Children's Hospital. Age and body weight of the patients averaged 34.6${\pm}$41.8 (Range: 1∼148) months and 14.5${\pm}$9.9(Range: 3.0∼40.0) kg, respectively. Twenty eight patients were male. Preoperative surgical indications included 15 atrial septal defects, 25 ventricular septal defects, 1 foreign body in aorta, 3 partial atrioventricular septal defects, 1 total anomalous pulmonary venous connection(cardiac type), and 1 tetralogy of Fallot. After creating a small lower midline skin incision starting as down as possible from the sternal notch, a vertical midline sternotomy extended from xyphoid process to the level of the second intercostal space, where one of the T-, J-, I- or inverted C-shaped lower lying mini-sternotomy was completed with a creation of unilateral right or bilateral trap door sternal opening. A conventional direct aortic and bicaval cannulation was routine. Result: A mean length of skin incision was 6.1${\pm}$1.0(range: 4.0∼9.0) cm. A mean distance between the suprasternal notch and the upper most point of the skin incision was 4.0${\pm}$1.1 (range: 2.0∼7.0) cm. Mean cardiopulmonary bypass time, aortic cross-clamp time, and the operation time were 62.9${\pm}$20.0(range: 28∼147), 29.8${\pm}$12.8(range: 11∼79), and 161.1${\pm}$34.5 (range: 100-250) minutes. A mean total amount of postoperative blood transfusion was 71.0${\pm}$68.1 (range: 0∼267) cc. All patients were extubated mean 11.3${\pm}$13.8(range: 1∼73) hours after operation. A mean total amount of analgesics used was 0.8${\pm}$1.8(range: 0∼9) mg of morphine. The mean duration of stay in intensive care unit and hospital stay were 35.0${\pm}$32.2 (range: 10∼194) hours and 6.2${\pm}$2.0(range: 3∼11) days. There were no wound complications and hospital deaths. Conclusion: This short-term experience disclosed that the minimally invasive technique can be feasibly applied in a selected group of congenital heart disease as well as is cosmetically more attractive approach.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.32 no.9
• /
• pp.806-812
• /
• 1999

Background: Selection of reconstruction route in esophageal cancer surgery is based on the patient's status, characteristics of tumor, surgeon's preference and experience. Of the various routes, it has been documented that subcutaneous or substernal route may prolong operation time and may be vulnerable to postoperative respiratory complications. This study was designed to evaluate whether the selection of reconstruction route affects the surgical outcomes. Material and Method: Of 131 patients who have undergone resection and reconstruction for esophageal cancer, posterior mediastinal route(Group I, n=34), substernal route (Group II, n=31), and subcutaneous route(Group III, n=21) were retrospectively reviewed in 86 patients. Results of early operations and morbidities were compared between the groups. Result: There was a male prevalence(79 of males vs. 7 of females). There were 81 squamous cell cancers and 5 adenocarcinomas. There were no differences between groups in weight, height, age, cancer staging and location, and in the preoperative anesthetic risk evaluation and pulmonary function test(p=NS). Postoperative mechanical ventilation time was longer in Group I(20.6 hours) than in Group II(7.8 hours) or III(3.4 hours)(p=0.005). Duration of stay in the intensive care unit was prolonged in Group III(6.4 days) compared to Group I (3.9 days) or II(3.1 days)(p=0.043). No differences were noted in the duration of hospital stay between the groups(p=NS). Blood transfusion was needed in 30 out of 34 patients in Group I compared to 14/31 in Group II or 15/21 in Group III(p=0.001). The mean amount of transfusion for each patient was also higher in Group I(3,833 mL) than in Group II(1535 mL) or Group III(1419 mL)(p=0.04), but there was no difference in the inreoperation due to bleeding. Ea ly mortality rate was substantially higher in Group I(17.6%) but the differences between the groups were insignificant(p=NS). Although sepsis was a more prevalent cause of death in Group I, it was not related to anastomotic leak. Other morbidities did not differ between the groups(p=NS). Conclusion: In above results show that the reconstruction route does not affect the outcome of esophageal cancer surgery. We believe that the selection of reconstruction route can be based on the surgeon's preference and experience.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.101-109
• /
• 2013

Purpose: Pediatric urolithiasis is uncommon in children but is a cause of significant morbidity and damage to the kidney. Although much information on adult urolithiasis is available in the literature, large studies on the pediatric population are still scarce. In this report, we review our experience with pediatric urolithiasis over 22 years at a tertiary referral center. Method: We retrospectively reviewed the records of children with newly diagnosed urolithiasis between January 1991 and May 2013. We assessed the age, sex, family history, initial symptoms, location of stones, underlying cause, stone analysis, treatment, and recurrence among the patients. Results: In total, 137 patients (96 male, 41 female) were assessed. The age range was 0-17 years (mean age, 6.0 years). Forty-three (31%) children were aged <1 year, and 37% (16/43) had a history of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Thirteen patients (9.5%) had a family history of stones. The most common symptoms at presentation among the patients were gross hematuria (56/137, 41%) and flank or abdominal pain (46/137, 34%). The stones were located in the kidney (85/137, 62%), ureter (29/137, 21%), bladder (2/137, 1.4%), and multiple locations (20/137, 15 %). Congenital abnormalities of the genitourinary (G-U) tract, with or without metabolic abnormality, or urinary tract infection (UTI) was detected in 26 children (19%). Ninety-one patients (66%) underwent metabolic examination, and 38% of these patients exhibited an abnormality. UTI, with or without abnormalities of the G-U tract, or metabolic abnormality was detected in 26 children (19%). Of the 35 stones analyzed, the majority were calcium stones (20/35, 57%), followed by infected stones (5/35, 14%), uric acid stones (4/35, 11%), carbonate apatite stones (3/35, 7%), cystine stones (2/35, 6%), and phosphate stones (1/35, 3%). Five patients (4%) required open procedures, with or without non-open procedures, whereas 77 patients (56%) were managed conservatively; the remaining 55 patients (40%) received some other form of intervention. Eighteen patients (13%) had stone recurrence during the follow-up period. Conclusions: Pediatric urolithiasis is commonly associated with abnormalities of the G-U tract and/or metabolic disorders and/or UTI. Half of the patients will pass their stones spontaneously, and all the techniques of minimally invasive surgery are applicable in the treatment of children with stones. As the recurrence rates are high among this population, long-term follow-up is recommended and the complete clearance of stones is important.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
• /
• v.47 no.1
• /
• pp.29-56
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study is first, to explore the level of codependency among social work related professionals since codependency of professionals in the field has not been explored much in Korea. Second purpose is to examine whether codependency affects the level of burnout. Last purpose is to examine moderating effects of the Sex-role attitude on the relationship between codependency and burnout. Data were collected from the 11th of December in 2014 until the 28th of February in the following year. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to care professionals practicing in social work institutions in Daejeon City and Choongcheong province, via email and mail. In addition, surveys were administered at several continuing education training venues. Instruments used for this study include CODAT(Codependency Assessment Tool) developed by Hughes-Hammer and colleagues in 1998, MBI(Maslach Burnout Inventory) developed by Maslach and Jackson in 1981, and SRA(Sex Role Attitude) developed by Osmond and Maryin in 1975. In total, 368 surveys were used for final analysis. The results include that gender did not have statistically significant relationship with the overall codependency, however, male showed statistically higher score than female in one of subscales of codependency called hiding oneself. Workers in the residential settings showed higher level of codependency than those in non-residential settings, especially in the subscale of Other focus or Self-neglect. Codependency showed a strong relationship with Burnout. Among the five-factor structure of the CODAT, Medical problem, Low Self-worth and Family of Origin showed strong relationship with the Burnout score. And the moderating effects of Sex-role Attitude showed a statistically significant relationship between codependency and burnout. Conservative sex-role attitude amplified the level of burnout on the relationship between codependency and burnout. Based on the result, educational and policy implications were made in order to prevent burnout among social work related professionals.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.19 no.11
• /
• pp.403-410
• /
• 2018

This study is to look at the risk of chronic diseases in adults and oral health behaviors affecting periodontitis by gender. This study selected 3,071 males aged 35 to 65, 4,273 females, and 7,344 people as the final subjects of the study using the sixth original data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey. In this study, subjective oral health classified under 'bad' presented 1.69 times(p<0.001) the risk of Periodontitis for males and 1.50 times(p<0.001) for females. There was a 2.01 times(p<0.001) of a risk of periodontitis for male and 1.40 times(p=0.001) of a risk for females. Smokers have a 1.68 times(p<0.001) of a risk for males and 2.07 times(p<0.001) of a risk for females, thus a higher risk for periodontitis for females. The risk of periodontitis was 1.44 times(p<0.001) of a risk for males and 1.30 times(p<0.05) for females when compared in normal hypertension. Obesity was at a rate of 1.199 times(p<0.05) as much for males in the non-military group, 1.202 times(p<0.05) that of females for periodontitis and putting females slightly more at risk. For diabetes, males were at risk of 1.28(p<0.05) whereas it being 1.53 times(p<0.05) for females, compared the average health female. In total, Males were found to be at the greatest risk of periodontitis, while women were at the highest risk for smoking. All parameters except smoking and diabetes show a higher risk of periodontitis for females. As males are more likely to have a higher risk of periodontitis than females, they are considered to be more interested in oral health care and need systematic oral health education and policies to prevent oral diseases.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.16-31
• /
• 2019

Objective : The purpose of this study is to analyze the charcateristics of inpatients in Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology & Dermatology Clinic by gender, age, season, and department of medical care after hospitalization from March, 2012 to February, 2018. Method : From March 1, 2012 to February 28, 2018, patients who were admitted to the Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology & Dermatology Clinic of Korean Medical Hospital were classified by gender, age, department, and season, and their relationship, hospitalization period, number of outpatient visits Differences were analyzed objectively using various statistical methods using IBM SPSS 18.0. Results : 1. The number of inpatients was 432, including duplication. Of these, 317 were female and 115 were male. The number of female patients was 2.8 times higher. 2. The average age of the inpatients was 43.9 years and the number of middle-aged 40-50 patients was 48.6%. 3. The number of inpatients in the departments was in the order of dermatology, otology, laryngology, rhinology, and ophthalmology. The most hospitalized diseases were eczema in the dermatology department, sudden hearing loss in the otology department, tonsillitis/peritonsillar abscess, rhinitis in the rhinology department, and dry eye syndrome in ophthalmology. 1) The effect of gender on the difference in the number of inpatients by subdivision was statistically significant. 2) The effect of age on the difference in the number of inpatients by subdivision was statistically significant. 3) The effect of seasons on the difference in the number of inpatients was not statistically significant. 4. The number of inpatients by season was in the order of winter, spring, summer, autumn, and the number of inpatients decreased significantly in autumn. 1) The effect of gender on the difference in the number of hospitalized patients by season was not statistically significant. 2) The effect of age on the difference in the number of hospitalized patients by season was not statistically significant. 5. The average length of hospital stay for inpatients was 10.7 days. 1) The effect of gender on length of hospital stay was not statistically significant. 2) The effect of age on hospital stay was not statistically significant. 3) The effect of the subdivision on hospital stay was statistically significant. 4) The effect of the season on hospital stay was not statistically significant. Conclusion : As a result of this study, the most distinctive feature of the present study was the high rate of inpatients with otic disease like idiopathic hearing loss and Meniere 's syndrome and the high rate of female patients. This may be related to the increased prevalence of the disease and the severity of the disease. In addition, the high rate of female patients suggests that women are more likely to be affected by illnesses, as well as to have more medical use and severe symptoms requiring hospitalization. In the future, it would be better to provide various treatment plans and policies for patients with otic diseases and female patients. Also it would be good if studies on these fields are made in the future.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
• /
• v.29
• /
• pp.319-331
• /
• 2017

South Korea has entered the age of aging society since the elderly population over 65 reached 13.1% in 2015. This increase rate is the fastest in the OECD members. as a part of the precaution, the Korean government has enforced the long term care insurance from July 2008 and the increase of related nursing homes until 2015 was 220.2% which is rapid and quantitative. It was natural that quantitative expansion leads to qualitative improvement. With regard to service environment conditions, color environment draws attention as one of the most effective measures. color environment supports nursing home's spatial functions and the aged class is subject to the research as the potential customers. This study aims to understand color environment, conduct surveys for color preference and attitude toward color environment, and suggest directions for color environment plan. The ultimate goal is to improve the quality of Korean nursing home environment. It studied definition, state, color environment and space functions of nursing homes as well as the preceding researches. With 100 people over 60s in Busan and Gyeongnam area (52 male and 48 female), the survey examined attitudes for color environment and color preference by space functions in nursing home. The research method is as follows. First, as a result of the consciousness survey on color environment in elderly nursing home, it considers service (37%), medical service (20%), and location (19%) heavily in order. color environment plan is not recognized significantly. However, the need of indoor color plan in the elderly nursing homes has "agree (32%) and "strongly agree (25%), which suggests that color introduction is required to the nursing homes. Second, the indoor coloration for the elderly nursing homes has various color preferences. The color preference order for bedroom was R, P, and G but this order changes in nursing space (program room) to G, R, and Y. The communal space such as lobby prefers R, G and Y in order. R color was preferred in general.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.331-337
• /
• 2009

The principal objective of the present study was to survey the demands of an education program for evaluations of the efficacy of health functional foods. A questionnaire was developed and sent to 2,225 members of the Biofood Network Center. A total of 101 (4.6%) individuals responded, 54.5% of the respondents were male and 45.5% were female; the respondents' occupations (in order of prevalence) were as follows: company worker (48.5%)>researcher (27.7%)>student (13.9%)>professor (5.0%)>pharmacist (2%), and dietitian (2%). The businesses in which the respondents worked were (again in order of prevalence) as follows: research & development (64.4%)>marketing (11.9%)>consultation and education (5.9%)>manufacturing and others (17.9%). 41.6% of the respondents reported experience in businesses relevant to KFDA approval for functional ingredients and health functional foods. The results showed that 63.4% of the respondents had previously been educated about functional foods; the types of education program reported were (in order of prevalence): 'overview and acts of health functional food' (n=49)>'standards and specification for health functional food' (n=41)>'efficacy evaluation-human study' (n=24)>'safety evaluation' (n=21)>'efficacy evaluation-in vivo study' (n=13)>and 'others' (n=10). Respondents preferred off-line education programs (62.4%) to on-line programs (22.8%). The preferred duration of an educational program was '$2{\sim}3$ days: total $14{\sim}24$ hours' (30.7%); thus, short-term programs were favored. The primary requirements of a program, from the perspective of the learner, were as follows (scored on a 7-point scale); 'efficacy evaluation and case study-human study' (5.80 points)>'standards and specification for health functional food' (5.72 points)>safety evaluation' (5.7 points)>'overview and acts of health functional food' (5.67 points) and 'efficacy evaluation methods of health functional food by efficacy (intensive)' (5.67 points). Preference for functionality was as follows; 'body weight & body fat' (21.8%), 'immune function' (18.8%) > 'blood glucose' (10.9%). In summary, the educational demand for 'efficacy evaluation and case study' was highest among the curriculum options provided, and with regard to functionality, 'body weight & body fat', 'immune function' and 'skin care' were considered most important by respondents. These results differed among respondents with different jobs and duties, and this suggests that customized education programs for health functional food should be developed.