• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.924-934
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• 2003

The aim of the present study was to measure intra-individual consistency in clothing style evaluation and to examine its relation to the ratings. For this study, a pilot test was conducted to 50 clothing majored university students to explore the stimulus of‘cute’,‘casual’,‘sexy’,‘elegant’,‘intelligent’,‘formal’,‘romantic’,‘individual’,‘refined’for the 9 each image styles from the 32 spring wears in fashion magazine$\boxDr$FARBE$\boxUl$(March, 2000). On the basis of the preliminary survey, the question items explored the 15 pairs of bipolar adjectives as seven-point Likert type. The main survey was preceded 94 female and 111 men of university students from March 13 to 24 in 2000, twice for 7-days interval. As a result of analyzing of correlation coefficients between the two ratings for each subjects, intra-individual consistency in the evaluation, ranged from -.11 to .87 and mean coefficient was .64 of female and .20 to .76 and mean coefficient was .57 of male. Female had higher intra-individual consistency in the evaluation than male. Based on the coefficients, the subjects were classified into three groups: high, medium, and low intra-individual consistency. Analysis of variance of mean ratings by the three groups revealed that significant difference existed in 42% of female and 25% of male in 135 combinations of 9 clothing and 15 semantic differential scales. There was an apparent tendency that subjects of female with high intra-individual consistency were mostly definitely to evaluate clothing, whereas the ones with low were least. But male shows opposit trend compare to each groups of female. The result of this study, it was found that female rated higher intra-individual consistency and definition in the two times evaluations than male and among the semantic differential scales'consistency differ depending on style and gender. It is believed that the result of this study is helpful clothing image evaluation, and clothing image selection tendency.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to research the distorted self-perception of body image held by many college students. Method: The subjects in this study consisted of 189 female college students and 125 male college students. The data were obtained through self-reported questionnaires completed by the students between April 1 and April 10, 2005. The data were analyzed by frequency and a $x^2$-test in the SPSS/pc 10.0 statistical program. Result: While female students tend to perceive themselves as being more overweight than they actually are according to their BMI scores, male students consider themselves to be thinner than they actually are according their BMI scores. Conclusion: Many female and male college students have a distorted self-perception of body weight. These findings indicate that health care providers need to do a better job of educating college students about normal body weight.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.299-306
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• 2002

This study was undertaken to compare the obesity related dietary factors among rural middle school students living in the Daegu.Kyungbuk area. Anthropometric data showed that mean height and weight were 162.7$\pm$8.6cm and 53.9$\pm$9.8kg in 220 male students and 158.4$\pm$6.2cm and 51.0$\pm$7.6kg in 210 female student. Mean BMIs for boys and girls were 19.00$\pm$2.35 and 19.30$\pm$2.45, respectively. 71.36% of male students and 71.9% of female students were underweight by the BMI index. Students who skipped the breakfast were up to 66.8%. The reasons for skipping a meal for both sexes were significantly different. Compared to males, more female respondents felt guilty and depressed related to eating. Furthermore, females were more significantly concerned about body image, diet and body weight (p<0.001), and they were not satisfied with their weight. The sources of information on obesity and diet were radio and TV in males, while females gathered information from magazines and friends. The ideal body weight of male students was heavier than the actual body weight while female students desired a thinner body shape. In conclusion, a different approach for nutrition education based on sex should be developed, and implemented fur adolescents.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2010

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of clothing style and color of male casual wear on image perceptions and age evaluations. $4{\times}2$ (top color${\times}$trouser color) and $2{\times}3{\times}2$ (clothing style${\times}$clothing hue${\times}$clothing chroma) factorial designs were used as the experiment designs. Photoshop program was used to manipulate the clothing colors after creating photos of models wearing experiment clothing for stimulus. Subjects were 280 female college students from Seoul region and each subject responded to two stimuli. Factor analysis showed four factors of images of male casual wear; sociability, conspicuousness, softness and masculinity. Polo shirts were evaluated higher in sociability and softness than jumpers and nary blue trousers were evaluated higher in masculinity than beige trousers. High chroma clothing was assessed higher in sociability and conspicuousness than low chroma clothing. High chroma red jumpers displayed very sociable feel and low chroma blue jumpers displayed the lowest sociability. High chroma male clothing resulted in younger age perception but age was evaluated young when a black shirt was worn under the jacket when wearing a low chroma jacket.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.533-546
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• 2008

This study aims on observing the recognition and attitude of caring for outer appearance by deducing the factors of men caring for their outer appearance at current point where male position is being emphasized in the appearance related market and their interest for outer appearance care is increasing. As a result of conducting a survey, male appearance caring behavior was distinguished into fashion, skin and cosmetic, cosmetic surgery, physical image, and hair factors, and among them, physical image factor showed the highest average, which proves that men generally have positive attitude towards caring for their looks. Concerning skin and cosmetics, the results show that interest is high regardless of age and occupation, and the lower the age is, the higher average for fashion, cosmetic surgery, and hair factors, proving that young men have more interest for caring after their looks. However, there was difference in outer appearance caring behavior pursued or favored by each age bracket according to the higher average for physical image in the age bracket higher than 30. Also, each factor of outer appearance caring behavior turned out to have significant correlation to each other.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.4 s.206
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• pp.65-78
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• 2005

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of the desired sportswear benefits on the sportswear image preferences and store patronage according to store type. The subjects were 773 male and female consumers who were residents in Seoul. The data were analyzed by factor analysis, multiple regression, and t-test. The results showed that there were five desired sportswear benefits: figure compensation, status ostentation, comfort, individuality, and youth-orientation. Sportswear image preferences consisted of four factors: innovative, luxurious, simple, and active. Store patronage encompassed department store, franchise store, discount store, wholesale store, internet, TV home shopping, and catalogue. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant effects of desired sportswear benefits on sportswear image preferences and store patronage. For example, the more consumers desired figure compensation/sex appeal benefits from sportswear, the more they preferred innovative, luxurious, and active sportswear images and the stronger was their patronage of department stores. The study also showed differences between male and female consumers in regard to sportwear benefits sought and store image preferences. The implications of the research were discussed.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.133-143
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clothing image according to gender, coloration of chromatic and achromatic color, and interval of checked pattern. The experimental materials developed for this study were a set of stimulus and response scales. The stimuli were 16 color pictures, in which the gender(male, female), interval(0.5cm, 1.5cm, 3.5cm, 5.5cm), and coloration(WR: white+red, WY: white+yellow, WB: white+Blue, WP: white+purple) were manipulated. The 7-point scale was used for evaluation of clothing image. Data were obtained from 192 male college students and 192 female college students living in Seoul, Gwangju, Daegu, Jinju, and Changwon on March 2010. For data analysis, ANOVA and Duncan-test were used by using SPSS program. Results of this study were as follows.; Clothing image according to coloration of chromatic and achromatic color, and interval of checked pattern consisted of six dimensions of attractiveness, appeal, activity, freshness, modesty, and cuteness. Gender showed an independent effect on attractiveness, appeal, activity, freshness, and cuteness. Interval showed an independent effect on attractiveness. Coloration showed an independent effect on appeal, activity, freshness, modesty, and cuteness. Also, interaction effects of gender and coloration on freshness and cuteness were found.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.867-876
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• 2015

This research studies socio-cultural hegemony change focused on male society through contemporary ideal masculine images of Asian men (especially Korean and Chinese men). Participants were: South Korean men in and around Seoul and Chinese men in Beijing and Shanghai. The youngest survey participants in their 20's and the oldest in their 40's were asked about their present men's appearance images and masculinity as well as asked to evaluate satisfaction with their own style, and interest in fashion trends on a 5-point Likert scale. In this research, an ideal masculinity was tested by 6 characters (traditional masculinity, macho masculinity, androgynous masculinity, adolescent masculinity, trendy masculinity, and general masculinity) as male avatars. Asian men's consciousness of an ideal masculinity image has moved gradually from traditional masculinity to trendy masculinity, leading to new roles in a socio-cultural agenda. Korean and Chinese men are more interested in appearance and notice fashionable styles to be trendy that follow the latest fashion because most other Asian men reflect a traditional masculinity as an ideal appearance image.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.91-99
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the appearance management motives and body image perception according to males' appearance management behavior. A set of questionnaire was administered to 398 male consumers. Data were analyzed by utilizing frequency, factor analysis, ANONA, cluster analysis, and crosstabs. Factor analysis of body image perception extracted four factors such as appearance concern, appearance satisfaction, exercise ability, and weight control. Four groups of the appearance management behavior were classified into such as health oriented, active figure management, indifference to personal appearance, and fashion/skin care by cluster analysis. All groups pursued sociality in appearance management motives. The active figure management group showed highest concern about in all the appearance management motives and body image perception.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.91-105
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to identify the body images of patints with low back pain and their status on adjustment of daily living. The data were collected from 11 general hospitals during Feburary 2, 1987 through May 30,1987. One hundred and ninety five subjects having physical therapy treatment because of low back pain were analyzed. For measurement of body image, 11 pairs of adjectives were used on semantic differential scale, and for measurement of adjustment of daily living, 10 items were used on a likert type scale. Results of the study are summerised as follows. 1. The average patient age were 34yeats and 62% of the patients were men. High school grade completed were 43.1% and Cause of Low Back Pain were respctively;Unknown etiology 31.8%, lifting heavy objects 27.7%, Traffic accident and injury 17.9%. Types of treatment were;medication plus physical therapy 54.9%, physical therapy only 22.6%. Average treatment duration were 24.5 months. 2. There were significant difference in the body image between before low back pain and after low back pain. The body image before low back pain were 59.89(Mean) but after low back pain were 37,24(Mean) and two groups were statistically significant (t=21.3, p<0.00l). 3. there were no significant difference in the body image between the male and female.(t=1.49, p＞0.05) 4. The correlation between body image and adjustment of daily living. in both sexes showed positive correlation coefficient; male(r=0.4648, p<0.00l) female(r=0.4516, p<0.00l) respectively. It means that patients with positive body image can adjust well in daily living. 5. The relation between the body image and general variables revealed sigificant difference with occupation and age.(F=2.12 p<0.05, F=3.48 p<0.05). That is different occupation and different age groups can show different body image. In conculsion with the above results, It is my strong belief that multidisciplinary approach including the concept of body image and patient education about postural care, activities of daily living, lifting mechanics should be applied in treating and dealing with those patients.