• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.45 no.9
• /
• pp.1358-1365
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study was to verify the drying characteristics of seasoned red pepper sauce and establish optimal drying conditions for far infrared drying of seasoned red pepper sauce. Seasoned red pepper sauce, which was dried by heated air, was used. One kg of seasoned red pepper was spread at thicknesses of 10 and 20 mm and dried by a far infrared dryer until a final moisture content of $15{\pm}0.5%$. The far infrared dryer conditions were air velocity of 0.6, 0.8 m/s and drying temperatures of 60, 70, and $80^{\circ}C$. The drying models were estimated using a determination coefficient and root mean square error. Drying characteristics were analyzed based on factors such as drying rate, color changes, content of capsaicinoids, and energy consumption. The results can be summarized as follows. The drying rate (that is, drying time) tended to be reduced as temperature and air velocity for drying increased. The Page and Henderson models were suitable for drying of seasoned red pepper sauce by a far infrared dryer. Redness decreased after far infrared drying under all experimental conditions. The color difference was 18.18 under the following conditions: thickness 20 mm, temperature $70^{\circ}C$, and air velocity 0.8 m/s. This value was slightly higher than those under other far infrared drying conditions. The capsaicinoid properties of seasoned red pepper sauce decreased under all far infrared drying conditions. The highest capsaicin (19.91 mg/100 g) and dihydrocapsaicin (12.87 mg/100 g) contents were observed at a thickness of 10 mm, temperature of $80^{\circ}C$, and air velocity of 0.8 m/s. Energy consumption decreased with higher temperature, slower air velocity, and thinner seasoned red pepper sauce.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.46 no.9
• /
• pp.1061-1070
• /
• 2017

This study examined the physicochemical properties and protective effects of Corni fructus treated with pressurized-steam (through $121^{\circ}C$, $1.2kgf/cm^2$, 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h) against $H_2O_2$-induced cytotoxicity on L132 cells. The color values of the untreated Corni fructus powder were higher than those of Corni fructus after the pressurized-steam treatment (PSC), and those of PSC improved with a decrease in treatment time. At the observation by pressurized-steam treatment for more than 2 h, the color was changed to black, and its gloss was lost. The major constituents in PSC (2 hours) were the total sugar (468.53 mg/g), reducing sugar (385.55 mg/g), and total phenol (37.32 mg/g), respectively. The main components in the free sugars of PSC (2 h) were fructose, glucose, and sucrose, at 207.72 mg/g, 219.40 mg/g, and 4.31 mg/g, respectively. The gallic acid in the phenol compounds and 5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural in the furan compounds of PSC (2 h) improved with increasing treatment time. The main components in iridoid glycoside of PSC (2 h) were morroniside, loganin, and lognic acid, which improved with decreasing treatment time. The L132 cell growth inhibition activities of all the extracts were significantly higher than that of the control. The protective effects against the $H_2O_2$-induced cytotoxicity on L132 cells of PSC (2 h) was 102.82% (at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$) higher than those of the other extracts. This suggests that Corni fructus by PSC is useful for functional food materials in the food industry.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.157-178
• /
• 2009

Corporate credit rating is a very important factor in the market for corporate debt. Information concerning corporate operations is often disseminated to market participants through the changes in credit ratings that are published by professional rating agencies, such as Standard and Poor's (S&P) and Moody's Investor Service. Since these agencies generally require a large fee for the service, and the periodically provided ratings sometimes do not reflect the default risk of the company at the time, it may be advantageous for bond-market participants to be able to classify credit ratings before the agencies actually publish them. As a result, it is very important for companies (especially, financial companies) to develop a proper model of credit rating. From a technical perspective, the credit rating constitutes a typical, multiclass, classification problem because rating agencies generally have ten or more categories of ratings. For example, S&P's ratings range from AAA for the highest-quality bonds to D for the lowest-quality bonds. The professional rating agencies emphasize the importance of analysts' subjective judgments in the determination of credit ratings. However, in practice, a mathematical model that uses the financial variables of companies plays an important role in determining credit ratings, since it is convenient to apply and cost efficient. These financial variables include the ratios that represent a company's leverage status, liquidity status, and profitability status. Several statistical and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have been applied as tools for predicting credit ratings. Among them, artificial neural networks are most prevalent in the area of finance because of their broad applicability to many business problems and their preeminent ability to adapt. However, artificial neural networks also have many defects, including the difficulty in determining the values of the control parameters and the number of processing elements in the layer as well as the risk of over-fitting. Of late, because of their robustness and high accuracy, support vector machines (SVMs) have become popular as a solution for problems with generating accurate prediction. An SVM's solution may be globally optimal because SVMs seek to minimize structural risk. On the other hand, artificial neural network models may tend to find locally optimal solutions because they seek to minimize empirical risk. In addition, no parameters need to be tuned in SVMs, barring the upper bound for non-separable cases in linear SVMs. Since SVMs were originally devised for binary classification, however they are not intrinsically geared for multiclass classifications as in credit ratings. Thus, researchers have tried to extend the original SVM to multiclass classification. Hitherto, a variety of techniques to extend standard SVMs to multiclass SVMs (MSVMs) has been proposed in the literature Only a few types of MSVM are, however, tested using prior studies that apply MSVMs to credit ratings studies. In this study, we examined six different techniques of MSVMs: (1) One-Against-One, (2) One-Against-AIL (3) DAGSVM, (4) ECOC, (5) Method of Weston and Watkins, and (6) Method of Crammer and Singer. In addition, we examined the prediction accuracy of some modified version of conventional MSVM techniques. To find the most appropriate technique of MSVMs for corporate bond rating, we applied all the techniques of MSVMs to a real-world case of credit rating in Korea. The best application is in corporate bond rating, which is the most frequently studied area of credit rating for specific debt issues or other financial obligations. For our study the research data were collected from National Information and Credit Evaluation, Inc., a major bond-rating company in Korea. The data set is comprised of the bond-ratings for the year 2002 and various financial variables for 1,295 companies from the manufacturing industry in Korea. We compared the results of these techniques with one another, and with those of traditional methods for credit ratings, such as multiple discriminant analysis (MDA), multinomial logistic regression (MLOGIT), and artificial neural networks (ANNs). As a result, we found that DAGSVM with an ordered list was the best approach for the prediction of bond rating. In addition, we found that the modified version of ECOC approach can yield higher prediction accuracy for the cases showing clear patterns.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.79-110
• /
• 1976

In Korea fermented fish and shellfish have traditionally been favored and consumed as seasonings or further processed for fish sauce. Three major items in production quantity among more than thirty kinds which are presently available in the market are fermented anchovy, oyster and small shrimp. They are usually used as a seasoning mixture of Kimchi in order to provide a distinctive flavor. Fermented small shrimp, Acetes chinensis is most widely and largely used ana occupies an important position in food industry of this country. But no study on its taste compounds has been reported. This study was attempted to establish the basic data for evaluating taste compounds of fermented small shrimp. The changes of such compounds during fermentation as free amino acids, nucleotides and their related compounds, TMAO, TMA, and betaine were analysed. In addition, change in microflora during the fermentation under the halophilic circumstance was also investigated. The samples were prepared with three different salt contents of 20, 30 and $40\%$ to obtain the proper degree of fermentation at a controlled tempeature of $20{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. The results are summarized as follows: Volatile basic nitrogen increased rapidly until 108 days of fermentation and afterwards it tended to increase slowly. Amino nitrogen also increased rapidly until 43 days of fermentation and then increased slowly. Extract nitrogen increased and marked the maximum value at 72 day fermentation and then decreased slowly. ADP, AMP and IMP tended to degrade rapidly while hypoxanthine increased remarkably at 27 day fermentation but slightly decreased at 72 day fermentation. It is presumed that the characteristic flavor of fermented small shrimp might be attributed to the relatively higher content of hypoxanthine. In the free amino acid composition of fresh small shrimp abundant amino acids were proline, arginine, alanine, glycine, lysine, glutamic acid, leucine, valine and threonine in order. Such amino acids like serine, methionine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, tyrosine and histidine were poor. In small shrimp extract, proline, arginine, alanine, glycine, lysine and glutamic acid were dominant holding $18.5\%,\;14.6\%,\;10.8\%,\;8.7\%,\;8.1\%\;and\;7.7\%$ of total free amino acids respectively. The total free amino acid nitrogen in fresh small shrimp was $63.9\%$ of its extract nitrogen. The change of free amino acid composition in the extract of small shrimp during fermentation was not observed. Lysine, alanine glutamic acid, proline, glycine and leucine were abundant in both fresh sample and fermented products. The increase of total free amino acids during 72 day fermentation reached approximately more than 2 times as compared with that of fresh sample and then decreased slowly. Fermented small shrimp with $40\%$ of salt was too salty to be commercial quality as the results of organoleptic test showed. It is found that 72 day fermentation with $20\%\;and\;30\%$ of salt gave the most favorable flavor. It is convinced that the characteristic flavor of fermented small shrimp was also attributed to such amino acids as lysine, proline, alanine, glycine and serine known as sweet compounds, as glutamic acid with meaty taste, and as leucine known as bitter taste. The amount of betaine increased during fermentation and reached the maximum at 72 day fermentation and then decreased slowly TMA increased while TMAO decreased during fermentation. The amount of TMAO nitrogen in fermented small shrimp was $200mg\%$ on moisture and salt free base. Betaine and TMAO known as sweet compounds were abundant in fermented small shrimp. It is supposed that these compounds could also play a role as important taste compounds of fermented small shrimp. At the initial stage of fermentation, Achromobacter, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus denitrificans which belong to marine bacteria were isolated. After 40 day fermentation, they disappeared rapidly while Halabacterium, Pediococcus, Sarcian, Micrococcus morrhuae and the yeasts such as Saccharomyces sp. and Torulopsis sp. dominated. It is concluded that the most important taste compounds of fermented small shrimp were amino acids such as lysine, proline, alanine, glycine, serine, glutamic acid, and leucine, betaine, TMAO and hypoxanthine.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.5-15
• /
• 2011

Prior to the introduction of the CRM, we need to analyze the characteristics and the situations of the company, and should establish a clear vision of the CRM. And each company should identify elements and technologies for introducing the most suitable CRM for them, and optimize them, with long-term perspective. In addition, it requires the implementation strategy which integrates the existing company's routine marketing activities with the concept of the CRM. According to the implementation strategy, the company should improve the business process which is the most effective in investment step by step, and the information system strategy, which develops system investment gradually, should harmonize with it. First, we recognized that raising the company value is important by maximizing customer lifetime value (LTV) by understanding customer needs, and achieving the company's goal through customer satisfaction. Second, we understood that adopting the CRM should be accompanied by changes in the structure, business process and customer contact channels, and it can be successfully integrated with business when it gets proper understandings and attentions of the management. Third, the reality is that there are few cases of successful implementation of domestic companies, and some companies that successfully implement the system mean nothing but implement the solution for developing the CRM. Therefore, it needs to be observed for the long haul, and it seems that we need to approach more systematically to implementation cases for each industry about implementation of the CRM. Fourth, the CRM is no longer the preserve of major companies, and it is the time that medium and small sized enterprises also need it. Taking lesson from Switzerland's small size store merchants who successfully adopt right size of the CRM for their business, for domestic medium and small sized enterprises, the necessity to develop business through developing the CRM models which fit their situations and maintaining relationships with customers has been grown. Fifth, for adopting the CRM business processes, changing or converting the CRM system to the model which fits the company's situation is important rather than applying the advanced company's CRM system model. In other words, the CRM solution which can maximize their own strength by developing the CRM program that makes the most of features and characteristics of the company should be adopted.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.31
• /
• pp.27-56
• /
• 2006

Today's financial institutions usually take environmental issues seriously into consideration as they could not evade lender liability in an increasing number of cases. On the international scene, a brand-new concept of the "Equator Principles" in the New Millenium has driven more and more international banks to adopt these Principles in project financing. Sustainable development has been a key word in understanding new trends of the governments, financial institutions, corporations and civic groups in the 21st century. The Equator Principles are a set of voluntary environmental and social guidelines for sustainable finance. These Principles commit bank officers to avoid financial support to projects that fail to meet these guidelines. The Principles were conceived in 2002 on an initiative of the International Finance Corporation(IFC), and launched in June 2003. Since then, dozens of major banks, accounting for up to 80 percent of project loan market, have adopted the Principles. Accordingly, the Principles have become the de facto standard for all banks and investors on how to deal with potential social and environmental issues of projects to be financed. Compliance with the Equator Principles facilitates for endorsing banks to participate in the syndicated loan and help them to manage the risks associated with large-scale projects. The Equator Principles call for financial institutions to provide loans to projects under the following circumstances: - The risk of the project is categorized in accordance with internal guidelines based upon the environmental and social screening criteria of the IFC. - For Category A and B projects, borrowers or sponsors are required to conduct a Social and Environmental Assessment, the preparation of which must meet certain requirements and satisfactorily address key social and environmental issues. - The Social and Environmental Assessment report should address baseline social and environmental conditions, requirements under host country laws and regulations, sustainable development, and, as appropriate, IFC's Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines, etc. - Based on the Social and Environmental Assessment, Equator banks then make agreements with borrowers on how they mitigate, monitor and manage the risks through a Social and Environmental Management System. Compliance with the plan is included in the covenant clause of loan agreements. If the borrower doesn't comply with the agreed terms, the bank will take corrective actions. The Equator Principles are not a mere declaration of cautious banks but a full commitment of lenders. A violation of the Principles in the process of project financing, which led to an unexpected damage to the affected community, would not give rise to any specific legal remedies other than ordinary lawsuits. So it is more effective for banks to ensure consistent implementation of the Principles and to have them take responsible measures to solve social and environmental issues. Public interests have recently mounted up with respect to environmental issues on the occasion of the Supreme Court's decision (2006Du330) on the fiercely debated reclamation project at Saemangeum. The majority Justices said that the expected environmental damages like probable pollution of water and soil were not believed so serious and that the Administration should continue to implement the project seeking ways to make it more environment friendly. In this case, though the Category A Saemangeum Project was carried out by a government agency, the Supreme Court behaved itself as a signal giver to approve or stop the environment-related project like an Equator bank in project financing. At present, there is no Equator bank in Korea in contrast to three big banks in Japan. Also Korean contractors, which are aggressively bidding for Category A-type projects in South East Asia and Mideast, might find themselves in a disadvantageous position because they are generally ignorant of the environmental assessment associated with project financing. In this regard, Korean banks and overseas project contractors should care for the revised Equator Principles and the latest developments in project financing more seriously. It's because its scope has expanded to the capital cost of US$10 million or more across all industry sectors regardless of developing countries or not. It should be noted that, for a Korean bank, being an Equator bank is more or less burdensome in a short-term period, but it must be conducive to minimizing risks and building up good reputation in the long run.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.201-208
• /
• 2010

Recently, along with technology development of endoscopic equipment, a stent has been developed for the convenience of operation, shortening of recovery times, and reduction of patient's pain. To this end, optimal factors are simulated for the stent structure and mechanical reaction and verified using finite element analysis. In order to compare to present commercialized product such as Zilver (Cook, Bloomington, Indiana, USA) and S.M.A.R.T (Cordis, Bridgewater Towsnhip, New Jersey, USA), mechanical impact factors were determined through Taguchi factor analysis, and flexibility and expandability of all the products including ours were tested using finite element analysis. Also, important factors were sought that fulfill the optimal condition using central composition method of response surface analysis, and optimal design were carried out based on the important factors. From the centra composition method of Response surface analysis, it is found that importat factors for flexibility is stent thickness (T) and unit area (W) and those for expandability is stent thickness (T). In results, important factors for optimum condition are 0.17 mm for stent thickness (T) and $0.09\;mm^2$ for unit area (W). Determined and verified by finite element analysis in out research institute, a stent was manufactured and tested with the results of better flexibility and expandability in optimal condition compared to other products. Recently, As Finite element analysis stent mechanical property assessment for research much proceed. But time and reduce expenses research rarely stent of optimum coditions. In this research, Important factor as mechanical impact factor stent Taguchi factor analysis arrangement to find flexibility with expansibility as Finite element analysis. Also, Using to Center composition method of Response surface method appropriate optimized condition searching for important factor, these considering had design optimized. Production stent time and reduce expenses was able to do the more coincide with optimum conditions. These kind of things as application plan industry of stent development period of time and reduce expenses etc. be of help to many economic development.

• Journal of Distribution Research
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.23-48
• /
• 2007

Category management has been implemented to enhance competitiveness in the food distribution industry since 2000 in Korea. This study helps to understand why suppliers achieve better or worse performance than competitors in a category. The major objective of this article is to explore which category tactics are effective to have influence on category performance when suppliers as a category captain implement category management with variety enhancer categories like shampoo, toothpaste, and detergent. The Nielsen data were analyzed using regression and Chow test. The empirical results that were varied upon the store type and market position found out which specific actions on product assortments, pricing, shelving, and product replenishment can increase category sales. Specifically, in the case of market leader in large supermarket, the significant indicators of category sales with respect to category tactics are the out-of-stock rate, the variance across brand shares, the forward inventory, and the days supply of a product. However, in the case of follower in large supermarket, the significant indicators of category sales are the variance across brand shares, the forward inventory, and the days supply of a product. On the other hand, in the case of small supermarket, the significant factors on category sales for both market leader and follower are the retail distribution rate, the variance across brand shares, the forward inventory, and the days supply of a product category. In sum, regardless of the store type and market position, dominant brands in a category, the forward inventory, and short days supply of a product improved performance in all categories. Critical difference is that the out-of-stock rate acted as a key ingredient for the market leader between large and small supermarket and the retail distribution rate for the follower between large and small supermarket. This article presents some theoretical and managerial implications of the empirical results and finalizes the paper by addressing limitations and future research directions.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.311-319
• /
• 2013

In an effort to characterize the physicochemical properties and microbial risks associated with the soy sauce jangachi (Korean traditional pickle), 15 different home-made products, which were prepared from medicinal plants and wild edible vegetables, from head-families of Andong, Kyungsangbuk-do Province in Korea, and 6 different commercial products sold at supermarket, were investigated. The average pH of the mature soaking solutions and plants soaked in the 21 jangachi were $3.99{\pm}0.38$ and $3.51{\pm}0.41$, and the average acidity of the mature soaking solutions and soaked plants were $1.59{\pm}0.54$ and $1.65{\pm}0.76$, respectively. The average brix of the mature soaking solutions and plants soaked were $27.67{\pm}8.38$ and $25.61{\pm}6.60$, respectively. In salinity, which is a major factor in jangachi industry production, the average salinity of the mature soaking solutions and soaked plants were $7.55{\pm}3.26$ and $5.75{\pm}2.23$, respectively. In particular, the hot-peppers, eusuri, du-rup, kaet-ip, kuji-ppong, myeng-i and sancho jangachi were amongst the home-made products, and the salinity was above 8.8%, which was 2 folds-higher than that of the commercial sterilized products, and 1/3-lower than commercial non-sterilized products. The color difference and turbidity of jangachi were dependent on the plant parts used. In microbial risk assessment, the microorganisms related with food-borne disease, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp, and Shigella sp., were not detected. After some time, total cell count analysis revealed that the commercial products sold at supermarkets were more vulnerable than the home-made products.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
• /
• s.48
• /
• pp.359-383
• /
• 2017

3,000 years ago, since the first poster of humanity appeared in Egypt, the invention of printing technique and the development of civilization have accelerated the poster production technology. In keeping with this, the expression of poster has also been developed as an attempt to express artistic sensibility in a simple arrangement of characters, and now it has become an art form that has become a domain of professional designers. However, the technological development in the expression of poster is keep staying in two-dimensional, and is dependent on printing only that it is irrelevant to the change of ICT environment based on modern multimedia. Especially, among the many kinds of posters, the style of movie posters, which are the only objects for video, are still printed on paper, and many attempts have been made so far, but the movie industry still does not consider ICT integration at all. This study started with the feature that the object of the movie poster dealt with the video and attempted to introduce the augmented reality to apply the dynamic image of the movie to the static poster. In the graduation work of the media design major of a university in Korea, the poster of each works for promoting the visual work of the students was designed and printed in the form of a commercial film poster. Among them, 6 artworks that are considered to be suitable for augmented reality were selected and augmented reality was introduced and exhibited. Content that appears matched to the poster through the mobile device is reproduced on a poster of a scene of the video, but the text informations of the original poster are kept as they are, so that is able to build a moving poster looked like a wanted from the movie "Harry Potter". In order to produce this augmented reality poster, we applied augmented reality to posters of existing commercial films produced in two different formats, and found a way to increase the characteristics of AR contents. Through this, we were able to understand poster design suitable for AR representation, and technical expression for stable operation of augmented reality can be summarized in the matching process of augmented reality contents production.