• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2017

Sulfur-containing amino acids play important roles in good flavor generation in Maillard reaction of non-enzymatic browning, so aqueous model systems of glucosamine and cysteine were studied to investigate the effects of reaction temperature, initial pH, reaction time, and concentration ratio of glucosamine and cysteine. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the independent reaction parameters of cysteine and glucosamine in Maillard reaction. Box-Behnken factorial design was used with 30 runs of 16 factorial levels, 8 axial levels and 6 central levels. The degree of Maillard reaction was determined by reading absorption at 425 nm in a spectrophotometer and Hunter's L, a, and b values. ${\Delta}E$ was consequently set as the fifth response factor. In the statistical analyses, determination coefficients ($R^2$) for their absorbance, Hunter's L, a, b values, and ${\Delta}E$ were 0.94, 0.79, 0.73, 0.96, and 0.79, respectively, showing that the absorbance and Hunter's b value were good dependent variables for this model system. The optimum processing parameters were determined to yield glucosamine-cysteine Maillard reaction product with higher absorbance and higher colour change. The optimum estimated absorbance was achieved at the condition of initial pH 8.0, $111^{\circ}C$ reaction temperature, 2.47 h reaction time, and 1.30 concentration ratio. The optimum condition for colour change measured by Hunter's b value was 2.41 h reaction time, $114^{\circ}C$ reaction temperature, initial pH 8.3, and 1.26 concentration ratio. These results can provide the basic information for Maillard reaction of aqueous model system between glucosamine and cysteine.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.998-1004
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• 1995

23종의 amino acid와 fish oil과의 갈변 반응에서 Aw 및 온도의 영향을 조사한 결과 Aw 0.33에서 Aw 0.85에서 3가지 형태를 보였다. Type I은 Aw 0.33과 Aw 0.95에서의 갈변도가 Aw 0.52와 0.75 보다 높은 값을 나타낸 것이며(phenylalanine, trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, me0thionine, valine), Type II는 수분활성도가 증가할수록 갈변도가 감소한 것이며(poline, leucine, isoleucine, arginine), Type III은 Aw 0,33과 0.95 보다는 Aw 0.52와 0.75에서 높은 갈변도를 나타냈다(tryptophan, cystein, threonine, lysine). 온도에 대한 갈변도의 정도는 높은 온도 의존도를 보였는데 특히 phenylalanine, valine, trans-4-hydroxy-proline 및 methionin이었다. Activation energy는 8~40kcal/mole이었고, $Q_{10}$ 값은 2~10이었다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.211-215
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• 2017

The individual Maillard reactions of glucose, glucosamine, cyclohexylamine, and benzylamine were studied at a fixed temperature of $120^{\circ}C$ under different durations by monitoring the absorbance of the final products at 425 nm. Glucosamine was the most individually reactive compound, whereas the reactions of glucose, cyclohexylamine, and benzylamine were not significantly different from each other. Maillard reactions of reaction mixtures consisting of glucosaminecyclohexylamine, glucosamine-benzylamine, glucose-cyclohexylamine, and glucose-benzylamine were also studied using different concentration ratios under different durations at a fixed temperature of $120^{\circ}C$ and pH 9. Maillard reactions in the pairs involving glucosamine were observed to be more intense than those of the pairs involving glucose. Finally, with respect to the concentration ratios, it was observed that in most instances, optimal activity was realized, when the reaction mixtures were in the ratio of 1:1.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.113-118
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• 1987

중간수분식품 모델계를 사용하여 마이야르반응에 대한 Aw, 저장은도, pH, PEG첨가의 영향을 살펴 본 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 모델계의 초기 glucose와 Iysine의 mol비를 0.5에서 4까지 변화시켜 저장한 결과 mol비가 증가함에 따라 갈색화가 촉진되어 mol비 3까지 급격히 증가하였으며 그 이상에서는 큰 변화가 없었다. Aw의 영향을 살펴본 결과 중간수분식품의 Aw범위인 $0.67{\sim}0.84$의 Aw에서 갈색화가 촉친되었다. 저장온도의 영향은 온도가 높을 수록 갈색화가 촉진되었고 저장온도에 따라 최대 갈색화가 일어나는 Aw가 변화하여 60, $40^{\circ}C$의 경우 Aw0.84, $30^{\circ}C$에서는 Aw 0.74, $20^{\circ}C$에서는 0.67에서 최대 갈색화 현상을 보여 주었다. Aw 0.84. 0.74, 0.67에서의 각각의 활성화 에너지는 18.03, 15.18. 9.90Kcal/mole 이었다. 완충액을 사용하여 또델계의 pH를 조절하여 저장한 결과 알칼리쪽에서 갈색화가 촉진되었으며, PEG첨가에 따른 영향은 종합도가 높을 수록 갈색화저해효과가 컸다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.121-127
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• 1988

한국전매공사에서 연차별로 제조 포장된 홍상시료를 실온조건(12~$18^{\circ}C$, RH 55~68%)에서 1년에서 9년까지 장기간 저장하면서 갈색화반응의 특성과 항산화효과를 조사하였다. 홍삼의 저장기간이 경괴됨에 따라 갈색도는 뚜렷한 증가 경향을 보였고 pH값은 다소 감소되는 경향이었는데, 이들 변화는 장기저장 홍삼에 있어서 갈색화반응이 촉진되었음을 시사하 준다. 저장 홍삼의 갈색화반응은 유리아미노산과 유리당이 직접 반응하여 촉진되는 마이야르 갈색화반응 초기단게의 경우 보다는 여러 갈색화반응 중간생성물들의 상호반응에 의한 후기단계의 특성이라고 볼 수 있다. 또한 50% 에탄올 추출물 및 물 추출물에 대한 환원활성과 에칠아세테이트 추출물에 대한 항산화효과는 저장기간이 증가됨에 따라 그 활성이 증가되었다. 이들 활성의 증가는 홍삼의 제조 및 저장기간동안 비효소적 반응생성물들의 활성증가에 따른 효과에 기인되는 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.37-42
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• 1975

본실험(本實驗) 에서는 여러 진행단계(進行段階)에서 있는 Maillard 형(形) 갈색화(褐色化) 반응물(反應物)에서 얻어지는 absolute 및 90% ethanol 추출물(抽出物)들의 색깔의 강도(强度)와 갈색화(褐色化) 반응시간(反應時間)과의 관계(關係) 이상(以上)의 추출물(抽出物)들의 식용유지(食用油脂)에 대한 항산화효과(抗酸化效果)의 비교검토(比較檢討), 그리고 以上의 추출물(抽出物)들의 색깔의 강도(强度)와 이들의 항산화효과(抗酸化效果)사이의 관계(關係)들을 규명(糾明)코저 하였다. 그 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 갈색화(褐色化) 반응액(反應液)의 absolute ethanol 추출물(抽出物)들의 색깔은 갈색화(褐色化) 반응시간(反應時間)에 관계(關係)없이, 즉 갈색화(褐色化) 반응액자체(反應液自體)의 갈색화(褐色化)에 관계(關係)없이 거의 무색(無色)에 가까웠으며, 한편 90% ethanol 추출물(抽出物)은 반응시간(反應時間)에 따라 증가(增加)하였으며, 그 색깔의 강도(强度)는 반응시간(反應時間)에 거의 비례(比例)하였다. 2. Absolute 및 90% ethanol 추출물(抽出物)들은 다같이 식용대두유(食用大豆油)의 자동산화(自動酸化)에 대해서 상당(相當)한 항산화효과(抗酸化效果)를 보여 주었다. 한편, 두 형태(形態)의 추출물(抽出物)들에 있어서는 absolute ethanol 추출물(抽出物)들이 90% ethanol 추출물(抽出物)들보다 전체적(全體的)으로 훨씬 강(强)한 항산화효과(抗酸化效果)를 보여주었다. 3. 갈색색소(褐色色素)의 함량(含量)이 분명(分明)히 적은 absolute ethyl alcohol 추출물(抽出物)들이 다량(多量)의 갈색색소(褐色色素)를 함유하고 있는 90% ethanol 추출물(抽出物)들보다 훨씬 더 강(强)한 항산화력(抗酸化力)을 표시(表示)한 사실(事實), 그리고 90% ethanol 추출물(抽出物)들의 항산화효과(抗酸化效果)가 그 색깔의 강도(强度)의 증가(增加)에 따라 증가(增加)하지 않았던 사실(事實)들은 적어도 본실험(本實驗)에서는 반응(反應)중에 형성(形成)된 갈색색소(褐色色素)들이 이상(以上)의 추출물(抽出物)들의 항산화작용(抗酸化作用)에 크게 관여(關與)하지 않고 있음을 시사하고 있는듯 하다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.287-296
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• 2010

This study was designed to investigate the influence of the pH and enantiomer on the antioxidant activity of Maillard reaction mixture solution in model systems. The loss of glucose in MRPs did not show different characteristics for the different amino acid enantiomers; however, the concentration of glucose decreased as the pH levels increased. The enolization of sugars was observed in all MRP samples according to increase of pH levels. In addition, D-amino acids were detected in L-amino acid systems and L-amino acids could also be observed in D-amino acid systems. Formation of the isomer was the highest in the Glc/L-Lys system. The browning development increased as pH levels increased; however, browning development did not show different characteristics based on the use of L- versus D-isomers of the same amino acid. The L- and D-isomers show different absorption values in the UV-Vis spectra, but the absorption patterns display a similar shape. The antioxidant activities of MRPs derived from the Glc/Gly, Glc/L-Asn and Glc/D-Asn systems at pH 7.0 were greater compared to those of pH 4.0 and pH 10.0. The antioxidant activities of MRPs derived from the Glc/L-Lys and Glc/D-Lys systems decreased as the pH increased. In addition, the results show that the MRPs derived from the D-isomers have similar antioxidant activities as those from L-isomer. Therefore, the MRPs have the different antioxidant activities on the basis of the pH level, but not on the basis of different amino acid enantiomers.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.287-294
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• 1983

3가지 다른 조건하에서 제조된 압출보리와 생보리를 0.31 및 0.71의 수분활성과 $25^{\circ}C$ 및 $40^{\circ}C$의 온도에서 각각 4개월 저장하면서 색도, 갈색화지수, 가용성 단백질, 환원당 및 유효성 리진의 변화에 대한 수분활성과 온도의 영향에 대하여 연구하였다. 저장기간의 경과와 함께 수분활성과 온도가 증가함에 따라 모든 시료에서 백색도의 손실이 증가하였다. 생보리는 압출보리보다 저장중 갈색화 지수의 증가가 심하였고, 설탕을 첨가하여 제조한 압출보리는 다른 압출보리보다 저장중 갈색화가 적었다. 수분활성과 온도가 증가함에 따라 모든 시료중의 환원당, 가용성 단백질 및 유효성 리진의 함량이 감소하였으며, 이와같은 결과는 저장중 Maillard반응에 의한 것임을 알았다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.849-860
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• 2022

The myofibril protein (MP) isolate-saccharide graft reactions was prepared using the Maillard reaction with saccharides. The effects of various saccharides on protein functionality and quality of the Maillard reaction were investigated and compared with those of MP. The grafting degree of the MP isolate-saccharide graft reaction was significantly higher in the reducing sugar-treated groups (lactose, glucose, fructose, and palatinose). The browning intensity of the MP isolate-saccharide graft reaction with fructose, sucrose, and erythitol was higher than that observed in the control reaction (p<0.05). MP that reacted with reducing sugars (glucose, fructose, palatinose, and lactose) had fainter bands than MP that reacted with non-reducing sugars (sucrose, erythitol, trehalose, sorbitol, and xylitol). MPs conjugated with glucose exhibited higher protein solubility. The palatinose and lactose treatments were maximum in water binding capacity, though no significant difference in oil binding capacity among the saccharide treatments was observed. The emulsion stability of the MP isolate-saccharide graft reaction with palatinose and erythitol was higher than that of the control reaction. Therefore, reducing sugars have good protein functionality in the MP isolate-saccharides graft reaction.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.302-312
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate the Maillard reaction-related physicochemical properties of three maize varieties (Kwangpyeongok, Sinhwangok2ho and Gangdaok) after roasting them for different times (0, 15, 25, 40, and 55 minutes). The Maillard reaction is a non-enzymatic browning reaction involving reducing sugars and amino compounds. The content of reducing sugar, the causative agent of the Maillard reaction, decreased as roasting time increased. Gangdaok showed the lowest reducing sugar content of 1.04 mg/g after 55 minutes of roasting. In the elapsed roasting time, chromaticity 'L' and 'b' values decreased. At 55 minutes of roasting, wherein the Maillard reaction occurred most actively, Gangdaok showed the lowest 'L' value of 56.37 and the highest 'a' value of 7.60. Gangdaok had superior conditions for inducing the Maillard reaction compared to other varieties, and it is consider that 'flint-type', an endosperm characteristic, may have been the influencing agent. This study detected a total of 52 types of volatile aroma compounds (VACs), of which 28 were produced after roasting. Of the total VACs detected, 2-Formyl-5-methylfuran and 2-Furancarboxaldehyde accounted for 43.8~45.5% and have been confirmed to be the major VACs present in roasted maize. Most of the correlations between the Maillard reaction-related characteristics showed high correlation coefficients.