• 자원환경지질
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.151-166
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• 1989

A study of rare-earth mineralization in Kyemyungsan metasedimentary formation of Precambrian Ogcheon Group was carried out in the Mt. Eore Area near Choongju City based on the thorium (Th) and uranium (U) count data of geophysical airborne survey. This rare-earth mineralization was found in the magnetite-bearing banded quartizite which contains diagnostically some amounts of the metamict allanite. The brown colored allanites are distributed as aggregates of fine grains and sometimes banded structures with magnetite (inter growth) along the banding. The ore bed is displaced by the small faults and granite intrusions, and separated 5 ore blocks. The dimensions of the outcrop are 50-80 m in width, 1,500 m in length with the strike of $N70-80^{\circ}E$ and dip of $50-80^{\circ}NW$. In the field, the values of total gamma ray count of GR-101A scintillometer were able to measure more than 400 cps and maximum 1,500 cps, which data are coincided with the values of GR-310 gamma ray spectrometer and the gamma ray count of well logging data. The chemical compositions of the allanites from EPMA data are ranged from$\sum^{TR_2O_3}$ 18.57% to 26.00%, and the cerium oxides ($Ce_2O_3$) of allanite are positive relation with $La_2O_3$, MgO, FeO, MnO and negative relation with $SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$, $Nd_2O_3$. The result of Neutron Activation Analysis (N.A.A.), Multi-Channel Analysis (M.C.A.) and wet chemistry of 25 outcrop samples for the elements of REE, Zr, U, Th shows strong anomalies. The good correlation elements with the thorium (Th) are the elements of La, Ce, LREE, $TR_2O_3$, Pr, Sm, Yb, Lu by the increasing order.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.280-287
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• 2013

Flow accelerated corrosion(FAC) of the carbon steel piping in pressurized water reactors(PWRs) has been major issue in nuclear industry. Severe accident at Surry Unit 2 in 1986 initiated the worldwide interest in this area. Major parameters influencing FAC are material composition, microstructure, water chemistry, and hydrodynamics. Qualitative behaviors of FAC have been well understood but quantitative data about FAC have not been published for proprietary reason. In order to minimize the FAC in PWRs, the optimal method is to control water chemistry factors. Chemistry factors influencing FAC such as pH, corrosion potential, and hydrazine contents were reviewed in this paper. FAC rate decreased with pH up to 10 because magnetite solubility decreased with pH. Corrosion potential is generally controlled dissolved oxygen (DO) and hydrazine in secondary water. DO increased corrosion potential. FAC rate decreased with DO by stabilizing magnetite at low DO concentration or by formation of hematite at high DO concentration. Even though hydrazine is generally used to remove DO, hydrazine itself thermally decomposed to ammonia, nitrogen, and hydrogen raising pH. Hydrazine could react with iron and increased FAC rate. Effect of hydrazine on FAC is rather complex and should be careful in FAC analysis. FAC could be managed by adequate combination of pH, corrosion potential, and hydrazine.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.423-440
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• 1994

The Samhwa iron ore deposit, which is of typical magnetite skarn type, is located in the Samhwadong area of Donghae city, Kangwon-do, Korea. Skarn minerals are mainly composed of garnet, clinopyroxene, vesuvianite, wollastonite and small amounts of epidote and quartz. The garnets are isotropic $(Ad_{92.82{\sim}98.37})$ or anisotropic andradite $(Ad_{45.30{\sim}75.85})$ and grossular $(Gr_{86.26{\sim}24.47})$, the clinopyroxenes are ferrosalite and salite, Homogenization temperature of gas rich two phase inclusions in garnet are $368{\sim}593^{\circ}C$, and salnities of polyphase inclusions in garnet have 33.9~68.4 equ. NaCl wt. %. Garnet grain often shows composional variation from its core to rim. In other words, Fe and Al contents in garnet vary inversely, which suggest that the variation depends upon $f_{o2}$ during skarn formation.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.11-17
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• 1989

The kaolin deposits in Hadong-Sancheong area, have been formed by supergene weathering of anorthositic rocks including anorthosite, leucogabbro, and gabbro. Kaolin consists chiefly of halloysite(10$\AA$) and kaolinite with other minerals such as illite, vermiculite, plagioclase, hornblende, quartz amorphous materials(allophane and siica), goethite, and hematite. Goethite and hematite are the major coloring agents of the reddish brown and other colored kaolins. Other common accessory minerals are magnetite, ilmentite, anatase, gibbsite, I/S, C/V, chlorite, lithiophorite, and birnessite. Paragonite, dravite, laumontite, clinozoisite, muscovite, scolecite, stellerite are locally found. Al substitution of Fe in goethite and hematite decreases from the surface zone toward the deeper zone. The kaolin deposits show three horizontal zoning; the upper reddish brown, middle pink, and lower white zones. All the zones are characterized by somewhat different mineralogy. The factors for the formation of kaolin deposits in Hadong-Sancheong area are 1) the presence of anorthositic rocks, 2) the low flat or gentle topography, 3) the favorable climate, and 4) the long-continued preservation of kaolins with-out erosion.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.63-69
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• 1988

Chondrodite form the Wondong mine, Korea, which is the first occurrence from the southern Korea, has been studied for its mineralogical characterization. It occurs in close association with penninite, phlogopite, diopside and garnet within the magnetite ore bodies, which are debeloped along the contact of the Hwajeol Formation and rhyolite. Two kinds of chondrodites are recognized by their different optical properties; the high birefringent untwinned one and the low birefringent twinned one. The former has slightly higher Mn content than the latter. Twinning in chondrodite has been formed in close relation to substitution Mg (Fe, Mn) in the humite solid solution, as evidenced by the chemical variation across the twin lamallae.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.143-147
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• 2008

Fe compounds in scoria as distributed in the south-western area of Jeju Island were investigated using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and $^{57}Fe$ $M{\ddot{o}}ssbauer$ spectroscopy. The samples were prepared from four parasite volcanoes. It was found that these samples are typical basalt comprised of $SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$, Fe, and silicate minerals. The $M{\ddot{o}}ssbauer$ spectra showed doublets for olivine, pyroxene, and ilmenite as well as sextets for hematite and magnetite. The valence state of Fe is chiefly a 3+ charge state with a slight 2+ charge state. It is expected that these results will add to the body of information related to the formation mechanisms of Jeju Island.

• 광물과 암석
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.215-232
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• 2020

태백산광화대에 속하는 영월군 녹전리 일대에는 이목화강암과의 경계부를 따라 탄산염암을 모암으로하는 Ca 및 Mg 스카른과 광화작용이 발달하였다. Ca 스카른은 석회암을 모암으로 석류석과 휘석이 산출되며, Mg 스카른은 백운암이 모암이며, 감람석 및 사문석이 발달한다. 광석광물은 초기 자철석-적철석 그리고 후기 자류철석(±회중석)-황철석-방연석-섬아연석이 정출된다. 석류석은 근거리에 안드라다이트 조성 그리고 원거리에 그로슐라 조성이 각각 우세하며, 휘석은 투휘석이 주로 산출된다. 이러한 조성변화는 유체가 이목화강암에서 원거리로 이동함에 따라 모암과의 반응이 증가하여 산화환경에서 환원환경으로 변화하였음을 나타낸다. Mg 스카른의 자철석이 Ca 스카른보다 Fe₂O₃는 높고 FeO는 낮은 특징을 보이며, Mg 스카른에서 높은 MgO 함량을 보인다. 섬아연석의 Zn/Fe 비는 이목화강암에서 멀어질수록 증가하는 경향을 보인다. 황화광물의 δ³⁴S 값은 이목화강암과 유사한 값을 보이고 있어서 대부분의 황이 화성기원임을 시사한다. 광화작용은 온도 및 산소분압의 감소와 더불어 황분압이 증가함에 따라 스카른광물, 산화광물 그리고 황화광물 순으로 정출되었다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.19-36
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• 1983

The study revealed that the sequence of volcanism in Ulrung island can be classified into 5 stages, and the volcanic history is summerized as follow: 1st stage: Eruption of basaltic agglomerates, tuffs and lavas, 2nd stage: Eruption of trachytic and trachyandesitic agglomerates and tuffs, 3rd stage: Eruption of trachyte lavas and their lapilli tuffs, 4th stage: Eruption of trachyte lavas and nepheline phonolites, 5th stage: Eruption of pumice, trachytic ash and lapilli, and plutonic ejecta (fragments of alkali gabbro, monzonite and alkali feldspar syenite) and a subsequent caldera formation. Finally, a small scale eruption of leucite bearing trachyandesite lava in the caldera. Several evidences show that there have been long erosional intervals between the 1st and 2nd stages and between the 4th and 5th stages. A K-Ar age for trachybasalt lava of the 1st stage was determined to be 1.8 Ma, and a $C^{14}$ age, 9300Y. (Machida, 1981) is available for these volcanic events. Therefore, it is considered that volcanic activity of the island above sea level began at least in early Pleistocene, and continued to until 9300 years ago exploding large amount of pumice, prior to pouring out of leucite bearing trachyandesite from the inner caldera. Using solidification index (SI) of Kuno, microscopic texture and mineral composition as criteria of the classification, the volcanic rocks are classified into alkali basalt, trachybasalt, trachyandesite, trachyte and phonolite. These are mostly prophyritic in texture. Main constituent minerals of alkali basalt and trachybasalt are plagioclase, olivine, Ti-augite and magnetite. Principal minerals of trachyandesite are plagioclase, anorthoclase, clinopyroxenes, kaersutite, biotite and magnetite. Trachyte and phonolite consist mainly of anorthoclase, clinopyroxene and magnetite, showing typical trachytic texture in groundmass. In solidification index, alkali basalt ranges from 39 to 27, trachybasalt 17 to 14, trachyandesite 12 to 9 and trachyte 8.15 to 0.72. A trend of compositional variation showing a typical alkali volcanic rock series is revealed on $SiO_2$-oxides and SI-oxides diagrams. In $SiO_2$-total alkali diagram, alkali lime index and An-Ab'-Or diagram, the samples fall into the fields of potassic series of the alkali volcanic rock series, whereas in A-F-M diagram show a trend toward the alkali enrichment with a curve approaching toward the iron apex. In particular, trachybasalt lavas in this island have higher total iron contents which is comparable to alkali rocks in other areas, e. g. as Gough and Tristan volcanic islands located near the Mid-Oceanic ridge in South Atlantic Ocean.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.45-56
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• 1988

Many hydrothermal skarn-type iron ore deposits inchiding Mulgeum, Yangseong, Maeri and Kimhae mines are distributed in the south-eastern Gyeongnam Province, Korea. The deposits are magnetite veins which occurred in propylitized andesitic rock near the contact with late Cretaceous Masanite. Symmetrical zoned skarns are commonly developed around the magnetite veins. The order of the skarn zones from the vein is garnet-quartz skarn, epidote skarn, and epidote-orthoclase skarn. The garnets include isotropic or anisotropic andradite($Ad_{100{\sim}70}$), and the epidotes are composed of pistacite($Ps_{21-31}$). Fe contents of the epidotes generally increase toward the magnetite veins. Epidotes and garnets often show compositional variations from grain to grain, that is, their Fe and Al contents vary inversely. This suggests that the variations depend mainly upon $fo_2$ during the skarnization. Oxygen and carbon isotope analyses of minerals from andesitic rock, micrographic granite, major skarn zones and post-mineralization zones were conducted to provide the information on the formation temperature, the origin and the evolution of the hydrothermal solution forming the iron ore deposits. Becoming more distant from the ore vein, temperatures of skarn zones represent the decreasing tendency, but most ${\delta}O^{18}$ and ${\delta}O^{18}_{H_2O}$ values of skarn minerals represent no variation trend, and also the values are relatively low. Judging from all the isotopic data from the ore deposits, the major source of hydrothemal solution altering the skarn zones and precipitating the ore bodies was magmatic water derived from the more deeply seated micrographic granite. This high temperature hydrothermal solution rising through the fissures of propylitized andesitic rock was mixed with some meteoric water, and the extensive isotopic exchange occurred with the propylitized andesitic rock. During this process, the temperature and ${\delta}O^{18}_{H_2O}$ value of hydrothermal solution were lowered gradually. At the stage of iron ore precipitation, because after all the alteration was already finished, the oxygen isotopic exchange with the wall rock was nearly not taken. The relatively high ${\delta}O^{18}$ and ${\delta}O^{18}_{H_2O}$, and relatively low ${\delta}C^{13}$ values of calcites of post mineralization stage, are the results of leaching of the high ${\delta}O^{18}$ chert xenolith in the andesitic rock and low ${\delta}C^{13}$ andesitic rock.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.145-152
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• 2002

제주도 산록의 분석구에서 발달된 적색분석과 흑색분석에서 발달된 토양과 모재의 광물조성, 화학성분 및 열적 특성을 구명하기 위하여 X-선회절, 열분석(DTA), 화학분석을 실시하였다. 토양모재로서 분석의 주광물은 사장석이었고, 부광물로 적색 분석에서는 hematite, gibbsite, mica, quartz가 소량 함유되어 있으며, 흑색 분석은 휘석, 석영 장석, 감람석으로 흑색 분석이 현무암과 유사한 광물조성과 열적 특성을 보였다. 작열감량과 2, 3 산화물의 함량을 고려하면, 적색 분석이 흑색 분석보다 간헐적인 분출을 일으켰음을 시사한다. 분석구 토양의 점토 규반비($SiO_2/Al_2O_3$)는 2~3 내외로 토심이 깊어질수록 낮아지는 반면에 작열감량은 증가하는 경향이었으며, $K_2O$ 함량이 낮아 운모류의 영향이 적었다. 분석구 토양들의 점토광물은 Allophan이 주광물이며 Vermiculite, Illite, Kaolin광물이 소량 존재하고, 일차광물로는 석영, 장석이 있어 유사한 조성을 보인다. 그러나 적색 분석구 토양의 점토에서는 Gibbsite와 Hematite, magnetite가, 흑색 분석구 토양의 점토에서는 magnetite가 소량 함유되어 있었다. 시차열 분석에서 분석구 토양의 Magnetite ($Fe_3O_4$)가 소성에 의하여 Hematite(${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$)로 전환되면서 $660^{\circ}C$ 부근에서 강한 발열반응의 열적 특성을 보였다. 따라서, 분석구 토양의 주광물은 철산화물을 함유하는 Allophane으로, 적색 분석구 토양의 색상을 결정하는 주요한 광물은 적철광(Hematite, ${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$)이었다.