• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.133-163
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• 2007

Growth in the outsourcing market signals that firms of all sizes believe outsourcing will ultimately deliver many benefits and conveniences. But there are not many firms satisfied with the results of outsourcing. What is more, previous researches were fragmentary analyses focused on specific variables of outsourcing such as sourcing decisions, partnership rather than comprehensive analysis. Thus, they could not propose general systematic methodologies applicable to the real situation. To solve these problems, we developed an integrated theoretical framework that considered both contract with the hard side and trust with the soft side from a contingency viewpoint and tested this model using 143 data of Korean companies executing outsourcing. In addition, we examined how situational factors(outsourcing task complexity and outsourcing management competence) affects each path in the research model. The results of this study are as follows. First, it was proved the theory that trust is not a substitute for contract but its complement. Previous empirical studies on outsourcing success factors were focused on the establishment of successful partnership on the assumption that trust can replace contract in many situations. According to the results of our empirical analysis, however, contract and trust were in a mutually complementary relation with each other and their emphasis was different. Furthermore, different from previous researches, it was found effective to use trust as a supplementary tool and contract as a main means in outsourcing management strategy. Second, this study provided an integrated view that sees both contract and trust from a contingency viewpoint in theoretically reestablishing the relationship between contract and trust. Previous researches leaned to specific variables or theory-centered fragmentary analysis, but this study proposed a more practical and integrated research model and tested its effectiveness. Based on the results, with the model, decision makers are expected to scrutinize outsourcing situation more closely and to have a practical insight to the situation. Third, it was found that contract mechanism and trust building do not have a direct effect on outsourcing performance but relationship management intensity mediates the effect of contract mechanism and trust building. This is considered significantly meaningful to outsourcing partners who have believed that outsourcing would be successful if a contract is made properly or trust is built. Lastly, the path from trust building to relationship management intensity was moderated by informed buying, as the path coefficients from trust building to relationship management intensity varied by the degree of informed buying competence.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.222-230
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• 2000

Purpose : Resection of the epileptogenic zone in the parietal and occipital lobes may be relevant although only few studies have been reported. Methods : Eight patients with parietal epilepsy and nine patients with occipital epilepsy were included for this study. Preoperatively, all had video-EEG monitoring with extracranial electrodes, MRI, 3D-surface rendering of MRI using Allegro(ISG Technologies Inc., Toronto, Canada), and PET scans. Sixteen patients underwent invasive recording with subdural grid. Eight had parietal resection including the sensory cortex in two. Seven had partial occipital resection. Two underwent total unilateral occipital lobectomy. The extent of the resection was made based mainly on the data of invasive EEG recordings, MRI, and 3D-surface rendering of MRI, not on the intraoperative electrocorticographic findings as usually done. During resection, electrocortical stimulation was performed on the motor cortex and speech area. Results : Out of eight patients with parietal epilepsy, three had sensory aura, two had gustatory aura, and two had visual aura. Six of nine patients with occipital epilepsy had visual auras. All had complex partial seizures with lateralizing signs in 15 patients. Four had quadrantopsia. One had mild right hemiparesis. Abnormality in MRI was noticed in six out of eight parietal epilepsy and in eight out of nine occipital epilepsy. 3D-surface rendering of MRI visualized volumetric abnormality with geometric spatial relationships adjacent to the normal brain, in all of parietal and occipital epilepsy. Surface EEG recording was not reliable in localizing the epileptogenic zone in any patient. The subdural grid electrodes can be implanted on the core of the structural abnormality in 3D-reconstructed brain. Ictal onset zone was localized accurately by subdural grid EEGs in 16 patients. Motor cortex in nine and sensory speech area in two were identified by electrocortical stimulation. Histopathologic findings revealed cortical dysplasia in 10 patients ; tuberous sclerosis was combined in two, hamartoma and ganglioglioma in one each, and subpial gliosis in six. Eleven patients were seizure free at follow-up of 6 months to 37 months(mean 19.7 months) after surgery. Seizures recurred in two and were unchanged in one. Six produced transient sensory loss and one developed hemiparesis and tactile agnosia. One revealed transient apraxia. Two patients with preoperative quadrantopsia developed homonymous hemianopsia. Conclusion : This study suggests that surgical treatment was relevant in parietal and occipital epilepsies with good surgical outcome, without significant neurologic sequelae. Neuroimaging studies including conventional MRI, 3Dsurface rendering of MRI were necessary in identifying the epileptogenic zone. In particular, 3D-surface rendering of MRI was very helpful in presuming the epileptogenic zone in patients with unidentifiable lesion in the conventional MRI, in planning surgical approach to lesions, and also in making a decision of the extent of the epileptogenic zone in patients with identifiable lesion in conventional MRI. Invasive EEG recording with the subdural grid electrodes helped to confirm a core of the epileptogenic zone which was revealed in 3D-surface rendered brain.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.70-76
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• 2017

The standards related to the "Urban Gas Business Act" and the "Safety Control and Business Regulation of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Act" prescribe the separation distance between gas piping joint excluding welded joints and electric equipments(electric switch, watt meter, breaker, connector, etc). The "Korea Electro technical Regulation" also prescribes the distance between gas piping joints and electric equipments in accordance with the gas related standards. In case of the standards related to the "Urban Gas Business Act", the distance criteria stipulated in the standard of supplying facilities are different from those stipulated in the standard of using facilities. In this study, we have conducted pilot test on the possible ignition distance from the piping joint when LP gas is leaked from the point. We have also examined the adequacy of current standards on the separation distance between gas piping joint and electric equipments. As a result of the tests, we have found that ignition is able to occur at a distance of 30 cm as stipulated in the current standards or more when LP gas is leaked from the joint of the pipe. Therefore, we have made a decision that the criteria for separation distance between gas piping joint and electric equipment specified in the current standards related to the "Urban Gas Business Act" and the "Safety Control and Business Regulation of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Act" is appropriate.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.239-247
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• 1993

Differentiating the various causes of hydronephrosis from that of obstruction can be very difficult. The decision-making process for those instances of urinary tract dilatation that require surgical correction and those that do not is based in part on the findings of diuresis renography. The methodology for performing this test has differed among nuclear medicine practitioners and the surgical findings are occasionally discrepant from the diuretic renogram interpretation. Consequently we made an automatic computer software program that calculates the slope of the response curve. The quantitative indices, such as the injection and response t1/2 by linear-fitting and monoexponential-fitting, were compared with the visual assessment of the diuretic cinerenography and clinical outcome in 50 children (62 kidneys) with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Pooled diuresis renogram data indicated that: (1) Visual evaluation of the diuretic cinerenography is a sensitive (87%, 54/62) tool to differentiate obstruction in suspected ureteropelvic junction obstruction. (2) The cut-off value (maximum washout t1/2 with non-obstruction) of injection and response t1/2 by linear-fitting were 40 min. (3) The sensitivity and specificity using injection and response t1/2 by linear-fitting for obstruction were 89%(23/26) and 100%(30/30), respectively. (4) Response t1/2 as well as injection t1/2 by monoexponential-fitting do not stratify children with possible ureteropelivic junction obstruction. In conclusion, quantitative assessment of diuretic renography as well as visual assessment of diuretic cinerenography correlate well with surgical and clinical outcome of suspected ureteropelvic junction obstruction.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.2 s.73
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• pp.145-154
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• 2004

The growing demand for customer-responsive, made-to-order manufacturing is stimulating the need for improved dynamic decision-making processes in commercial fleet operations. Moreover, the rapid growth of electronic commerce through the internet is also requiring advanced and precise real-time operation of vehicle fleets. Accompanying these demand side developments/pressures, the growing availability of technologies such as AVL(Automatic Vehicle Location) systems and continuous two-way communication devices is driving developments on the supply side. These technologies enable the dispatcher to identify the current location of trucks and to communicate with drivers in real time affording the carrier fleet dispatcher the opportunity to dynamically respond to changes in demand, driver and vehicle availability, as well as traffic network conditions. This research investigates key aspects of real time dynamic routing and scheduling problems in fleet operation particularly in a truckload pickup-and-delivery problem under various settings, in which information of stochastic demands is revealed on a continuous basis, i.e., as the scheduled routes are executed. The most promising solution strategies for dealing with this real-time problem are analyzed and integrated. Furthermore, this research develops. analyzes, and implements hybrid algorithms for solving them, which combine fast local heuristic approach with an optimization-based approach. In addition, various partitioning algorithms being able to deal with large fleet of vehicles are developed based on 'divided & conquer' technique. Simulation experiments are developed and conducted to evaluate the performance of these algorithms.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.5 s.67
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• pp.95-104
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• 2006

The advertisement is an informative product in which a company or an organization has made a substantial capital investment in order to achieve their goals based on their carefully thought-out plans. David Ogilvy maintaned that making a headline of an advertisement is worth 80 percent completion of the advertisement. As he insisted, a headline is also the most important element in the printing advertisement. Therefore, the importance of selecting headline's font style is increased because, while creating a headline, it is necessary to consider the emotional aspects of the advertising object that attract the attention of people. Many researchers call 'typography' as 'frozen sound' or 'written sound' because typography not only works as a letter but also provide people with an emotional pleasure. An appropriate selection of headline's font style in the advertisement production makes both the client and the audience for the advertisement satisfied because it reduces the communication risk and makes design results more reasonable. It is difficult to find many decision-making methods for selecting headline's font style. Therefore, the author of this paper investigated the trend of the use of headline's font style in order to help the designer understand headline's font style as one of design factors. As a result of the research, it is possible to conclude that, while selecting the headline's font style, the attributes of a font consist of limited style, and more objective and systematic font selection methods are necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.89-107
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• 2017

This study aims to compare information seeking behavior of 1300K users on PC and mobile phone. Transaction logs of 1300K, a major Korean shopping search engine, were analyzed. These transaction logs were collected over 1 month period, from April 1 to April 31, 2016. The results of this study show that there are a little more mobile sessions than PC sessions. Users conducted slightly more browsing on PCs than mobile phones, whereas users submitted queries more than two times on mobile phones than on PCs. Users clicked more search results on PCs than mobile phones, whereas users made important decision makings such as product purchases more on mobile phones than PCs. Top queries and categories were similar between PCs and mobile phones. Queries and categories on mobile phones were more focused than queries on PCs. Overall, mobile search behavior is more simple, passive, and focused than PC search behavior. The results of this study can be implemented to the effective improvement and development of search services for different devices.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.68-84
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• 1995

Background: Guideline for practice is useful because it can be the standard for assessment and way to improve quality. We need to take account of expert opinion and consensus as well as scientific evidences to develope practice guideline because it should be practical. Delphi method has been developed to gather opinions from experts fairly. This study was designed to develop practice guideline and apply it to practices as a method to improve quality in primary medical care. Methods: Hypertension(in adults over 18 years old) was selected as a target problem. Self questionnaires about management of hypertensive patients were developed by a researcher with advice of 11 experts. The questionnaires were designed to response as a 5 pont scale. The results of previous questionary were given to respondents in second and third questionnaires. If needed, the questionnaires were changed on the previous responses. The items with medium greater than or equal to 4 point in 1st and 2nd responses were accepted in guideline. The items with medium lesser than or equal to 3 point were questioned again about whether they can be excluded or not. The criteria for assessment was made with reference to guideline and applied to 85 hypertensive patients of 9 family practitioners. At 3 months after practice guideline had been given to family practitioners, performance of same practitioners was assessed with 36 new hypertensive patients. Results: 23 professors in family medicine, 22 family practitioners and 6 cardiologists, responded among 50, 50, 15 respectively. Practice guideline with 33 items was developed as a result of 3 times questionaires. The difference of responses between professors in family medicine, family practitioners and cardiologists was not significant. Performance of practice was improved in diagnosis, history taking about 6 fields, laboratory examination and decision making about time of pharmaceutical prescription. It was not improved in physical examination, life style modification, method of pharmaceutical prescription, choice of initial antihypertensives and history taking about duration of disease and diet habit. It was decreased in history taking about psychosocial factors. The assessment scores were low in history taking, physical examination and life style modification before and after use of practice guideline. Conclusion: Practice guideline for hypertension could be developed by Delphi method. Performance of practice improved partially after use of guideline.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.489-500
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• 2009

This research takes a user-centered approach to define relevance, the core concept in information retrieval. The literature on relevance has identified numerous factors affecting such a judgment. We examined the model of user relevance judgment that describes the relationship between user relevance criteria and different types of relevance with information search task. We consider 7 criteria of user relevance-topicality, novelty, reliability, understandability, specificity, richness, and interest-and 3 type of user relevance-cognitive relevance, situational relevance, and affective relevance. Data were collected from a semi-controlled survey and analyzed by a structural equation modeling. As a result, topicality and reliability were found to be the essential relevance criteria in all information retrieval tasks. In the fact search task, topicality, reliability, novelty, richness, and interest were found to be significant. In the problem solving search task, topicality, reliability, understandability, and specificity were found to be significant. In the decision making search task, topicality, reliability, novelty, understandability, richness, specificity, and interest were found to be significant. In addition, the relationships between types of user relevance were determined. This research made theoretical and practical contributions to the field of information retrieval by identifying a definite model of user relevance judgment.

• School Mathematics
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.633-652
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• 2015

The purpose of the present study is twofold: one is to understand secondary mathematics teachers' capacity to sort out given tasks based on Stein & Smith(1998)'s Cognitive Demands of Mathematical Task Framework; the second is to examine how the teachers assess the levels of cognitive demand indicated in students' reponses and how they modify the tasks to elicit the students' higher levels of cognitive activity. The analysis of 45 teachers' responses to the survey indicates that the teachers, in general, could select appropriate tasks for the given goal of the lessons but some made the decision merely by their appearances. Even though the teachers chose a particular level with different reasons amongst each other, most teachers could correctly evaluate the levels of cognitive demand of the students' responses. Finally, teachers could pose cognitively demanding tasks using various methods, but a number of them felt challenged in creating word problems that were realistic and aligned with curriculum.