• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.253-267
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• 2016

The stability of surrounding rock will be poor when the tunnel is excavated through nearly horizontal stratum. In this paper, the instability mechanism of local nearly horizontal stratum in super-large section and deep buried tunnel is revealed by the analysis of the macro failure and micro fracture. A structural model is proposed to explain the mechanics of surrounding rock collapse under the action of stress redistribution and shed light on the macroscopic analytical approach of the stability of surrounding rock. Then, some highly effective formulas applied in the tunnel engineering are developed according to the theory of mixed-mode micro fracture. And well-documented field case is made to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed analytical methods of mixed-mode fracture. Meanwhile, in order to make the more accurate judgment about yield failure of rock mass, a series of comprehensive failure criteria are formed. In addition, the relationship between the nonlinear failure criterion and $K_I$ and $K_{II}$ of micro fracture is established to make the surrounding rock failure criterion more comprehensive and accurate. Further, the influence of the parameters related to the tension-shear mixed-mode fracture and compression-shear mixed-mode fracture on the propagation of rock crack is analyzed. Results show that ${\sigma}_3$ changes linearly with the change of ${\sigma}_1$. And the change rate is related to ${\beta}$, angle between the cracks and ${\sigma}_1$. The proposed simple analytical approach is economical and efficient, and suitable for the analysis of local nearly horizontal stratum in super-large section and deep buried tunnel.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.313-339
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to analysis empirically the socio-structural causes of working poor. This study used raw data of of Korea National Statistical Office from 1982 to 2004, and put in operation time series multiple regression analysis to use socio-economic factors of macro-economy environment, labor market, distribution system. Contrary to assertion of growth-concentrated people, economic growth rate has had significantly positive effect on the change of working poor size. In the growth period there has been trickle down effect of economic growth, but in the post-Fordism period there has not been valid circular relation. Recent introduction of the U. S. type capitalism resulted in negative phenomenon like aggravation of income distribution, deterioration of employment quality, enlargement of working poor. And there rise a question on socio-economic durability due to de-compensation on intra-institution. It is necessary to grope transition to the high road social market model - that is stable and sustainable - correspond to Korea that is stable and sustainable.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.27-35
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• 2015

Purpose: Healthcare is on the whole a personal and critical service that consumer's use, whereas hospitalization is as a rule painful, because nature nurtures and Sun Light Luminosity for healthcare settings is considered healing. The performance and design of climate responsive buildings such as AKU requires a detailed study of attributes of climate both at micro as well as macro level. The therapeutic value of contact with nature through window view, greenery and landscape is calculated there. Method: A two prong strategy is been devised for this article, at micro level three typical morphologies are analysed by creating same environment of neighboring building on sun shading chart, radiation and temperature range. Since the analysis of local climate helps to determine the design strategies for hospital Healing Environment which is suitable for Karachi climate; in order to track the macro climatic behaviour, a considerable analysis of psychometrics chart for AKU Karachi are designed on Climate Consultant (CC) and analysed by Machine Learning. Climate Consultant proposes different design strategies suitable for Karachi. And on the other hand time wise illumination sources for clinical area which are then measured on psychrometric chart- according to singular space: multi patient admission, secondly: acute ambulatory ward, and tertiary: multi windowed space according to the mushrabiyah and sky light pattern. Result: Our findings support the hypothesis that windowed wall is 75-80% more healing wall; an accelerated evidence was found for healing at macro level if the form of the hospital is designed according to the climatologically preferences, whereas at micro level: the light resource becomes the staff attentiveness determinant. In Conclusion evidence was provided that the actual form of luminosity results consequently in satisfaction while light entering from several set of windows and other sources might be valued if design according to the healing environment. The data added on the sun shading chart to calculate rays entraining into space in patient room equal to 124416.21 Watts/ meter $m^2$ is calculated as precise healing rate-and is confirmed by questionnaire from patients belonging from each clinical stage having different illnesses.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.37-52
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• 2022

Purpose - The objective of this study is to investigate what motivates global FDI inflows in the different economic development level and to clarify the FDI motivation type in the level of qualitative economic growth. Design/methodology/approach - Major macroscopic social·economic factors induced FDI inflows were analyzed using fixed-effect panel regression with 30-year panel data of 28 countries from 1985 to 2014. For analysis in the stage of economic growth, two category of developed and developing countries was used. And to analyze FDI motivation type in the level of qualitative economic growth, 4 shares of GDP; consumption·government·investment expenditure and export, was used as explanatory variable. Findings - In developed country, TFP(total factor productivity) and GDP have a great influence on FDI inflows, and consumption and labor compensation have a slight effect. This result indicates that the market seeking-driven, horizontal type investment is shown along with efficiency seeking investment. In developing country, human capital and TFP is shown to have greater impact on FDI inflows and labor compensation, exports, investment and government expenditures also have impacts. Thus it has confirmed that not only efficiency-seeking vertical investment for using low cost well educated laborer, but also government-driven economic growth and export policies could affect the FDI inflows. Research implications or Originality - The FDI investment decision making of multinational companies is decided by their own purpose. But, in the concept of as follows; 1) FDI is a long-term capital flowing for maximization of economic utility with limited global resource, 2) Thus FDI could be affected by macro socio·economic factors of host country. 3) Also such macro factors is different by each economic growth qualitative level. Therefore macro socio·economic factors of each country could be affected by the qualitative level of their own economic growth. To attract FDI inflows, it is desirable to implement differentiated incentive policies in the qualitative level of economic growth. Furthermore in developing countries it is recommended to implement government driven economic growth policies as follows; fostering well educated human resources, improving technology productivity in the relative lower cost labor market compared to developed countries and boosting international export volume.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.303-315
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• 2010

In this paper, we present a new finite Timoshenko beam element with a model for ultimate load computation of reinforced concrete frames. The proposed model combines the descriptions of the diffuse plastic failure in the beam-column followed by the creation of plastic hinges due to the failure or collapse of the concrete and or the re-bars. A modified multi-scale analysis is performed in order to identify the parameters for stress-resultant-based macro model, which is used to described the behavior of the Timoshenko beam element. The micro-scale is described by using the multi-fiber elements with embedded strain discontinuities in mode 1, which would typically be triggered by bending failure mode. A special attention is paid to the influence of the axial force on the bending moment - rotation response, especially for the columns behavior computation.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.305-312
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• 2003

Recently, with a progressive development of hardware of computer, the internet and network technology, the environment of construction varies rapidly due to increase the complex form in structure shape and system. With variations, the CAD system for design and products also varies from 2D system to 3D system. This study mainly deals with the methodology of automatic connection design of 3D CAD system, steel connection system (XSteel) using macro. First, using design program in the steel connection system, Xsteel, the joint connection macro will be made up and established the detail classes of design. The next, Database Program (Converter Program) related to the general structural analysis program (MIDAS) and the steel connection program (Xsteel) is constructed for data interface between two programs. From this study, if the merits of 3D CAD system and converter program are utilized well, it is expected that the time needed in modeling and the amounts due to material loses decrease gradually.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.86-91
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• 1999

A new test method has been developed for a quantitative evaluation of macro-stickies in recycled pulps. The method uses a fine slot screen to separate a sticky particles form fiber in the pulp samples. The obtained sticky particles were spread on filter paper and covered with silicon carbide powder in order to make the stickies area with sufficient contrast between stickies and background. The stickies are then counted by a scanner-based image analysis system. The validity of this evaluation method of stickies of KOCC, ONP and white ledger wastepaper recycling plants respectively. It is shown that this method can be applied for a quantitative determination of stickies content in various recycled pulp samples. With this testing method, reproducible and reliable data were obtained for the actual mill pulp samples.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.95-102
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• 1992

In this study, we tried to describe the quantitative model of TiN film structure which was deposited by PECVD process. The macro-grain growth behavior was studied at the various deposition pressures and times. As a result, It was confirmed that TiN films had the typical Zone 1 structure, and macro-columnar grains were, without reference to the deposition pressure, grown ballistic type by the growth-death competition following the equation, $Y=aX^2$, approximately obtained by regression analysis. Also, the thickness and the crystallization of TiN thin films were increased, the chlorine contents were decreased according to the decreasing of deposition pressure.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2005

We developed the logical methods to analyze economic impacts of standardization and cleared up effects of performing KS in micro and macro aspects. This study is performed through analysing foreign studies and results from surveys. The advanced methods performing standardization as a form of 'Korean industrial standards' are suggested here, which are based on results of this study. The major consequences of this study are followings. The micro economic impact is that each company gets 604.5 millions won a year through performing KS A and F(discount rate 4.5%) and 1.46 trillions won is the macro economic impact through performing total KS A and F, which comes to 0.245% of GDP.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.471-482
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• 2018

A flat-jointed bonded-particle model (BPM) has been proved to be an effective tool for simulating mechanical behaviours of intact rocks. However, the tedious and time-consuming calibration procedure imposes restrictions on its widespread application. In this study, a systematic approach is proposed for simplifying the calibration procedure. The initial relationships between the microscopic, constitutive parameters and macro-mechanical rock properties are firstly determined through dimensionless analysis. Then, sensitivity analyses and regression analyses are conducted to quantify the relationships, using results from numerical simulations. Finally, four examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed systematic approach for the calibration procedure of BPMs.