• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제108권4호
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• pp.574-581
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• 2019

본 연구는 임목수확작업에 사용되는 트랙터윈치의 작업효율성을 검토하기 위하여 강원도 양양군지역의 소나무 간벌지를 대상으로 트랙터윈치를 이용한 전목 집재작업에서의 작업생산성 및 작업비용을 분석하였다. 평균집재거리는 29m, 평균 임목재적은 0.15㎥으로 총 95회 집재작업 중 상향집재가 51%, 하향집재가 49%로 작업이 실행되었다. 집재작업 생산성은 하향집재 2.28㎥/hr, 상향집재 1.89㎥/hr으로 운용적 작업지연시간을 최소화하여 기계이용률을 80%로 높일 경우, 약 0.5㎥/hr 생산성이 향상될 것으로 판단된다. 집재작업비용은 하향집재 작업비용(44,116원/㎥)이 집재본수(본/cycle)의 차이로 인하여 상향집재작업비용(53,369원/㎥) 보다 낮게 산출되었다. 또한 상·하향 집재작업시간 예측모델식을 개발하여, 민감도 분석을 실시한 결과, 집재거리(m), 집재본수(본/cycle), 집재경사(%) 순으로 집재작업시간에 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 향후 집재방향에 따른 정확한 예측모델식을 개발하기 위하여 추가적인 조사가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 재활복지공학회논문지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2017

본 논문에서는 균형평가도구 중 임상에서 가장 많이 사용되는 BBS(Berg Balance Scale)를 머신러닝 기법을 이용하여 점수 분류 정확도를 제시한다. 데이터취득은 Noraxon 시스템을 이용하여, 신체 8군데(왼쪽 오른쪽 발목, 왼쪽 오른쪽 엉덩이 위, 왼쪽 오른쪽 손목, 등(Back), 이마)에 관성센서를 부착하였다. 관성센서의 3축 가속도데이터를 기반으로 특징벡터 STFT(Short Time Fourier Transform), SAM(Signal Area Magnitude)를 추출하였다. 그 다음, BBS의 항목을 동작특성에 따라 정적인 동작(static movement)과 동적인 동작(dynamic movement)으로 나누었고, BBS의 각 항목에 대하여 점수에 영향이 있는 센서부착위치에 따라 특징벡터를 선별하였다. BBS의 항목마다 선별된 특징벡터는 GMM(Gaussian Mixture Model)을 이용하여 분류하였다. 실험대상자 40명에 대한 정확도 산출결과, 1번순으로 차례대로 55.5%, 72.2%, 87.5%, 50%, 35.1%, 62.5%, 43.3%, 58.6%, 60.7%, 33.3%, 44.8%, 89.2%, 51.8%, 85.1%의 분류 정확도를 확인하였다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.381-391
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• 1999

A new 5th generation adhesive system(ONE-STEP) has been supplied which operators can apply to conditioned tooth surfaces by one simplified step. The purpose of this study was to determine whether different methods of adhesive application and various air drying duration after applying adhesive affect the shear bond strength of composite resin to dentin, and to evaluate the adhesive pattern of composite resin and dentin under SEM. Seventy-seven extracted human molar teeth were cleaned and mounted in palstic test tubes. The occlusal dentin surfaces were exposed with Diamond Wheel Saw and smoothed with Lapping and Polishing Machine (South Bay Technology Co., U.S.A.). Teeth were randomly divided into 7 groups (n=11), In experimental A group, adhesive was applied to dentin with agitation for 20 sec. In experimental N-A group, adhesive were continuously applied to dentin for 20 sec. Also control and experimental 1, 2, 3, 4 groups were dried for 10, 0, 5, 20, 30 seconds after applying adhesive, respectively, Adhesives were light cured for 10 sec. A gelatin capsule 5mm in diameter was filled with Aelitefil$^{TM}$ composite resin, placed on the treated dentin surface and light cured for 40 see, from three sides, All specimens were stored in distilled water at room temperature for 24 hours. The shear bond strengths were measured using a universal testing machine(AGS-1000 4D, Japan) at a crosshead speed of 5mm/min. An one-way ANOVA and LSD test were used for statistical analysis of the data. For SEM evaluation, seven specimens were made and sectioned. Representive postfracture and seven specimens were mounted on brass stubs, sputter-coated with gold and observed under SEM. The results were as follows : 1. The shear bond strength of experimental A group which adhesive were applied to dentin with agitation was higher than that of experimental N-A group (continuous application), and there was significant difference between two groups (p<0.01). 2. The interface between composite and dentin according to different application methods showed close adaptation in experimental A group and showed tinny gap in experimental N-A group. 3. The shear bond strength accoding to various air drying duration was the lowest value(7.57${\pm}$2.60 MPa) in experimental 1 group, so there was significant difference between experimental 1 group and other four groups (p<0.05). But there was no significant difference of shear bond strength between four groups (p>0.05). 4. The interface between composite and dentin according to various air drying duration showed close adaptation in control group and tinny gap in experimental 3 and 4 groups. But experimental 1 and 2 groups showed $30{\mu}$ and 6 - $10{\mu}m$ thick gaps, respectively.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.133-142
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• 2002

This is a fundamental study to develop a sensor to detect weeds in paddy field using machine vision adopted spectralphotometric technique in order to use the sensor to spread herbicide selectively. A set of spectral reflectance data was collected from dry and wet soil and leaves of rice and 6 kinds of weed to select desirable wavelengths to classify soil, rice and weeds. Stepwise variable selection method of discriminant analysis was applied to the data set and wavelengths of 680 and 802 m were selected to distinguish plants (including rice and weeds) from dry and wet soil, respectively. And wavelengths of 580 and 680 nm were selected to classify rice and weeds by the same method. Validity of the wavelengths to distinguish the plants from soil was tested by cross-validation test with built discriminant function to prove that all of soil and plants were classified correctly without any failure. Validity of the wavelengths for classification of rice and weeds was tested by the same method and the test resulted that 98% of rice and 83% of weeds were classified correctly. Feasibility of CCD color camera to detect weeds in paddy field was tested with the spectral reflectance data by the same statistical method as above. Central wavelengths of RGB frame of color camera were tried as tile effective wavelengths to distingush plants from soil and weeds from plants. The trial resulted that 100% and 94% of plants in dry soil and wet soil, respectively, were classified correctly by the central wavelength or R frame only, and 95% of rice and 85% of weeds were classified correctly by the central wavelengths of RGB frames. As a result, it was concluded that CCD color camera has good potential to be used to detect weeds in paddy field.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.32-43
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• 2014

Automatic fiber placement (AFP) has become a popular processing technique for composites in the aerospace industry, due to its ability to place prepregs or tapes precisely in the exact position when complex parts are being manufactured. This paper presents the design, analysis, and manufacture of an AFP mandrel for composite aircraft fuselage skin fabrication. According to the design requirements, an AFP mandrel was developed and a numerical study was performed through the finite element method. Linear static load analyses were performed considering the mandrel structure self-weight and a 2940 N load from the AFP machine head. Modal analysis was also performed to determine the mandrel's natural frequencies. These analyses confirmed that the proposed mandrel meets the design requirements. A prototype mandrel was then manufactured and used to fabricate a composite fuselage skin. Material load tests were conducted on the AFP fuselage skin curved laminates, equivalent flat AFP, and hand layup laminates. The flat AFP and hand layup laminates showed almost identical strength results in tension and compression. Compared to hand layup, the flat AFP laminate modulus was 5.2% higher in tension and 12.6% lower in compression. The AFP curved laminates had an ultimate compressive strength of 1.6% to 8.7% higher than flat laminates. The FEM simulation predicted strengths were 4% higher in tension and 11% higher in compression than the flat laminate test results.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2014

Purpose: This study is to evaluate the effect of modeling liquid on the shear-bond strength between zirconia core and veneering ceramic. Methods: Disk-shaped (diameter: 12.0mm; height: 3.0mm) zirconia were randomly divided into six groups according to the surface conditioning method and whether modeling liquid is used or not to be applied (N=60, n=10 per group): group 1-control group with distilled water(ZD); group 2-control group with modeling liquid(ZM); group 3-airborne particle abrasion with $110-{\mu}m$ $Al_2O_3$(AD) with distilled water; group 4-airborne particle abrasion with $110-{\mu}m$ $Al_2O_3$ with modeling liquid(AM); group 5-liner with distilled water(LD); group $6{\pounds}{\neq}liner$ with modeling liquid(LM). Contact angles were determined by the sessile drop method at room temperature using a contact angle measurement apparatus. The specimens were prepared using dentin veneering ceramics, veneered, 3mm high and 2.8mm in diameter, over the cores. The shear bond strength test was performed in a Shear bond test machine. Load was applied at a cross-head speed of 0.50mm/min until failure. The fractured zirconia surfaces were evaluated by using stereomicroscope (${\times}30$). Collected data were analyzed using SPSS(Statistical Package for Social Sciences) Win 12.0 statistics program. Results: ZD showed the highest contact angle($50.6{\pm}5.4^{\circ}$) and LD showed the lowest value($6.7{\pm}1.3^{\circ}$). Control groups and zirconia liner groups were significantly higher contact angle than liner groups(p<0.05). LD was the highest shear bond strength($43.9{\pm}3.8MPa$) and ZD was the lowest shear bond strength($24.8{\pm}4.9MPa$). Shear bond strengths of control groups and contact angle of liner groups were not significantly different((p>0.05). Liner groups presented adhesive failures. The others groups showed cohesive and adhesive failures. Conclusion: Modeling liquid groups showed lower contact angles and lower shear bond strength compared to those of distilled water groups.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.749-753
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 마이크로 원통형 SOFC 지지체의 특성을 평가하기 위해 직경 3 mm의 연료극 지지체를 제조하여 지지체의 미세구조를 분석하고, 기계적 강도 및 가스투과도를 측정하였다. 다공성 연료극 지지체의 표면과 파단면의 미세구조를 분석하기 위해 SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)을 이용하였다. 지지체의 가스투과도는 차압계를 이용하여 50, 100, 150 cc/min의 유량에서 측정하였으며, 기계적 강도는 만능 시험기를 이용하여 측정하였다. 마이크로 원통형 연료극 지지체의 기본적인 물성 평가 후 NiO-YSZ, YSZ, YSZ-LSM/LSM/LSCF로 구성된 마이크로 SOFC 단위전지를 제조하였으며, 반응온도와 연료 유량별로 성능평가를 수행하여 $800^{\circ}C$에서 $1095mW/cm^2$의 출력이 얻어짐을 확인하였다. 또한, 반응 온도에 따른 전기화학적 임피던스 특성평가를 통하여 온도가 높아질수록 전해질 이온전도도가 증가되어 ohmic 저항이 감소되고 그에 따라 마이크로 관형 SOFC 셀 성능이 증가함을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 청정기술
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.133-139
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• 2017

식물로부터 유래하는 바이오매스를 25% 이상 함유하는 바이오 베이스 플라스틱은 탄소배출을 억제하는 효과가 있고, 한정된 자원인 석유의 소비량을 줄일 수 있으며, 산화생분해 첨가제를 추가 적용하면 폐기 후에는 미생물에 의해 생분해되기 때문에 친환경적인 소재로 최근 연구가 활발하다. 본 연구에서는 염화비닐수지에 식물체 유래 가소제, 생분해 촉매제를 첨가하여 생분해성 및 물성변화등을 관찰하였다. 또한 초기 신장율과 인장강도 등의 물성이 우수한 자연에서 분해되는 산화 생분해 투명 바이오 필름을 제조하여 식품포장재로서의 제품 안전성을 시험하였다. 염화비닐 수지와 1차 가소제, 2차 가소제, 방담제, 안정제를 비율에 맞게 투입한 다음, 고속혼합기에서 혼합한 후, 압출성형기를 이용하여 압출한 뒤 냉각 와인더 롤을 통해 두께 $12{\mu}m$의 대조구와 산화생분해 투명 바이오 필름을 제조하였다. 기계적 물성으로 인장강도, 연신율 및 최대하중연신율을 측정하였으며, 생분해 실험을 실시하였다. 식물체 유래 가소제, 생분해 촉매제로 제조된 투명 바이오 필름은 대조구 대비 인장강도 및 연신율이 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 ASTM D 6954-04 방법에 따라 45일간 생분해 테스트를 한 결과 표준물질인 셀룰로오스 분말 대비 61.4%의 생분해를 나타내었다.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.79-99
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• 2015

본 연구의 조사대상은 대구, 경북지역에 소재한 대학교에 재학 중인 방사선과를 전공하는 대학생을 조사대상으로 2014년 2월 3일부터 2월21일까지 설문조사를 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 방사선피폭관리에 대한 지식에 대해서는 'X선의 차폐는 납이나 콘크리트로 된 물질이 가능 하다', '인체에서 생식선은 방사선에 매우 민감한 부분이다' 문항에서 가장 높은 점수를 보였고, '직업상 피폭선량은 규정된 5년간에 대해 평균하여 연간 20 mSv를 넘을 수 없다'는 방사선피폭관리에 대한 지식이 가장 낮은 점수를 보였다. 2. 방사선피폭관리에 대한 태도에 대해서는 '방사선피폭과 관련하여 정기적인 건강진단을 받아야한다'. '방사선 조사지역에서 작업 시 방호복을 착용해야한다'는 문항에서 가장 높은 태도 수준을 보였고, '방사선장치의 선량보정 (Calibration)을 위한 선량측정을 정기적으로 해야 한다'는 방사선피폭관리에 대한 태도에서 가장 낮은 태도수준을 보였다. 3. 방사선피폭관리에 대한 행위에 대해서는 '방사선 조사 시 방어벽(판) 뒤에서 작업을 한 다'. '방사선피폭관리에 관한 교육을 정기적으로 받는 다'는 문항에서 가장 높은 행위 수준을 보였고, '근무지의 방사선 관련 장비가 순조로운 작업 상태로 되어 있는가를 사용 전 점점(Check)한다'는 가장 낮은 행위 수준을 보였다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.605-617
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• 2020

The existence of damages in structures causes changes in the physical properties by reducing the modal parameters. In this paper, we develop a two-stages approach based on normalized Modal Strain Energy Damage Indicator (nMSEDI) for quick applications to predict the location of damage. A two-dimensional IsoGeometric Analysis (2D-IGA), Machine Learning Algorithm (MLA) and optimization techniques are combined to create a new tool. In the first stage, we introduce a modified damage identification technique based on frequencies using nMSEDI to locate the potential of damaged elements. In the second stage, after eliminating the healthy elements, the damage index values from nMSEDI are considered as input in the damage quantification algorithm. The hybrid of Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) are used along with nMSEDI. The objective of TLBO is to estimate the parameters of PSO-ANN to find a good training based on actual damage and estimated damage. The IGA model is updated using experimental results based on stiffness and mass matrix using the difference between calculated and measured frequencies as objective function. The feasibility and efficiency of nMSEDI-PSO-ANN after finding the best parameters by TLBO are demonstrated through the comparison with nMSEDI-IGA for different scenarios. The result of the analyses indicates that the proposed approach can be used to determine correctly the severity of damage in beam structures.