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Breakthroughs in the Systemic Treatment of HER2-Positive Advanced/Metastatic Gastric Cancer: From Singlet Chemotherapy to Triple Combination

  • Sun Young Rha;Hyun Cheol Chung
    • Journal of Gastric Cancer
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.224-249
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    • 2023
  • Gastric cancer is heterogeneous in morphology, biology, genomics, and treatment response. Alterations in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression, microsatellite instability (MSI) status, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) levels, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) can be used as biomarkers. Since the combination of fluoropyrimidine/platinum plus trastuzumab that was investigated in the ToGA trial was approved as a standard of care in HER2-positive patients in 2010, no other agents showed efficacy in the first- (HELOISE, LOGiC, JACOB trials) and second- (TyTAN, GATSBY, T-ACT trials) line treatments. Despite the success in treating breast cancer, various anti-HER2 agents, including a monoclonal antibody (pertuzumab), an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC; trastuzumab emtansine [T-DM1]), and a small molecule (lapatinib) failed to translate into clinical benefits until the KEYNOTE-811 (first-line) and DESTINY-Gastri01 (≥second-line) trials were conducted. The incorporation of HER2-directed treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors in the form of a monoclonal antibody or ADC is now approved as a standard treatment. Despite the promising results of new agents (engineered monoclonal antibodies, bi-specific antibodies, fusion proteins, and small molecules) in the early phase of development, the management of HER2-positive gastric cancer requires further optimization to achieve precision medicine with a chemotherapeutic backbone. Treatment resistance is a complex process that can be overcome using a combination of chemotherapy, targeted agents, and immune checkpoint inhibitors, including novel agents. HER2 status must be reassessed in patients undergoing anti-HER2 treatment with disease progression after the first-line treatment. As a general guideline, patients who need systemic treatment should receive chemotherapy plus targeted agents, anti-angiogenic agents, immune checkpoint inhibitors, or their combinations.

Study of Hydrated Asteroids via Polarimetry: Correlation between Polarimetric Properties and the Degree of Aqueous Alteration of Hydrated asteroids (편광을 통한 수화한 소행성 연구)

  • Geem, Jooyeon;Ishiguro, Masateru;Naito, Hiroyuki;Kuroda, Daisuke;Takahashi, Koki;Sekiguchi, Tomohiko;Takagi, Seiko;Ono, Tatsuharu;Kuramoto, Kiyoshi;Nakamura, Tomoki
    • The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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    • v.46 no.1
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    • pp.46.1-46.1
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    • 2021
  • Hydrated asteroids get widespread attention for the evolution of water in the Solar System, especially thanks to the recent successes of the Hayabusa2 and OSIRIS-REx space missions. The target asteroids of these missions are believed to be fragments that have experienced aqueous alteration in their parent bodies [3]. Although hydrated asteroids have been studied well via spectroscopy, focusing on the 0.7 um or the 2.7 um absorption bands [2, 3, 4], polarimetric properties of these asteroids have rarely been investigated. In this study, we conducted a polarimetric observation of 18 C-complex main-belt asteroids with the 1.6-m Pirka telescope at the Nayoro Observatory of Hokkaido University, Japan. We used a polarimetric imaging mode of the Multi-Spectral Imager (MSI) with the standard Rc-band filter (the central wavelength at 0.64 um) [5]. As a result, we found that all of these hydrated asteroids indicate deep negative branches of their polarimetric profiles. Accordingly, the hydrated asteroids have the polarization minima (Pmin), whose values are significantly lower than any other taxonomic types of asteroids (including C-group asteroids). Because Pmin depends on albedo, particle size, and porosity of the surface materials [1], we suspect that hydrated asteroids are distinctive from other asteroids in terms of these physical properties. In this presentation, we introduce our polarimetric observation and findings. We discuss why hydrated asteroids indicate such low Pmin values, comparing Pmin with spectral features at 0.7 um and 2.7 um based on the observation results.

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Soil moisture estimation of YongdamDam watershed using vegetation index from Sentinel-1 and -2 satellite images (Sentinel-1 및 Sentinel-2 위성영상기반 식생지수를 활용한 용담댐 유역의 토양수분 산정)

  • Son, Moobeen;Chung, Jeehun;Lee, Yonggwan;Woo, Soyoung;Kim, Seongjoon
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2021.06a
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    • pp.161-161
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    • 2021
  • 본 연구에서는 금강 상류의 용담댐 유역(930.0 km2)을 대상으로 Sentinel-1 SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar) 및 Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Instrument(MSI) 위성영상을 활용한 토양수분 산출연구를 수행하였다. 연구에 사용된 자료는 10 m 해상도의 Sentinel-1 IW(Interferometric Wide swath) mode GRD(Ground Range Detected) product의 VV(Vertical transmit-Vertical receive) 및 VH(Vertical transmit-Horizontal receive) 편파자료와 Sentinel-2 Level-2A Bottom of Atmosphere(BOA) reflectance 자료를 2019년에 대해 각 6일 및 5일 간격으로 구축하였다. 위성영상의 Image processing은 SNAP(SentiNel Application Platform)을 활용하여 Sentinel-1 영상의 편파 별(VV, VH) 후방산란계수와 Sentinel-2의 적색(Band-4) 및 근적외(Band-8) 영상을 생성하였다. 토양수분 산출 모형은 다중선형회귀모형(Multiple Linear Regression Model)을 활용하였으며, 각 지점에 해당하는 토양 속성별로 모형을 생성하였다. 모형의 입력자료는 Sentinel-1 위성의 편파별 후방산란계수, Sentinel-1 위성에서 산출된 식생지수 RVI(Radar Vegetation Index)와 Sentinel-2 위성에서 산출된 NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)를 활용하여 식생의 영향을 반영하고자 하였다. 모의 된 토양수분을 검증하기 위해 6개 지점의 TDR(Time Domain Reflectometry) 기반 실측 토양수분 자료를 수집하고, 상관계수(Correlation Coefficient, R), 평균제곱근오차(Root Mean Square Error, RMSE) 및 IOA(Index of Agreement)를 활용하여 전체 기간 및 계절별로 나누어 검증할 예정이다.

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The Effects of Individual Virtues and Couple's Virtues on Marital Satisfaction (부부의 개인별 덕목과 부부 덕목이 결혼만족도에 미치는 효과)

  • Sua Lee;Young-gun Ko
    • Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.1-26
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    • 2019
  • The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of individual virtues and couple's virtues on marital satisfaction. Virtues are the core characteristics valued by moral philosophers and religious thinkers: wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence. Couple's virtues are the virtues being shared by husband and wife. In the current study, subjects consisted of 107 married couples living in Seoul and local areas in Korea. Each member of the couples was asked to fill out the questionnaires including short version of Values in Action-Inventory of Strengths(VIA-IS), couple's VIA-IS which is made out of VIA-IS to suit couples, and General Dissatisfaction Scale(GDS). Actor-Partner Interdependence Model was applied to assess the couple variables that are inter-dependent by nature. The results showed that couple's virtues had greater effects upon marital satisfaction than individual virtues did. The significance of possessing couple's virtues rather than individual virtues was discussed.

Development of drought Tolerant Temperate Rice Variety by Pyramiding QTLs, Pup1 and DTY4.1

  • Jae-Hyuk Han;Na-Hyun Shin;Ian Paul Navea;Jin-Woo Lee;IL-Ryong Choi;Joong Hyoun Chin
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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    • 2022.10a
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    • pp.206-206
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    • 2022
  • Sustainable agriculture is a potential strategy to enable agricultural cultivation systems to feed the growing population under climate change. Sustainable agriculture consists of environment-friendly farming methods that allow the production of crops with minimal harm to the ecosystem. Early establishment in rice might be helpful to adopt sustainable agriculture with less inputs, such as water and phosphorus fertilizer. Two QTLs conferring tolerance to abiotic stress and low nutrition condition, DTY4.1 and Pup1, respectively, are effective for good establishment in the early growth stage under low water and phosphorus fertilizer application. We developed 'Sechanmi' and 'MSI 1-DTY' harboring Pup1 and DTY4.1 into MS11, a japonica rice variety adaptable to tropical regions, using Marker-Assisted Backcrossing (MABC). MS 11-PD lines were developed to meet the demand for less water and P fertilizer application throughout the growth stage of rice. In the F5 generation, water-saving or rainfed cultivation was performed in different P (phosphorus) content. Irrigation was applied only when severe drought was observed one month after transplanting. There was no significant difference observed between the parents and MS11-PD lines in low P conditions. However, MS11-PD lines had more tillers in P-supplied conditions compared to that of the parents 40 and 50 days after transplanting. Under the same amount of P, MS11-PD lines might have higher phosphorus uptake capacity than the parents, increasing the number of tillers and showing better early establishment. The better vegetative growth stage is one of the factors that can potentially increase production by way of higher number of panicles. Through this breeding strategy, it is possible to attain sustainable agriculture by applying less P and water to address the need of a growing population.

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Machine Learning-Based Atmospheric Correction Based on Radiative Transfer Modeling Using Sentinel-2 MSI Data and ItsValidation Focusing on Forest (농림위성을 위한 기계학습을 활용한 복사전달모델기반 대기보정 모사 알고리즘 개발 및 검증: 식생 지역을 위주로)

  • Yoojin Kang;Yejin Kim ;Jungho Im;Joongbin Lim
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.39 no.5_3
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    • pp.891-907
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    • 2023
  • Compact Advanced Satellite 500-4 (CAS500-4) is scheduled to be launched to collect high spatial resolution data focusing on vegetation applications. To achieve this goal, accurate surface reflectance retrieval through atmospheric correction is crucial. Therefore, a machine learning-based atmospheric correction algorithm was developed to simulate atmospheric correction from a radiative transfer model using Sentinel-2 data that have similarspectral characteristics as CAS500-4. The algorithm was then evaluated mainly for forest areas. Utilizing the atmospheric correction parameters extracted from Sentinel-2 and GEOKOMPSAT-2A (GK-2A), the atmospheric correction algorithm was developed based on Random Forest and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM). Between the two machine learning techniques, LGBM performed better when considering both accuracy and efficiency. Except for one station, the results had a correlation coefficient of more than 0.91 and well-reflected temporal variations of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (i.e., vegetation phenology). GK-2A provides Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and water vapor, which are essential parameters for atmospheric correction, but additional processing should be required in the future to mitigate the problem caused by their many missing values. This study provided the basis for the atmospheric correction of CAS500-4 by developing a machine learning-based atmospheric correction simulation algorithm.

A Study on Short-Take-Off and Vertical Landing (STOVL) Performance Evaluation of a Light Aircraft Carrier and a Consistent Analysis of Safe Operating Envelope (SOE) (경항공모함 이·착함 성능평가 및 안전임무 수행범주 일관 해석 연구)

  • Sa Young Hong;Dong-Min Park;Jae Hwan Jung;Min-Guk Seo;Seok-Kyu Cho
    • Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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    • v.61 no.2
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    • pp.125-134
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    • 2024
  • The Safe Operating Envelope (SOE) combined with Short-Take-Off and Vertical Landing (STOVL) performance is an essential consideration of a light aircraft carrier for design of hull shape with excellent seakeeping performance in terms of naval air operations as well as traditional naval ship missions such as Transit and Patrol (TAP), and Replenishment at Sea (RAS) and so on. A variety of procedures are systematically combined to determine SOE considering rather complicated missions associated with operation of aircraft onboard. The evaluation of take-off and landing safety missions onboard should consider wind effect on deck and severer seakeeping indices and standards compared with conventional naval ships. In order to support take-off and landing missions, various support activities of the crews are required. So, additional evaluation is needed for indicators such as MSI(Motion sickness Index) and MII(Motion Induced Interruptions), which are quantitative indicators of work ability that appear as a result of motion response. In this study, a standard procedure is developed including the seaworthiness performance indicators, standards, and evaluation procedures that should be considered during design of STOVL aircraft carrier. Analysis results are discussed in terns of air-wake on deck as well as seakeeping indices associated with design parameter changes in view of conceptual design of a light aircraft carrier.

Development of a Storage Level and Capacity Monitoring and Forecasting Techniques in Yongdam Dam Basin Using High Resolution Satellite Image (고해상도 위성자료를 이용한 용담댐 유역 저수위/저수량 모니터링 및 예측 기술 개발)

  • Yoon, Sunkwon;Lee, Seongkyu;Park, Kyungwon;Jang, Sangmin;Rhee, Jinyung
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.34 no.6_1
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    • pp.1041-1053
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    • 2018
  • In this study, a real-time storage level and capacity monitoring and forecasting system for Yongdam Dam watershed was developed using high resolution satellite image. The drought indices such as Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) from satellite data were used for storage level monitoring in case of drought. Moreover, to predict storage volume we used a statistical method based on Principle Component Analysis (PCA) of Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA). According to this study, correlation coefficient between storage level and SPI (3) was highly calculated with CC=0.78, and the monitoring and predictability of storage level was diagnosed using the drought index calculated from satellite data. As a result of analysis of principal component analysis by SSA, correlation between SPI (3) and each Reconstructed Components (RCs) data were highly correlated with CC=0.87 to 0.99. And also, the correlations of RC data with Normalized Water Surface Level (N-W.S.L.) were confirmed that has highly correlated with CC=0.83 to 0.97. In terms of high resolution satellite image we developed a water detection algorithm by applying an exponential method to monitor the change of storage level by using Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI) sensor of Sentinel-2 satellite. The materials of satellite image for water surface area detection in Yongdam dam watershed was considered from 2016 to 2018, respectively. Based on this, we proposed the possibility of real-time drought monitoring system using high resolution water surface area detection by Sentinel-2 satellite image. The results of this study can be applied to estimate of the reservoir volume calculated from various satellite observations, which can be used for monitoring and estimating hydrological droughts in an unmeasured area.

Comprehensive profiling of DNA methylation in Korean patients with colorectal cancer

  • Hyeran Shim;Kiwon Jang;Yeong Hak Bang;Hoang Bao Khanh Chu;Jisun Kang;Jin-Young Lee;Sheehyun Cho;Hong Seok Lee;Jongbum Jeon;Taeyeon Hwang;Soobok Joe;Jinyeong Lim;Ji-Hye Choi;Eun Hye Joo;Kyunghee Park;Ji Hwan Moon;Kyung Yeon Han;Yourae Hong;Woo Yong Lee;Hee Cheol Kim;Seong Hyeon Yun;Yong Beom Cho;Yoon Ah Park;Jung Wook Huh;Jung Kyong Shin;Dae Hee Pyo;Hyekyung Hong;Hae-Ock Lee;Woong-Yang Park;Jin Ok Yang;Young-Joon Kim
    • BMB Reports
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    • v.57 no.2
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    • pp.110-115
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    • 2024
  • Alterations in DNA methylation play an important pathophysiological role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer. We comprehensively profiled DNA methylation alterations in 165 Korean patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), and conducted an in-depth investigation of cancer-specific methylation patterns. Our analysis of the tumor samples revealed a significant presence of hypomethylated probes, primarily within the gene body regions; few hypermethylated sites were observed, which were mostly enriched in promoter-like and CpG island regions. The CpG Island Methylator Phenotype-High (CIMP-H) exhibited notable enrichment of microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H). Additionally, our findings indicated a significant correlation between methylation of the MLH1 gene and MSI-H status. Furthermore, we found that the CIMP-H had a higher tendency to affect the right-side of the colon tissues and was slightly more prevalent among older patients. Through our methylome profile analysis, we successfully verified the methylation patterns and clinical characteristics of Korean patients with CRC. This valuable dataset lays a strong foundation for exploring novel molecular insights and potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of CRC.

Research on Perfusion CT in Rabbit Brain Tumor Model (토끼 뇌종양 모델에서의 관류 CT 영상에 관한 연구)

  • Ha, Bon-Chul;Kwak, Byung-Kook;Jung, Ji-Sung;Lim, Cheong-Hwan;Jung, Hong-Ryang
    • Journal of radiological science and technology
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    • v.35 no.2
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    • pp.165-172
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    • 2012
  • We investigated the vascular characteristics of tumors and normal tissue using perfusion CT in the rabbit brain tumor model. The VX2 carcinoma concentration of $1{\times}10^7$ cells/ml(0.1ml) was implanted in the brain of nine New Zealand white rabbits (weight: 2.4kg-3.0kg, mean: 2.6kg). The perfusion CT was scanned when the tumors were grown up to 5mm. The tumor volume and perfusion value were quantitatively analyzed by using commercial workstation (advantage windows workstation, AW, version 4.2, GE, USA). The mean volume of implanted tumors was $316{\pm}181mm^3$, and the biggest and smallest volumes of tumor were 497 $mm^3$ and 195 $mm^3$, respectively. All the implanted tumors in rabbits are single-nodular tumors, and intracranial metastasis was not observed. In the perfusion CT, cerebral blood volume (CBV) were $74.40{\pm}9.63$, $16.08{\pm}0.64$, $15.24{\pm}3.23$ ml/100g in the tumor core, ipsilateral normal brain, and contralateral normal brain, respectively ($p{\leqq}0.05$). In the cerebral blood flow (CBF), there were significant differences between the tumor core and both normal brains ($p{\leqq}0.05$), but no significant differences between ipsilateral and contralateral normal brains ($962.91{\pm}75.96$ vs. $357.82{\pm}12.82$ vs. $323.19{\pm}83.24$ ml/100g/min). In the mean transit time (MTT), there were significant differences between the tumor core and both normal brains ($p{\leqq}0.05$), but no significant differences between ipsilateral and contralateral normal brains ($4.37{\pm}0.19$ vs. $3.02{\pm}0.41$ vs. $2.86{\pm}0.22$ sec). In the permeability surface (PS), there were significant differences among the tumor core, ipsilateral and contralateral normal brains ($47.23{\pm}25.45$ vs. $14.54{\pm}1.60$ vs. $6.81{\pm}4.20$ ml/100g/min)($p{\leqq}0.05$). In the time to peak (TTP) were no significant differences among the tumor core, ipsilateral and contralateral normal brains. In the positive enhancement integral (PEI), there were significant differences among the tumor core, ipsilateral and contralateral brains ($61.56{\pm}16.07$ vs. $12.58{\pm}2.61$ vs. $8.26{\pm}5.55$ ml/100g). ($p{\leqq}0.05$). In the maximum slope of increase (MSI), there were significant differences between the tumor core and both normal brain($p{\leqq}0.05$), but no significant differences between ipsilateral and contralateral normal brains ($13.18{\pm}2.81$ vs. $6.99{\pm}1.73$ vs. $6.41{\pm}1.39$ HU/sec). Additionally, in the maximum slope of decrease (MSD), there were significant differences between the tumor core and contralateral normal brain($p{\leqq}0.05$), but no significant differences between the tumor core and ipsilateral normal brain($4.02{\pm}1.37$ vs. $4.66{\pm}0.83$ vs. $6.47{\pm}1.53$ HU/sec). In conclusion, the VX2 tumors were implanted in the rabbit brain successfully, and stereotactic inoculation method make single-nodular type of tumor that was no metastasis in intracranial, suitable for comparative study between tumors and normal tissues. Therefore, perfusion CT would be a useful diagnostic tool capable of reflecting the vascularity of the tumors.