• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.603-611
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• 2021

Taste-responsive neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST), the first gustatory nucleus, often respond to thermal or mechanical stimulation. Alcohol, not a typical taste modality, is a rewarding stimulus. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of ethanol (EtOH) and/or temperature as stimuli to the tongue on the activity of taste-responsive neurons in hamster NST. In the first set of experiments, we recorded the activity of 113 gustatory NST neurons in urethane-anesthetized hamsters and evaluated responses to four basic taste stimuli, 25% EtOH, and 40℃ and 4℃ distilled water (dH₂O). Sixty cells responded to 25% EtOH, with most of them also being sucrose sensitive. The response to 25% EtOH was significantly correlated with the sucrose-evoked response. A significant correlation was also observed between sucrose- and 40℃ dH₂O- and between 25% EtOH- and 40℃ dH₂O-evoked firings. In a subset of the cells, we evaluated neuronal activities in response to a series of EtOH concentrations, alone and in combination with 32 mM sucrose (EtOH/Suc) at room temperature (RT, 22℃-23℃), 40℃, and 4℃. Neuronal responses to EtOH at RT and 40℃ increased as the concentrations increased. The firing rates to EtOH/Suc were greater than those to EtOH or sucrose alone. The responses were enhanced when solutions were applied at 40℃ but diminished at 4℃. In summary, EtOH activates most sucrose-responsive NST gustatory cells, and the concomitant presence of sucrose or warm temperatures enhance this response. Our findings may contribute to elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying appetitive alcohol consumption.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.943-947
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• 1992

Intramural leiomyoma is the most common benign esophageal tumor, but it is rare compared with carcinoma. Although the most common symptom is dysphagia, this tumor may not cause symptoms before attaining large size. Radiographic and endoscopic findings allow an accurate diagnosis to be made before operation in most patients. The treatment of choice is enucleation without mucosal encroachment. Recently, we experienced two cases of esophageal leiomyoma on the mid portion of esophagus and enucleation of tumors were done by blunt dissection with caution. In one case, postoperative chylothorax was complicated, but cured with conservative treatment. The tissue diagnosis was confirmed with pathological finding.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.763-787
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• 2017

A graph is called 1-planar if it can be drawn in the Euclidean plane ${\mathbb{R}}^2$ such that each edge is crossed by at most one other edge. The weight of an edge is the sum of degrees of two ends. It is known that every planar graph of minimum degree ${\delta}{\geq}3$ has an edge with weight at most 13. In the present paper, we show the existence of edges with weight at most 25 in 3-connected 1-planar graphs.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.400-407
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• 2009

A pathogenesis-related protein (PgPR5) gene that isolated from the leaf of Panax ginseng was characterized. The ORF is 756 bp with a deduced amino acid sequence of 251 residues. The calculated molecular mass of the matured protein is approximately 27.5 kDa with a predicated isoelectric point of 7.80. A GenBank BlastX search revealed that the deduced amino acid of PgPR5 shares highest sequence similarity to PR5 of Actinidia deliciosa (80% identity, 87% similarity). PgPR5 has a C-terminal and N-terminal signal peptide, suggesting that it is a vacuolar secreted protein. The expression of PgPR5 under various environmental stresses was analyzed at different time points using real-time PCR. Our results reveal that PgPR5 is induced by salt stress, chilling stress, heavy metal, UV, and pathogen infection. These results suggest that the PgPR5 could play a role in the molecular defence response of ginseng to abiotic and pathogen attack. This is the first report of the isolation of PR5 gene from the P. ginseng.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.1-16
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• 2023

The purposes of this study were to investigate bag purchasing behaviors and design preferences of male and female adult consumers, and to find the differences depending on sex and age variable. A survey was conducted on 400 male and female adults from 20s to 50s. The questionnaire consisted of bag purchase behaviors, bag design preferences, and the subjects' demographic characteristics. The data were analyzed by Cronbach's α, factor analysis, x² test and t-test using SPSS. The results were as follows. First, as bag selection criteria, four factors (practicality, symbolism, aesthetics, and economics) were derived, and adult consumers considered economics as the most important among the factors. As for purchasing information sources, three factors (media, human resources, and store) were derived, and adult consumers considered human resources and store information sources more important than media. The main motive for purchasing bags was age and damage of the owned products, and Internet shopping malls were the most common purchasing place. The average annual cost of purchasing bags was 100,000 to 300,000 won, and the frequency of purchase was about once a year. Second, as bag preference images, four factors (individual, romantic, active, and classic image) were derived, and adult consumers preferred classic images the most. The shoulder bag was the most preferred as the bag shape, and black was the most preferred bag color. For the material, natural leather was the most preferred, and for the size, medium size was the most preferred. Third, bag purchasing behaviors and design preferences showed many significant differences according to the sex and age of the consumers. Therefore, the results of this study suggests that bag companies need to establish product development and marketing strategies in consideration of differences according to the sex and age group of adult consumers.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.79-90
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• 2005

This study was performed to estimate serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and to evaluate the relationship between serum 2S-hydroxyvitamin D level and associated factors. The subjects were 61 premenopausal working women aged 30 - 49 y in Busan. The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was measured by radioimmunoassay. Data for physiological characteristics, lifestyle factors, physical activity and nutrient intake were assessed by questionnaire including information about outdoor activity time, daily activity diary and 24 hr recall method. The mean vitamin D intake was 3.12 ug, which corresponded to $62.5\%$ of the Korean RDA. The mean level of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was 31.0 ng/mL. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (<25 nmol/L) was not found in the subjects. The serum 2S-hydroxyvitamin D level showed positive significant correlations with exercise hours, daily energy expenditure, hours of outdoor activity per weekdays (p < 0.001, P < 0.05, P < 0.05). Exercise hours were found to be the most important determinant of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level. Therefore nutritional education for increasing hours of physical activity including indoor and outdoor exercise, is needed for premenopausal working women to increase vitamin D status.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.747-757
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• 1996

In this study, the serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(25-(OH)D) was measured by high pressure liquid chromatography(HPLC), and factors affecting it were investigated in 72 young adults age ranging from 21 years to 39 years with normal bone density. The mean level of serum 25-(OH)D was 20.0$\pm$6.8ng/ml in males and 26.1$\pm$12.3ng/ml in females, which was significantly higher in females (p<0.01). The serum level of parathyroid hormone(PTH) showed a negative correlation with that of 25-(OH)D(p<0.05). Time spent outdoors in a day correlated positively with the serum level of 25-(OH)D(p<0.01). During the day, a specific time between 12:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. showed the most significant correlation with the level of 25-(OH)D(p<0.005). Among the nutrients studied, fat and vitamin D intake were positively correlated with the serum 25-(OH)D level. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the serum level of 25-(OH)D could be fit by vitamin D intake(34.7% explained), serum PTH level (27.3% explained) and the time spent outdoors during the specific time(28.4% explained).1996)

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Pressure Vessels and Piping
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2015

The effects of post weld heat treatment(PWHT) on the mechanical properties of 2.25Cr-1Mo steels were investigated. As the PWHT temperature or holding time increased, the strength of low alloy steels progressively decreased due to softening process. After the conventional PWHT, the strength was larger than the minimum value of materials specification. The Charpy impact energy was hardly affected by the conventional PWHT. The trend of mechanical properties was analyzed in terms of tempering parameter. Most materials replaced from a power plant met the requirements of materials specification except for one heat. Same heat of materials with low impact energy were attributed to the voids formed during casting process.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.35-59
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• 2002

The purpose of the study is to clarify the relationship between hair style and personal character. This is elucidated by using the standard model of their preferred hair style to their individual to their personality. The study is primarily centered around college woman, who reside in Young dong area. The research suggested that In the age group 19-25 subjects preferred their hair to be shoulder length or longer. This is in contrast to the older age group preferring a shorter hair style. Certainly most subjects under the age of 25 preferred their natural hair texture as opposed to permed hair fashioned by older subject. Difference is personality traits was not a factor here. There is a relationship between personality traits, personal background and whether or not subjects dyed or decolored their hair. Subjects responded "yes" which means that they are easily affected by the two factors. The response to the other question of which color they chose, if they dyed and decolored, was that the most of the cases preferred brown color because brown is a natural looking hair color. Their responses from the question "what kind of style they want, if they can change their style differently", they preferred a fashionable hair style. In most cases, individual responded that they change their hair style once in every two or three months. Of all the personality traits, 48.1% were adventurous, changingtheir hair style more than once in every 6 months. The main reason they change their hair style is that they are bored with their old style. In the under 25 age group, the cost of changing their hair style is usually paid for by the subjects parents, however a few responded that they paid for themselves. Over the age of 25 years 80% usually paid for themselves. Additionally students who supported themselves financially paid for hair restyling themselves. When changing a hair style most subjects consider that new hair style should go with their existing image. "What kind of image they want to show others？" almost all of them responded that they want to look sophisticated and fashionable, In the age group 25 and over who belong to the upper class want their hair to look healthy and a full of body. They also responded about their changing their hair style to show a different appearance positively,fferent appearance positively.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.23-36
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• 2021

Objective : The purpose of this study was to analyze group programs for the elderly living in communities and to provide basic data for applying effective occupational therapy programs for the elderly in the community. Methods : From January 2009 to December 2019, articles on group programs for the elderly in the community were searched for in the NDSL, DBPia, Riss, and PubMed databases. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total 16 out of the 147 identified studies were selected and analyzed. This review analyzed the characteristics of the participants, contents of the group program, session and duration of the intervention, outcome measures, and effect of the group program. Results : Single group pre-post test studies with evidence level III were most common (8, 50.0%), and five (31.3%) of the studies were conducted on the community-dwelling elderly. Across all the 16 studies, there were 10 types of group programs, and the most frequently used was an exercise group program (25.0%). According to the analysis of the group program period, sessions and time, the intervention period was most commonly 12 weeks (37.5%), with 8 sessions or 12 sessions (25.0%). The intervention time in the group program was most commonly 60 minutes (43.8%). Conclusion : This study can be used as a basis for the development of effective group programs for the elderly and patients with dementia in community-based long-term care services.