• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.68-73
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• 1998

Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV-Kor) was isolated from the southern part of Korea, and by mechanical inoculation onto barley cultivars, purification and production of antibody. BaMMV-Kor purified form infected plants were filamentous particle, with 13 nm in diameter and 250∼300 nm and 500∼650 nm in length. Antibody of BaMMV-Kor was made by injecting the purified virus to the muscle of a rabbit. In gel-diffusion test, antibody to BaMMV-Kor created spur with BaMMV-Kal and BaMMV-M, but did not make spur with BaMMV-Kor infected New Golden, Ishukushirazu, Joshushiro Hadaka and Misato Golden, but did not infect Kashimamugi, Chikurin Ibaraki 1 and Mokusekko 3. In Korean barley cultivars, BaMMV-Kor infected most of the covered barley cultivars, but did not infect Saeolbori. It also infected naked barley cultivars except Chalbori and Hinssalbori. And all the beer barley cultivars were infected by BaMMV-Kor. BaMMV-Kor had two RNAs, RNA 1 (7.5 Kb) and RNA 2 (3.5 Kb), and coat protein (33 KDa).

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.314-318
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• 1998

Using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a rapid and sensitive assay method for the detection and identification of barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) was adapted. Two units of primers from each virus were selected and used for the determination of two different viruses. PCR fragments of BaYMV (ca. 0.9kb) and BaMMV (ca. 0.8kb) were obtained from the designed method for the assay of BaYMV and BaMMV coat protein. PT-PCR fragments were cloned using vector pT7 Blue and the sequences of the selected clones were analyzed. coat protein of BaYMV and that of BaMMV consisted of 297 amino acids (891 nucleotides) and 251 amino acids (753 nucleotides), respectively. The snalysis of coat protein genes from these two viruses showed that 45.6% of nucleotides sequence ad 34.9% of amino acid in BaYMV were homologous to those in BaMMV.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.118-124
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• 1997

The two viruses of barley yellow mosaic(BaYMV) and barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) were detected by ELISA from barley plants with virus-like symptoms which were collected from 16 locations in southern Korea, during 1995 and 1996. Both viruses occurred in southern Korea. Barley plants at Chongdo and Koseong were infected with BaMMV, while those infected with BaYMV were at Kurye and Taegu. After sowing 50 barley cultivars at habitually infected fields in 10 locations, the susceptibility and resistance to BaYMV and BaMMV were screened with antiserum tests. The cultivars of Albori, Alchanbori, Daejinbori, Jokangbori, Milyangbori, Boeunkwamek, Naehanssalbori, Olssalbori, Weossalbori, Dusan 29 and Deogndohyangchonkwa showed positive reaction to BaYMV antiserum, while Saeolbori, Chalbori, Jinjukwa and Baegjinkwa showed positive reaction to BaMMV. Nonsankwa 1-6 and wheat cultivars of Chongkeymil, Dahongmil, Grumil, Urimil, Jochonhomil, Sinkeyhomil showed negative reactions to both viruses. The rest cultivars were infected both with BaYMV and BaMMV. Sap inoculations to barleyplants with the two viruses of BaYMV isolated in Haenam and BaMMV isolated at National Honam Agricultural Station, expressed lower infection rate than those grown in the virus-infected fields.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.197-204
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• 2005

월동 후 맥류 재배지에서 나타나는 이상 증상으로는 주로 잎에 황화등의 변색과 모자이크성 반점 등이 조사되었다. 이들 증상을 가진 잎의 바이러스 검정 결과 $78\%$이상에서 바이러스 감염이 확인되었으며, 주로 BaYMV와 BaMMV에 의해 발생하였다. 전국일원의 맥류 재배지에서 4개년간 BaYMV, BaMMV SBWMV와 BYDV-MAV(2003년) 등 4종의 바이러스의 발생율을 조사한 결과 대상 바이러스 중 BaYMV가 가장 높은 감염율을 나타내었다. BaYMV는 조사 4개년 동안 평균 발생율이 $70\%$이상으로 전국적으로 큰 차이 없이 가장 높은 발생율을 보였다. 그러나 경기지역의 경우는 $20\%$정도로 다른 지역의 $65\~85\%$에 비해 낮은 발생율을 보였다. BaMMV는 전북, 전남, 경기, 강원, 경남지역에서 $20\~40\%$를 보인 반면, 경북, 충남, 경기지역에서는 발생이 적었다. SBWMV와 BYDV-MAV는 현재까지 국내 보리 재배지에서 다발생되고 있지는 않았다. 저항성 유전자원에 대해 바이러스에 대한 저항성 반응을 검정한 결과 BaYMV와 BaMMV가 단독 또는 복합 감염되는 형태로 나타났으며, SBWMV는 감염이 확인되지 않았다. 저항성 유전자별 반응을 검정한 결과에서 익산 발생하고 있는 BaYMV-Ik strain과 BaMMV에 대해 모두 저항성인 유전자는 확인되지 않았으나 국내 맥류 재배지에서 가장 발생이 많은 BaYMY-lk체 대해 저항성 반응을 보인 유전자는 Ishukushirazu, Chosen에 들어있는 rym 3, Tokushima Mochi Hadaka의 rym 4y 및 Hakei I-41의 rym 5a로 나타났다. 그러나 BaYMY-lk에 대해 저항성으로 확인된 rym 3, rym 4y 및 rym 5a의 경우 BaMMV에는 모두 감염이 확인되었으며, rym 1+5 두개의 저항성 유전자를 가지고 있으며 일본의 모든 BaYMV strain에 저항성인 Mokusekko 3도 감염이 확인되었다. 유전자에 따른 병징 발생 양상을 조사한 결과 일반적인 바이러스 병징과 같이 대부분 모자이크나 황화가 발생하였다. 그러나 저항성 유전자에 따라 고사, 괴사 반점, 조직 괴사, 줄무늬성 증상과 잎 말림등의 다양한 증상이 확인되었다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.286-294
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• 2001

1999년부터 2001년까지 전국42개 지역에서 토양전염성 맥류바이러스를 조사한 결과 강원도 영월, 전라북도 무주, 충청남도 공주, 보령, 서천 포장을 제외한 37개 포장에서 BaYMV, BaMMV 및 SbWMV가 발생하고 있었다. 또한 토양전염성 맥류바이러스 상습 발병지 10개 장소에 겉보리 10품종, 쌀보리 16품종, 맥주보리 6품종, 밀 2품종을 파종하고 저항성 조사를 실시한 결과 겉보리는 조강보리, 쌀보리는 내한쌀보리 및 논산과1-6품종이 비교적 여러지역에서 저항성 높은 품종으로 나타났다. 그리고 일본에서 분양 받은 15품종도 대부분이병성으로 나타났으나 특이하게 익산, 영광 및 예산지역에서 저항성 품종이 많았다. 지역간 품종에 따른 바이러스 혼합 감염을 조사한 결과 조사 10개 지역 모두 BaYMV, 및 BaMMV가 혼합 감염되어 있었고, BbWMV는 예산, 진주, 나주 및 익산지역에 혼합감염되어 있었다. 그러나 영광지역에서는 사천6호 품종을 제외하곤 BaYMV만이 발생하였다. 일본 분양 품종은 예산에서만 BaYMV가 감염되었고 나머지 지역에서 모두 BaMMV 및 BaYMV에 혼합 감염되 어 있었다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.348-352
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• 2006

Barley mild mosaic virus(BaMMV) is a soilborne Bymovirus vectored by root-infecting fungus, Polymyxa graminis. Mechanism of cultivar's resistance to BaMMV in field tests are difficult to assess since resistance could be either due to the virus or to P. graminis, or both. Whereas, available mechanical inoculation methods for BaMMV and other related viruses are labor intensive, give inconsistent results and generally result in low infection rates. Inoculation method using stick with gauze(SWG) was developed for BaMMV. The improved method proved to be simple, efficient, and reliable. The infected leaf tissues were preserved by drying in a frozen state under high vaccum(freeze dried barley infected leaves) to circumvent reduction of virus infectivity during storage. Five Korean barley cultivars were mechanically inoculated with BaMMV-infected sap by the improved method. Infection rates obtained were compared with natural infection. Cultivar Naehanssalbori showed resistance to BaMMV in the field trials but was found highly susceptible in the greenhouse tests by mechanical inoculation, indicating that the field resistance may be possibly due to resistance to P. graminis.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.859-866
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• 2015

맥류 주 재배지인 전남북 및 경남북을 중심으로 국내에서 밀, 보리 등 맥류에 심각한 피해를 일으키는 바이러스인 BaYMV, BaMMV 그리고 SBWMV를 대상으로 바이러스 발병 현황 조사를 실시하였다. RT-PCR 방법을 이용하여 진단 한 결과 2014년과 2015년 발병포장 내 이병면적율은 5% 미만에서 90% 이상까지 지역에 따라 다양하게 확인되었다. 2014년 조사 결과 전북지역의 부안과 김제에서 90% 이상으로 가장 높은 이병면적율을 보였고, 전남 지역의 보성, 강진, 해남, 장흥 지역은 30%의 이병면적율을 보였다. 2014년 조사결과 전남북 및 경남북 모든 지역에서 BaYMV가 확인되었고, 전남의 일부 지역에서는 BaYMV가 우점하면서 BaMMV와 복함 감염되어 피해를 주고 있는 양상을 보였다. 2015년의 전체적인 발생상황은 군산지역에서 70%로 높은 이병면적율을 보임과 동시에 전북의 다양한 지역에서 BaYMV 감염이 확인되었다. 또한 전남 지역 중 영광지역이 BaYMV와 BaMMV의 복합 감염으로 나타났다. SBWMV 감염이 확인된 고성지역을 제외하고 조사기간 동안 경남북의 모든 조사 지역에서 BaYMV 단독 감염으로 확인되었다. 본 실험 결과 지역별 기온차이에 의해 복합감염 형태의 발병양상의 차이가 나타났으며, 지구 온난화에 의한 기온상승을 대비하여 관련 연구가 더 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.324-332
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• 2011

Soil-borne barley yellow mosaic disease caused by Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) or Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) gives a serious threat to the winter barley cultivated in the southern regions in Korea. It is important to develop resistant varieties for stable and high-yield production. The objectives of this study were to evaluate 22 genotypes of exotic barley germplasms carrying the resistance genes rym1 through rym12, with the exception of rym10, and to determine the genes that confer resistance to BaYMV or BaMMV in Korea. Using the traditional visual scoring of symptoms at 4 locations over 3 years, average disease rate values differed (P < 0.001) among the genotypes. ELISA test revealed the presence of both BaYMV and BaMMV in all of the field sites but Jinju and significantly different rates of infection among genotypes and years. Barley genotypes differed in how virus quantities and pathogen-induced symptoms were correlated, especially in response to BaYMV. Disease incidence was affected by the climatic conditions present during the early growing stage before overwintering. A Chinese landrace, 'Mokusekko 3', carrying rym1 and rym5 was comparatively resistant at all locations studied. The barley genotypes carrying either rym6 or rym9 were susceptible to the viral strains. The genotypes carrying rym5 were resistant in Jinju and Milyang but susceptible in Iksan and Naju. The resistance genes rym2 and rym3 were effective in local strains and would be potent contributors to disease resistance.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.7-17
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• 2015

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects of rescue ventilation maneuvers on the quality of two-rescuer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Methods: We implemented mouth to mouth (MMV), mouth to pocket mask (MPV) and bag-valve mask ventilation (BMV) maneuvers. Each team of two-nurses was randomized to perform three consecutive sessions of two-rescuer CPR by using three artificial ventilation maneuvers. Results: The subjects were 26 teams of nurses (female: 96.2%, male: 3.8%, age: 26.6 years). Failed ventilation was more frequent in BMV ($2.23{\pm}2.21$, p <.001) than MMV ($0.31{\pm}0.74$) and MPV ($0.38{\pm}0.64$). BMV had more compressions per minute ($93.7{\pm}5.7$) than MMV ($87.0{\pm}7.2$, p = .001) and shorter total compression pause time ($46.1{\pm}5.8sec$) and compression pause fraction ($23.3{\pm}2.2%$) than MMV ($54.8{\pm}10.3sec$, p = .001, $25.5{\pm}3.5%$, p = .001, respectively) and MPV ($53.1{\pm}7.1sec$, p =. 006 and $25.8{\pm}2.6%$, p = .006, respectively). Conclusion: In our simulation study, BMV reduced the compression pause time and increased the number of compressions per minute, thus indicating CPR provided to patients was effective. However, considering the high rate of ventilation failure, we recommend periodic training.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.157-164
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• 2009

The complete nucleotide sequences of both RNA of an isolated Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) from Iksan, Korea, have been determined. RNA1 was 7273 nucleotides long and encodes for a polyprotein of 2261 amino acids, which contains the eight putative functional proteins. RNA2 was 3520 nucleotides long and encodes for a polyprotein of 894 amino acids, which contains two functional proteins. Results of multiple sequence alignment showed 92.9% similarity with Na1 isolate, followed by Sil, UK(F), Asl1, Remis M and UK(M) isolates, respectively. Comparison of the BaMMV-Iks polyproteins with the corresponding proteins of BaMMV-Na1 isolates showed 95% amino acid sequence identity. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that Iks isolate was closely related to Na1 strain and have a common origin.