• 대한암한의학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.47-61
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• 2010

Objective : The aim of this present study is to evaluate the inhibitory effect of allergen removed Rhus verniciflua (ARV) on Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) which is considered to have a clinically important role in tumor metastasis. Methods : The inhibitory effects of standardized extract of ARV on the MMP-2, MMP-9 were investigated by spectrofluorometer while the inhibitory effects on the active MMP-2, pro MMP-2, pro MMP-9 were investigated by zymography. Antimetastatic effect of standardized extract of ARV was investigated in vitro on human fibrosarcoma cell (HT1080)'s invasion through Matrigel. Results : The standardized extract of ARV showed inhibitory effects on the active MMP-2 (IC50, $1.01{\mu}g$/ml), active MMP-9 (IC50, $2.5{\mu}g$/ml) depending on concentrations which was determined by spectrofluorometer. The standardized extract of ARV showed inhibitory effects on the active MMP-2, pro MMP-2, pro MMP-9 depending on concentrations which was determined by zymography. However its inhibitory effect on pro MMP-9 was relatively weaker rather than active MMP-2, pro MMP-2. The standardized extract of ARV showed inhibitory effects in vitro on human fibrosarcoma cell (HT1080)'s invasion through Matrigel according to concentration. Conclusions : These results indicate that standardized extract of ARV has antimetastatic effect through inhibit again MMP-2, MMP-9. Also its inhibitory effect is more powerful on active MMP-2, pro MMP-2 than on active MMP-9, pro MMP-9. It is necessary to conduct further studies on other MMP families, TIMP, and each component of standardized extract of ARV.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.4187-4192
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• 2014

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 are important proteases involved in invasion and metastasis of various tumors. Extra-gastrointestinal stromal tumors (EGISTs) are rare neoplasms. This study was performed to assess MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in EGIST tissue samples for association with clinicopathological data from the patients. Twenty-one surgical EGIST tissue specimens were collected for analysis of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression using immunohistochemistry. MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins were expressed in all of the epithelial cell types of EGISTs, whereas they were only expressed in 75% of the spindle cell type, although there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). Expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins was associated with tumor size, mitotic rate, tumor necrosis, and distant metastasis (p<0.05). MMP-2 expression was linked with MMP-9 levels (p<0.05). However, there was no correlation between MMP-9 expression and age, sex, primary site, or cell morphology in any of these 21 EGIST patients (p>0.05). Moreover, expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins increased with the degree of EGIST risk. This study provided evidence of an association of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression with advanced EGIST behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.182-187
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• 2002

Matrix metalloproteinase(MMP) is the proteolytic enzyme of the extracellular matrix. MMPs play a role in the invasion and metastasis of malignant tumor, but it is not known whether the expression of MMPs in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue is related to the prognostic factors of this tumor. In this study, 32 paraffin-embedded tumor specimens were examined immunohistochemically using monoclonal antibodies of MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-10 and MMP-13. The possible relationships between the expressions of the MMPs and TNM staging, the differentiation of tumor cells, size of tumor mass and lymph node metastasis were anlaysed statistically. The results were as follows. 1. The expression of MMP-2 increased according to TNM staging (P<0.05) and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05) and the expression of MMP-2 was not affected by the differentiation of tumor cells or tumor size. 2. The expression of MMP-3 increased with increasing tumor size (P<0.05). However it was not related to TNM staging, the differentiation of tumor cells or lymph node metastasis. 3. The expression of MMP-10 was unrelated to TNM staging, differentiation of tumor cells, lymph node metastasis or tumor size. 4. The expression of MMP-13 increased as tumor size increased (P<0.05). However it was not related to TNM staging, the differentiation of tumor cells or lymph node metastasis. We concluded that the expression patterns of MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-13 may play a role in the diagnosis, treatment plan and prognostic evaluation of malignant tumors of the tongue.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.1167-1179
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• 2023

Objective: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of endoproteases produced by various tissues and cells and play important roles in angiogenesis, tissue repair, immune response, and endometrial remodeling. However, the expression and function of MMPs in the pig endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy have not been fully elucidated. Thus, we determined the expression, localization, and regulation of MMP2, MMP8, MMP9, MMP12, and MMP13 in the endometrium throughout the estrous cycle and at the maternal-conceptus interface during pregnancy in pigs. Methods: Endometrial tissues during the estrous cycle and pregnancy and conceptus and chorioallantoic tissues during pregnancy were obtained and the expression of MMPs was analyzed. The effects of steroid hormones and cytokines on the expression of MMPs were determined in endometrial explant cultures. Results: Expression levels of MMP12 and MMP13 changed during the estrous cycle, while expression of MMP2, MMP9, MMP12, and MMP13 changed during pregnancy. Expression of MMP2, MMP8, and MMP13 mRNAs was cell type-specific at the maternal-conceptus interface. Gelatin zymography showed that enzymatically active MMP2 was present in endometrial tissues. In endometrial explant cultures, estradiol-17β induced the expression of MMP8 and MMP12, progesterone decreased the expression of MMP12, interleukin-1β increased the expression of MMP2, MMP8, MMP9, and MMP13, and interferon-γ increased the expression of MMP2. Conclusion: These results suggest that MMPs expressed in response to steroids and cytokines play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy by regulating endometrial remodeling and processing bioactive molecules in pigs.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.453-462
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• 2002

연구배경 : MMPs는 종양 전이의 주된 장벽인 기저막과 세포외 기질을 분해하여 암세포의 침습 및 전이에 주된 역할을 하며, TIMP는 MMP에 의한 기저막 단백질 분해를 억제하는 인자로 알려져있다. MMP의 발현은 임상 병기가 진행할수록 증가하며 주위 림프절 전이와 관계가 있으며, TIMP의 발현은 주위 림파절로 전이가 일어나면 감소 또는 증가하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 대상 및 방법 : 비소세포폐암으로 진단 받고 근치적 절제술을 시행 받은 74명 환자를 대상으로 paraffin에 보관된 조직에서 면역조직화학염색법을 이용하여 MMP-2, 9, TIMP-l, 2 항체로 발현을 검색하였으며, 발현에 따른 생존율을 Kaplan-Meier, Log-rank로 검색하였다. 결 과 : MMP-2, 9의 발현은 각각 25/74례 (34%), 19/74(26%)였고, TIMP-l, 2의 발현은 각각 27/74(36%), 32/74(43%)였다. 임상 병기에 따른 MMP-2, 9 발현은 병기의 진행에 따라 유의하게 증가하였고, TIMP-2는 유의하게 감소하였다. 임상 림프절의 전이에 따른 발현은 MMP-2, 9에서만 전이의 진행에 따라 유의하게 증가하였다. MMP-2 발현에 따른 중간 생존기간은 양성군이 20개월, 음성군이 34개월로 양성군이 유의하게 낮았으며, TIMP-2은 34개월, 18개월로 양성군이 유의하게 높았다. MMP-2/TIMP-2에 따른 중간 생존기간은 음성/양성이 유의하게 높았다. 결 론 : MMP-2, 9 발현은 종양의 진행과 림프절의 전이에 관여할 것으로 사료되며, MMP-2와 TIMP-2의 발현은 역비레 관계가 있다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.825-831
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• 2007

Tumor cell invasion and metastasis are often associated with matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), among which MMP-2 and MMP-9 are of central importance. We previously showed that H-Ras, but not N-Ras, induced invasion of MCF10A human breast epithelial cells in which the enhanced expression of MMP-2 was involved. MMP-2 is produced as a latent pro-MMP-2 (72 kDa) to be activated resulting the 62 kDa active MMP-2. The present study investigated if H-Ras and/or N-Ras induces pro-MMP-2 activation of MCF10A cells when cultured in two-dimensional gel of type I collagen. Type I collagen induced activation of pro-MMP-2 only in H-Ras MCF10A cells but not in N-Ras MCF10A cells. Induction of active MMP-2 by type I collagen was suppressed by blocking integrin ${\alpha}2$, indicating the involvement of integrin signaling in pro-MMP-2 activation. Membrane-type (MT)1-MMP and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2 were up-regulated by H-Ras but not by N-Ras in the type I collagen-coated gel, suggesting that H-Ras-specific up-regulation of MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 may lead to the activation of pro-MMP-2. Since acquisition of pro-MMP-2 activation can be associated with increased malignant progression, these results may help understanding the mechanisms for the cell surface matrix-degrading potential which will be crucial to the prognosis and therapy of breast cancer metastasis.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2009

Naringenin, major one of the citrus flavonoids, have been identified that exert antioxidative, anticancer effects. The present study investigated the effects of naringenin on tumor invasion and matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs) activities. Naringenin inhibited cell invasion of HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. The activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were inhibited by naringenin as demonstrated by gelatin zymography assay. Furthermore, the amounts of MMP-2, MMP-9, and MT1-MMP mRNA were analyzed in the cells. MMP-2, MMP-9, and MT1-MMP mRNA expression were suppressed by naringenin with time and dose-dependent. These results demonstrate that anti-metastatic activities of naringenin resulted from blocking of invasion of the HT-1080 cells. Taken together, the results of this studies provide evidence that naringenin possess an anti-metastatic activity.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2000

Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase(MT-MMP)는 세포막에 부착된 채로 작용하는 단백질 가수분해효소로서 최근들어 정상 및 암세포 등 각종 조직세포의 재구성에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 RT-PCR 방법을 사용하여 생쥐 난자와 초기배아에서의 MT1-MMP와 MT2-MMP 유전자 발현 양상을 조사하였다. 생후 3주 및 8주된 생쥐의 난소로부터 얻은 미성숙난자와 체외 및 체내에서 성숙시킨 난자에서의 MTl-MMP와 MT2-MMP mRMA의 발현을 조사하였다. 그 결과 미성숙난자와 체외 및 체내에서 성숙시킨 난자 모두에서 MT1-MMP 및 MT2-MMP의 mRNA가 발현되었으나 미성숙난자에서는 매우 약하게 발현되는 것이 관찰되었다. 2세포기 배아, 4세포기 배아, 상실배, 포배 및 탈각한 포배를 대상으로 MT2-MMP mRNA의 발현양상을 조사한 결과 2세포기에서는 발현이 일어나지 않았고 4세포기에 이르러서야 뚜렷한 발현이 관찰되었다. 상실배와 포배에서는 현저히 강한 발현이 관찰되었다. 생쥐의 난소조직에서도 MT1-과 MT2-MMP모두 발현되는 것이 관찰되었는데 각각은 배란을 전후로 한 시기에 상관없이 항상 같은 정도의 mRNA발현을 나타내었다. 생쥐의 수란관조직도 난소조직과 유사하게 배란시기에 상관없이 같은 수준의 MT1-과 MT2-MMP mRNA 발현양상을 보여주었다. 이러한 결과들로 미루어 생쥐 배아에서 발현되는 MT2-MMP는 초기배아의 분화과정에서 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 사료된다. 난소와 수란관의 조직재구성과 관련한 MT1-과 MT2-MMP의 역할은 앞으로 더 연구되어야 할 것이다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.1327-1330
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• 2015

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common cancer in the oral area. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and especially MMP-2 and MMP-9 are increased in malignancy and lymph node involvement in oral SCCs. We aimed to evaluate the serum levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in patients with oral SCC compared to normal subjects and their relation with clinicopathological findings. Materials and Methods: In this case control study, 20 patients with oral SCC and 20 healthy subjects were included and serum levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were compared between groups. Also, the correlation between these markers with clinicopathological findings including grade (T) and node (N) were evaluated. Results: Patients with oral SCC had significantly higher serum levels of MMP-2 (p=0.01) and MMP-9 (p<0.001) compared to healthy subjects. With increase in grade T, MMP-2 was significantly increased (p=0.001), but in the MMP-9 case this was not significant (p=0.27). The levels of MMP-2 (p=0.002) and MMP-9 (p=0.01) in cases with lymph node involvement and that of MMP-2 in subjects with smoking history (p=0.001) were significantly high. There was significantly positive correlation between MMP-2 with grade T tumor (r=0.598, p=0.005), lymph node involvement (r=0.737, p<0.001) and smoking (r=0.674, p=0.001) and also between MMP-9 and lymph node involvement (r=0.474, p=0.03). Conclusions: Both markers are significantly increased in oral SCC compared to healthy subjects. However, MMP-2 was better for evaluating lymph node involvement and tumor grade.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.661-674
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• 2005

치주질환은 치주지지 조직의 상실로 특징 지워지는 감염성 질환으로, 지주조직의 세포외 기질(특히 교원질)이 주요 degradation target이 된다. 현재로서는 MMP family가 주역을 담당하고 있음이 밝혀졌는데, 구강 조직에서 가장 광범위하게 분포하는 것이 MMP-2, MMP-8 이다. 치주조직에서 MMP-2는 주로 결합조직내 섬유아세포와 육아조직에서, 발현되며 , basement membrane의 integrity와 접합상피 부착에 영향을 줄 수 있고, MMP-8은 neutrophils에서 발현되어 다양한 염증세포와 염증진행에 영향을 주는 것으로 알려져 있다. 치주질환에서 MMP-2, MMP-9의 발현 증가는 이미 치은 열구액을 분석한 여러 연구에서 보고 되어 그 발현 수준이 치주질환 진단의 좋은 indicator가 될 수 있음이 시사되었다. 치주질환에서 MMP-2, MMP-8의 발현이 증가하는 것은 주로 P. gingivalis, IL-1과 연계되어 그 기전이 추정되어 왔는데, 이는 2형 당뇨병이 치주 질환의 심도에 영향을 미치는 기전과 많은 부분을 공유한다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 2형 당뇨병 환자와 비당뇨자에서 만성 치주염 부위의 치은, 건강한 치은에서 염증 매개체 중 하나인 MMP-2, MMP-8의 발현에 대해 비교 분석함으로써 염증, 혈당이 미치는 영향을 밝히고 2형 당뇨환자의 만성치주염 치은조직에서 치주조직 파괴의 기전을 연구하고자 하였다. 경북대 병원 치주과 내원 환자중 2형 당뇨병 환자와 비당뇨 환자를 대상으로 여러 가지 환자요소, 임상 치주 상태를 기록하고, 비당뇨 환자의 만성 치주염 부위(n=8, group 1), 비당뇨 환자의 건강한 부위(n=8, group 2), 2형 당뇨병 환자의 만성 치주염 부위(n=8, group 3)에서 각각 변연 치은을 채득하고, 액화 질소에 급속 동결하였다. Western blotting을 이용하여 각 조직 내 MMP-2, MMP-8의 발현을 관찰, densitometer를 이용하여, 상대적 발현을 정량, 각 조직의 ${\beta}-actin$을 이용하여 표준화하여여 실험군들과 대조군들의 평균치를 비교하였다. 그 결과 정상군에 비해 치주 환자군에서 채득된 시편에서 MMP-2, MMP-8의 발현이 증가하였으며, 염증군의 당뇨군과 비당뇨군 사이에서는 2형 당뇨병을 동반한 치주 환자군에서 가장 높게 나타났지만, 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내지는 않았다(P<0.05). 결론적으로 본 연구에서 2형 당뇨병을 동반한 치주 환자군의 치은 조직에서 정상군과 비당뇨 치주 환자군보다 MMP-2, MMP-8의 발현이 다소 증가하는 양상을 보였다.