• 대한한의학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.56-71
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• 2021

Objectives: This study is aimed to evaluate the protective effects of GGX on lung injury of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD) mice model. Materials and Methods: C57BL/6 mice were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and then treated with vehicle only (Control group), dexamethasone 3 mg/kg (Dexa group), gam-gil-tang 200 mg/kg (GGT group), GGX 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg (GGX group). After sacrifice, its bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) or lung tissue was analyzed with cytospin, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hematoxylin & eosin (H&E), and Masson's trichrome staining. Results: In the COPD model, GGX significantly inhibited the increase of neutrophils, TNF-𝛼, IL-17A, CXCL-1, MIP2 in BALF and TNF-𝛼, IL-1𝛽, IL-10 mRNA expression in lung tissue. It also decreased the severity of histological lung injury. Conclusion: This study suggests the usability of GGX for COPD patients by controlling lung tissue injury.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.634-643
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• 2023

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), one of the leading causes of death worldwide, is caused by repeated exposure to harmful matter, such as cigarette smoke. Although Lilium longiflorum Thunb (LLT) has anti-inflammatory effects, there is no report on the fermented LLT bulb extract regulating lung inflammation in COPD. Thus, we investigated the protective effect of LLT bulb extract fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus 803 in COPD mouse models induced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and porcine pancreas elastase (PPE). Oral administration of the fermented product (LS803) suppressed the production of inflammatory mediators and the infiltration of immune cells involving neutrophils and macrophages, resulting in protective effects against lung damage. In addition, LS803 inhibited CSE- and LPS-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production in airway epithelial H292 cells as well as suppressed PMA-induced formation of neutrophil extracellular traps in HL-60 cells. In particular, LS803 significantly repressed the elevated IL-6 and MIP-2 production after CSE and LPS stimulation by suppressing the activity of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B (NFκB) in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Therefore, our results suggest that the fermented product LS803 is effective in preventing and alleviating lung inflammation.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.194-199
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• 2016

Presently, for the cement industry, studies that seek to reduce $CO_2$, because of the development of the plastic industry and demand for reduction of energy use, have been actively conducted among them, studies attempting to use Gamma-$C_2S({\gamma}-C_2S)$ to fix $CO_2$ have been actively conducted. The ${\gamma}-C_2S$ compound has an important function in reacting to $CO_2$ and stiffening through carbonatization in the air. The ${\gamma}-C_2S$ compound, reacting to $CO_2$ in the air, generates $CaCO_2$ within the pore structure of cement materials and densifies the pore structure this leads to an improvement of the durability and to the characteristic of resistance against neutralization. Therefore, in this experiment, in order to synthesize ${\gamma}-C_2S$, limestone sludge and waste foundry sands are used these materials are plasticized for 30 or 60 minutes at $1450^{\circ}C$, and are prevented from being cooled in the temperature range of $30{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$ when they are about to be cooled. XRD analysis and XRF analysis are used to determine the effects of this process on ${\gamma}-C_2S$ synthesization, the temperature at which a thing is plasticized, and the conditions for cooling that obtain in the plasticized clinker also, in order to confirm the $CO_2$ capture function, analysis of the major hydration products is conducted through an analysis of carbonatization depth and compressive strength, and through MIP analysis and XRD Rietveld analysis. As a result of these analyses, it is found that when ${\gamma}-C_2S$ was synthesized, the clinker that was plasticized at $1450^{\circ}C$ for one hour demonstrated the highest yield rate the sample with which the ${\gamma}-C_2S$ was mixed generated $CaCO_3$ when it reacted with $CO_2$ therefore, carbonatization depth and porosity were reduced, and the compressive strength was increased.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.38-40
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• 2010

이 논문은 먼저 서울대병원 PET/CT 외부 반입 영상 자료의 현황을 파악하고 이를 바탕으로 현재 각 병원 간 전송을 위해 사용되는 PET/CT 영상 자료의 현황과 문제점에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 2010년 1월부터 4월까지 외부 병원에서 의뢰한 PET/CT 영상 판독 의뢰가 있었던 64개 병원을 대상으로 하였다. 각 병원들의 PET/CT 영상 자료에 대해 개별 PET과 CT 영상 자료 제공 여부, PET/CT 융합 영상 제공 여부 등을 조사하였다. 그리고 외래 판독 의뢰가 많았던 병원 상위 5개 병원의 핵의학과 책임자에게 전화를 통한 설문 조사를 실시하였다. 질문 항목은 각 병원 핵의학과에서는 외부 병원 반출용 PET/CT 영상 자료의 구성에 대해 알고 있는지 여부와 핵의학과 자체에서 외부 병원 영상을 처리하는지 여부이다. 서울대병원에 판독이 의뢰된 64개 병원의 PET/CT 영상 CD 자료에 대해 조사하였다. 이 중 횡단면 PET 영상을 제공해준 병원은 조사된 전체 병원의 73%, 횡단면 CT 영상을 제공해준 병원은 조사된 전체 병원의 73%에 불과하였으며 횡단면 융합 영상을 제공해준 병원은 조사된 전체 병원의 77%, MIP 영상을 제공해준 병원은 조사된 전체 병원의 86%였다. 그리고 병원마다 보내는 데이터들이 다 제각각이었다. 어떤 경우는 DICOM 표준형식의 횡단면 PET/CT 영상 등 모든영상이 포함된 경우도 있고 반대로 MIP 영상과 2차원 캡쳐 영상이 없는 경우도 있다. 최소한의 영상을 포함시키는 것도 중요하지만 불필요하게 많은 영상 정보들은 저장 매체의 용량과 영상의 복사 등의 이동 시간에도 비효율적이다. 가장 중요한 DICOM 표준 형식의 횡단면 PET/CT 영상을 전혀 포함하지 않은 병원들을 대상으로 한 전화 설문에서는 핵의학과 자체에서 외부 반출용 PET/CT 영상 자료의 구성에 대해 모르고 있었으며 핵의학 영상 자료를 PACS에 올리고 외부 반출용 영상 CD 제작을 타 부서에서 진행하고 있었다. 현재 각 병원들에서 외부 병원으로 복사하여 보내는 PET/CT 영상 자료 CD는 전체 대상 병원의 27% 이상에서 제한적인 영상만을 포함하고 있어 외부 병원 영상을 받아 환자진료에 이용하는 병원에서는 제한된 영상 정보로 인한 PET/CT 검사의 판독 및 활용 상의 어려움, 재촬영에 따른 추가 의료비 지출이 상당한 문제가 되고 있다. 각 병원들에서 외부 병원으로 보내는 PET/CT 영상 자료에는 최소한 DICOM 표준 형식의 전체 횡단면 PET 영상과 전체 횡단면 CT 영상을 필수적으로 포함시키도록 하고 불필요한 영상을 최소화하는 학회 차원에서의 외부 반출 PET/CT 영상에 대한 가이드라인 마련이 필요하다고 사료된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.1529-1538
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• 2017

Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic and clinically significant emerging pathogen. We investigated the relative roles of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 in initiating host defenses against K. pneumoniae. TLR2 knockout (KO), TLR4 KO, TLR2/4 double KO (DKO), and wild-type (WT) mice were inoculated with K. pneumoniae. Mice in each group were sacrificed after either 12 or 24h, and the lungs, liver, and blood were harvested to enumerate bacterial colony-forming units (CFU). Cytokine and chemokine levels were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time PCR, and pneumonia severity was determined by histopathological analysis. Survival was significantly shortened in TLR4 KO and TLR2/4 DKO mice compared with that of WT mice after infection with $5{\times}10^3CFU$. TLR2 KO mice were more susceptible to infection than WT mice after exposure to a higher infectious dose. Bacterial burdens in the lungs and liver were significantly higher in TLR2/4 DKO mice than in WT mice. Serum $TNF-{\alpha}$, MCP-1, MIP-2, and nitric oxide levels were significantly decreased in TLR2/4 DKO mice relative to those in WT mice, and TLR2/4 DKO mice showed significantly decreased levels of $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, MCP-1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA in the lung compared with those in WT mice. Collectively, these data indicate that TLR2/4 DKO mice were more susceptible to K. pneumoniae infection than single TLR2 KO and TLR4 KO mice. These results suggest that TLR2 and TLR4 play cooperative roles in lung innate immune responses and bacterial dissemination, resulting in systemic inflammation during K. pneumoniae infection.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.405-412
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 다공성 특성을 갖는 제올라이트와 활성 황토를 대상으로 시멘트 대체 혼화재로 20%, 30%, 40%로 치환하여 모르타르의 물리적 특성 및 미세 분석을 통한 화학적 특성을 평가하였다. 먼저, 제올라이트 및 활성 황토 재료의 물리적, 화학적 특성을 검토한 결과 시멘트의 비표면적이 비슷함을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 주요 화학 조성이 SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃ 등으로 나타남에 따라 포졸란 반응성 재료의 특성을 갖는 것을 확인하였다. 시멘트 대비 치환량에 따른 강도시험 결과 제올라이트 및 활성 황토의 치환량 증가에 따라 강도는 저감하는 것을 확인 하였으며, 20% 치환 배합에서는 OPC 대비 강도 발현이 높은 것을 확인하였다. 미세분석 실험을 통해 제올라이트 및 활성 황토의 화학 특성으로 공극량이 증가함을 확인하였으며, 특히 활성 황토를 혼입한 모르타르에서는 공극크기가 1㎛ 이상이 다량 발생하였다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.15-27
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• 2007

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of Ulmus davidiana Planch herbal acupuncture(UA) to inhibit nuclear $factor(NF)-{\kappa}B$ activation on type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. Methods : Using an in vitro test, the synoviocytes picked out from the experimental CIA mice were subcultured. The synoviocyte cells were treated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate(PMA) for 1 hour prior to the addition of indicated concentrations($0.4\;-\;1.0mg/m{\ell}$) of UA, and the cells were further incubated for 24 hours. The in vivo test, $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65, inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), vascular cell adhesion molecule(VCAM)-1 production and apoptosis was observed by immunohistochemical staining. Results : The PMA-induced $I{\kappa}B$ kinase(IKK), iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression were dose-dependently decreased in UA treated synoviocytes. Using the in vivo test, the number of eosinophils in mice treated with UA noticeably decreased in the the CIA group(P<0.05 using student t test). In mice treated with UA, there was less cartilage erosion. less bone destruction, mild synovial hyperplasia, mild fibrosis, and mild angiogenesis with less MIP-2 production. By immunohistochemical staining, suppression of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65, iNOS production, inhibition of COX-2 production, inhibition of VCAM-1 production and inducing apoptosis were observed. Conclusions : These results suggest that UA might be applicable to the therapy of RA to suppress $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.65-81
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• 2016

Objectives : Haedoksamul-tang (HSTE), a water extract from a mixture of Phellodendri Cortex, Coptidis, Scutellariae Radix, Gardeniae Fructus, Angelica acutiloba Radix, Cnidii Rhizoma, Paeoniae Radix, Rehmanniae Radix, has been traditionally used for allergic skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis in oriental countries. However, little is known about the effects of aqueous extract of HSTE on trimellitic anhydride (TMA)-induced contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in a mouse model. Methods : In this study, we investigate the pharmacological effects of HSTE on TMA-induced CHS in Balb/c mice. Contact hypersensitivity was induced in mice by topically sensitizing and challenging with TMA in flank skin and ears during oral administration (for 17 days) and topical treatment (30 min before challenge) with HSTE. We examined the effects of HSTE on IgE and IgG1 levels, inflammatory parameters in ear tissues, CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio, cytokine and chemokine production in sera, tissues, and immune cells from TMA-sensitized mice.Results : Oral and topical administration with HSTE reduced, in a dose dependent manner, thickness and leukocyte infiltration of ear tissues and IgE levels in serum from mice sensitized with TMA. In addition, auricula lymph node cells isolated from TMA-sensitized mice significantly elevated the expression ratio of CD4⁺/CD8⁺ as well as increased the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IFN-γ by ex vivo stimulation with antibodies against CD3 and CD28, and these inflammatory indexes, except for IFN-γ, were significantly suppressed by orally and topically administration of HSTE. Furthermore, stimulation of auricula lymph node cells from TMA-sensitized mice with antibodies against CD3 and CD28 increased the production of MCP-1/CCL2 and MIP-1α/CCL3, and these effects were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner in cells from mice treated with HSTE. Conclusions : These results suggest that HSTE can be used for treating contact hypersensitivity by inhibiting leukocyte infiltration as well as production of serum IgE and chemokine/Th2 cytokine in an animal model.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.93-97
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• 2016

유방암 환자에 대한 세기조절방사선치료(IMRT)를 수행함에 있어서 환자의 호흡이 계획표적부피(PTV) 내의 선량분포에 미치는 영향을 평가하고 그 영향을 감소시킬 수 있는 방안에 대해 연구를 수행하였다. 이에 따라 호흡위상별 전산화단층 촬영술(4DCT) 영상을 획득하여 IMRT 치료계획에 적용하고 호흡위상 30%와 60%, 90%에서 PTV에 조사된 선량분포와 선량균질지수(HI), 덮힘율지수(CVI), 처방선량지수(CI)를 선량-부피히스토그램(DVH)을 이용하여 비교하였다. 또한 치료 부위의 피부에 조직보상체와 가상계획표적부피 설정을 통하여 유방암 IMRT중에 발생할 수 있는 호흡운동에 의한 부작용 감소 효과를 평가해 보았다. 조직보상체를 사용하지 않는 경우에 HI가 2배 증가하고 CVI는 상대적으로 감소하였으나 조직 보상체와 가상계획표적부피를 사용한 경우에는 환자의 호흡에 따른 표적부피 선량 변화가 상대적으로 크지 않게 평가되었다. 따라서 유방암 환자의 대한 IMRT 치료에서의 정밀도 향상을 위하여 조직보상체 및 가상계획표적부피 사용이 한가지 방안이 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.230-235
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• 2001

Background: Finding of the regulation of various gene expression by cytokine including $IFN-{\gamma}$ in hematopoietic stem cell will light up the understanding of pathogenesis of aplastic anemia in various aspects. To study on aplastic anemia, however, we have to circumvent the difficulty of directly obtaining bone marrow stem cells from the patient. Therefore, we tried to find out a cell can replace the bone marrow stem cells for study on cell signaling pathway and regulation of gene expression by $IFN-{\gamma}$. Materials and Methods: HL-60 cells, of 20 ng/mL of $IFN-{\gamma}$. Total RNA was isolated from the cells and RT-PCR of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), $IFN-{\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, $MIP-1{\alpha}$, and $TGF-{\beta}2$ was carried out for the estimation of the gene expression. Results: $IFN-{\gamma}$ induced IDO gene expression of mononuclear cells from umbilical cord blood showed similar pattern as compared to that of bone marrow. Whether $INF-{\gamma}$ was treated or not, $TNF-{\alpha}$ was expressed in both mononuclear cells from umbilical cord blood and bone marrow. However, HL-60 cells showed different expression patterns. HL-60 cells would express neither IDO nor $TNF-{\alpha}$ even under the culture with 20ng/mL of $IFN-{\gamma}$. Conclusion: Our results showed bone marrow can be replaced with mononuclear cells from umbilical cord blood in the study on the relation between aplastic anemia and $IFN-{\gamma}$ including $IFN-{\gamma}$ cell signaling pathway.