• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.6-15
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• 2016

The oxygen fuel MILD (Moderate or Intense Low-oxygen Dilution) combustion has been considered as one of the promising combustion technology for flame stability, high thermal efficiency, low emissions and improved productivity. In this paper, the effect of oxygen and fuel injection condition on formation of MILD combustion was analyzed using lab scale oxygen fuel MILD combustion furnace. The results show that the flame mode was changed from a diffusion flame mode to a split flame mode via a MILD combustion flame mode with increasing the oxygen flow rate. A high degree of temperature uniformity was achieved using optimized combination of fuel and oxygen injection configuration without the need for external oxygen preheating. In particular, the MILD combustion flame was found to be very stable and constant flame temperature region at 7 KW heating rate and oxygen flow rate 75-80 l/min.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.215-222
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• 2003

Mild combustion or Flameless oxidation(FLOX) have been considered as one of the most prospective clean-combustion technologies to meet both the targets of high process efficiency and low pollutant emissions. A mild combustor with high air preheating and strong internal exhaust gas recirculation is characterized by relatively low flame temperature, low NOx emissions, no visible flame and no sound. In this study, the Steady Flamelet Approach has been applied to numerically analyze the combustion processes and NOx formation in the mild combustor. The detailed discussion has been made for the basic characteristics of mild combustor, numerical results and limitation of the present combustion modeling.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.8-16
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• 2017

MILD combustion was first developed to suppress thermal NOx formation in combustor for heating industrial furnaces. In this paper, the effect of co-flow MILD combustor geometry and operating conditions on the formation of MILD combustion was analyzed using 3 dimensional numerical simulation. The numerical simulations were carried out using ANSYS Fluent. The combustion and turbulence flow was modeled using the Eddy Dissipation Concept(EDC) model and realizable $k-{\varepsilon}$ model respectively. The results show that the high temperature region and average temperature decreased due to an increase in the air velocity and decrease the wall thickness of fuel nozzle. In particular, the MILD combustion flame was found to be stable with a combustion flame region at fuel velocity 10 m/s, air velocity 20 m/s, fuel nozzle thickness 1.0 mm, equivalence ratio 0.9, and outlet area ratio 40%.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.60-67
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• 2005

Mild combustion or Flameless oxidation(FLOX) have been considered as one of the most prospective clean-combustion technologies to meet both the targets of high process efficiency and low pollutant emissions. A mild combustor with high air preheating and strong internal exhaust gas recirculation is characterized by relatively low flame temperature, low NOx emissions, no visible flame and no sound. In this study, the Steady Flamelet Approach has been applied to numerically analyze the combustion processes and NOx formation in the mild combustor. The detailed discussion has been made f3r the basic characteristics of mild combustor, numerical results and limitation of the present combustion modeling.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.43-50
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• 2017

In this study, the multi-environment probability density function(MEPDF) approach has been applied to numerically investigate Delft-Jet-in-Hot-Coflow(DJHC) turbulent flames under Moderate or Intense Low-oxygen Dilution (MILD) combustion condition. Computations are made for two different jet velocities(Re = 4100 and 8800). In terms of mean axial velocity, temperature, and turbulent kinetic energy, numerical results are in reasonably good agreements with experimental data even if there exist the noticeable deviations in downstream region. Based on numerical results, the detailed discussions are made for the essential features of the non-visible flame structure and MILD combustion processes.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.3370-3375
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• 2014

MILD combustion is a highly favored technology for solving the trade-off relation between high thermal efficiency and low pollutant emissions. The system has low NOx concentration in high temperature combustion by recirculating the combustion gas, as well as improving the thermal efficiency by making the internal temperature in a combustion furnace uniform. This study describes the combustion characteristics of a conical MILD combustor in a laboratory-scale furnace by adjusting the equivalence ratio with the fuel gas flow rate while maintaining a constant air flow rate of the furnace. The MILD regime in the furnace is well characterized and the in-furnace temperature and emissions were predicted, respectively, for the range of equivalence of 0.69 - 0.83. For the range of equivalence ratios, this study confirmed the existence of a stable flame region that has an approximately $300^{\circ}C$ temperature difference between the maximum flame temperature region and main reaction region.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.153-156
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• 2008

MILD combustion has been successfully applied to gaseous fuels and few commercial systems are now in operation. Extending MILD combustion applicability to solid fuel of sawdust is the focus of the present work. The MILD combustion furnace at the University of Adelaide in Australia was used in this study. A measurement of $O_2$ and CO emissions have been carried out in parallel with consideration of NOx emission and compared in each modes of conventional natural gas combustion, natural gas MILD combustion, NOx emission in natural gas MILD combustion mode can be reduced to 20% in comparison with conventional combustion. Emission in cases of air carrying sawdust combustion and $CO_2$ carrying sawdust combustion were also compared. Air and $CO_2$ were sued as a carry gas for the sawdust. It was found that MILD conditions are possible for sawdust particles of less than $355{\mu}m$ without additional air pre-heating. It was also found that when using $CO_2$ as the carry gas the flame inside the furnace was not visible anymore and that NOx emission dropped to less than two folds.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.8-11
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• 2004

Conditional sampling measurement is required for conditional averages as well as unconditional Favre averages to resolve different flame structures of turbulent combustion. A Favre average can be obtained as an integral of conditional average and Favre PDF in terms of the mixture fraction, which is a preferred choice as a sampling variable in diffusion controlled turbulent combustion. MILD combustion data are presented as an example for a conditionally averaged data set and comparison with CMC calculation results.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2012.04a
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• pp.263-266
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• 2012

The characteristics of mild combustion and pollutant emission were investigated computationally with supplied air stream temperature and dilution rate in jet flame. The air was diluted with main combustion products. As dilution rate increased at fixed air temperature, the temperature distribution of burner inside was uniformed and the maximum mole fraction of CO and NO was decreased. In addition, emission indices for NO, CO, and $CO_2$ were compared with air temperature and dilution rate.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.26-42
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• 1989

It has between investigated that the optimum spaying conditions, such as, spraying distance, fusing temperature and fusing time, ect, in a Ni-cr base self fluxing alloy sprayed on the mild steel substrate by oxygen-acetylenc flame spraying. Sprayed specimens on various conditions were fuused in a vacuum furnace and the results were as follows. The optimum spraying condition for excellent coating layer are obtained under spraying distances, fusing temperature and fusing and time ; 180~240mm,1050~110$0^{\circ}C$and 15~30min, respectively. The adhesive strength and surface hurface hardness of the as sprayed specimens were very low by mechanical bonding becaus of the diffusion layer during process. The carbides and borides and formed in the sprayed coating layer and densification of the layer was resulted from the elimination of pores and oxides. The hardness of sprayed coating layer, particularly in the high temperature, was superior to ordinary tool steels.