• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.87-94
• /
• 2016

High-rise as a building typology is gaining popularity in Asian mega-cities, due to its advantages in increasing volumetric density with limited land resources. Numerous factors contribute to the formation of high-rise urban form, from economical and institutional, environmental to socio-political. Environmental concerns over the impact of rapid urbanization in developing economies demand new thought on the link between urban environment and urban form. Outdoor and indoor climate, pedestrian comfort, and building energy consumption are all related to and impacted by urban form and building morphology. There are many studies and practices on designing individual "green" high-rise buildings, but far fewer studies on designing high-rise building clusters from the perspective of environmental performance optimization.. This paper focuses on the environmental perspective, and its correlation with the evolution of the high-rise urban form. Previous studies on urban morphology in terms of environmental and energy performance are reviewed. Studies on "parameterizing" urban morphology to estimate its environmental performance are reviewed, and the possible urban design implications of the study are demonstrated in by the author, by way of a microclimate map of the iconic Shanghai Xiao Lujiazui CBD. The study formulates the best-practice design guidelines for creating walkable and comfortable outdoor space in a high-rise urban setting, including proper sizing of street blocks and building footprint, provision of shading, and facilitating urban ventilation.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.15-26
• /
• 1992

To investigate the seasonal effects on physiological responses of human body, clothing micro-climate, and subjective sensation, selected the cloths the most frequently dressed by men in spring and fall, and completed wearing trials in the climatic chamber. The results are as follows: 1. Rectal temp. ranged 36.8-37.1$^{\circ}C$ in either spring or fall, and no seasonal effect was found. 2. In skin temp., there was no seasonal effect in forehead, abdomen, and forearm. Skin temp. of chest was higher in spring than in fall. On the contrary, reverse was true in high and leg. Average skin temp. ranged 32.2-33.2$^{\circ}C$ in spring and 32.9-34.$0^{\circ}C$ in fall. 3. Average total sweat rate of spring, 79.4g/hr, was smaller than that of fall, 110.9g/hr. 4. Clothing temp. ranged 28.1-32.8$^{\circ}C$ in spring and 27.6-31.$0^{\circ}C$ in fall. Clothing humidity ranged 36.9-48.9% in spring and 38.2-51.1% in fall. Therefore, clothing microclimate was higher during fall than during spring. As results, skin temp. of the body core except chest did not show seasonal variation, but there was obvious seasonal variation in skin temp. of the extremities. Therefore, seasonal variation should be take into consideration in the experiments related to the cloth. In addition, standard for each season and the degree of work performance should be re-established in clothing micro-climate.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.34 no.5 s.118
• /
• pp.70-75
• /
• 2006

The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of difference in urban tree plantings on microclimate amelioration, and to suggest essential information for quantifying urban energy budgets and energy savings. This study was focused on measuring and analyzing air temperature and relative humidity in summer. Daytime air temperatures at places with 8%, 24%, 44%, 79%, and 100% cover of woody plants were, respectively, $0.6^{\circ}C,\;1.3^{\circ}C,\;2.4^{\circ}C,\;3.5^{\circ}C,\;and\;4.8^{\circ}C$ cooler, compared to a place with 0% cover. A 10% increase of woody plant cover was estimated to reduce the temperature by approximately $0.55^{\circ}C$. The temperature reduction effects were relatively greater between places with lower cover of woody plants than between those with higher cover. Woody plant cover and crown volume were the appropriate indicators which quantified the effects of tree plantings on air temperatures, based on the correlation analysis. Regression equations to estimate temperature change ($Y:^{\circ}C$) using woody plant cover ($X_1:%$) or crown volume ($X_2:m^3$) as independent variables are as follows: $$1nY=3.3233-0.0018X_1\;(r^2=0.99,\;p<0.0001)\;Y=27.5297-0.0019X_2\;(r^2=0.96,\;p=0.0007)$$

• Architectural research
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.73-84
• /
• 2023

Indoor thermal conditions greatly affect the health and comfort of humans who occupy the space in it. The purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of water and vegetation elements as a microclimate modifier in buildings to obtain thermal comfort through the study of thermal environment models. This research covers two objects, namely public buildings and housing in Makassar City, South Sulawesi Prov-ince - Indonesia. Quantitative methods through field surveys and measurements based on thermal and personal variables. Data analysis based on ASHRAE 55 2020 standard. The data was processed with a parametric statistical approach and then simulated with the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation method to find a thermal prediction model. The model was made by increasing the ventilation area by 2.0 m2, adding 10% vegetation with shade plant characteristics, moving water features in the form of fountains and increasing the pool area by 15% to obtain PMV + 0.23, PPD + 8%, TSV-1 - +0, Ta_25.7℃, and relative humidity 63.5 - 66%. The evaluation shows that the operating temperature can analyze the visitor's comfort temperature range of >80% and comply with the ASHRAE 55-2020 standard. It is concluded that water elements and indoor vegetation can be microclimate modifiers in buildings to create desired comfort conditions and adaptive con-trols in buildings such as the arrangement of water elements and vegetation and ventilation systems to provide passive cooling effects in buildings.

• Human Ecology Research
• /
• v.62 no.2
• /
• pp.317-326
• /
• 2024

This study evaluated the thermal physiological and psychological responses elicited when wearing cold protective jackets with aerogel fillings in two cold environments, one without air velocities and one with air velocities (2.3 m·s-1), at an air temperature of 10℃. The participants were five healthy young males. Measures were taken of physiological parameters, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), core temperature, oxygen uptake (Vo2), and microclimate (temperature and humidity). The psychological parameters evaluated were thermal and wetness sensation. No differences were observed in systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen intake between the conditions. At tympanic temperature, a significant difference was observed between the conditions during exercise (p<.05); . A significant difference was observed in the microclimate temperature of the clothing according to the airflow, and temperature changes in the chest and back revealed different patterns. Significant differences were observed in thermal sensation (whole body (p<.05), chest (p<.05), back (p<.01)) between airflow conditions. The results therefore indicate that cold protective jackets with an aerogel filling are suitable for people operating in low-temperature and airflow environments.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.294-303
• /
• 2020

This study aimed to examine was conducted to the ability of microclimate control in old pine forests by surveying pine forest in Buddhist temples, where the pine forest are stably growing through active protection in the Gyeongnam region, and comparing variation characteristics of microclimate characteristics (temperature and humidity) and distribution of vegetation type. The study sites were pine forests protected well by Buddhist temples (Haein-sa, Beomeo-sa, Tongdo-sa, and Bulguk-sa) in the southeast region of Korea and thus known for stably growing young pine trees. According to the vegetation distribution status analysis, these pine forests did not have a high ratio of pine trees. Except for Tongdo-sa, the ratio of deciduous forest and mixed (deciduous and pine trees) forest had a much larger presence than that of pine forest. Measured data of microclimate showed that the Tongdo-sa area had significantly different characteristics compared to the other three areas. Tongdo-sa area showed a significantly higher diurnal range of temperatures and humidity than the other three areas, in both spring and summer. It is due to the difference in vegetation management. The forests around Tongdo-sa are mostly pine forests, except for the developed areas, while those in the other three areas have a dominant ratio of deciduous brad-leaved forests. Intensive control of pine forest is not effective in mitigating microclimate, i.e., temperature and air humidity. Stress caused by rising temperatures and decreasing air humidity is blamed for the decline of pine forests. Thus, the current active management of pine forests, such as the Tongdo-sa case, has been found to have a greater negative impact on the temperature and humidity stress. Therefore, we believe that a new change in forest management is necessary to increase the effect of mitigating the microclimate of pine forests.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.43 no.5
• /
• pp.55-64
• /
• 2015

In this study, negative air ions, which can increase comfort and positively influence human health, was set as an evaluative factor for school forests. The characteristics, location and microclimate of school forests were examined to determine an effective school forest model for maximum negative air ion generation. It also aimed to provide basic data for the development of urban green fields. The negative air ion concentrations were different according to the green types. The order from the highest to the lowest was: single-layer structure($934ea/cm^3$) > multi-layer structure($794ea/cm^3$) > grass($553ea/cm^3$) > bare ground($529ea/cm^3$). As for the correlation with microclimate, negative air ion concentration was negatively correlated with temperature. The negative air ion concentration was significantly different according to planting type. The negative air ion concentration was higher at single-layer structure sites than at multi-layer structure sites, which appears to indicate that the temperature is higher when the vegetation structure was single-layer compared to multi-layer. Wind speed was higher at the single-layer planted site than at the multi-layer planted site. The vegetation wind shielding effect was lower at single-layer planted sites than at multi-layer planted sites. The single-layer planted site provided more favorable conditions for the generation and dispersion of negative air ions.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.87-94
• /
• 2000

To recommend adequate covering materials and shapes of rice nursery bed for mechanical transplanting rice seedling, measuring of microclimate inside the rice nursery protected by polyethylene tunnel type, polyester tunnel type, and polyester flat type was compared to that outside the nursery. The vapor pressure deficit inside the polyester tunnel and polyethylene tunnel was higher than that outside the tunnel during daytime on a sunny day. During daytime on cloudy with rain day, the vapor pressure deficit inside polyester tunnel was higher than that in polyethylene tunnel or outside the nursery tunnel. The heat fluxes in the rice nursery tunnel during daytime flowed more to the soil than to the outside tunnel. Amounts of soil heat fluxes in polyethylene tunnel were higher than in polyester flat and polyester tunnel. The vertical profile of air temperature inside the nursery tunnel came to inversion during daytime and was lapse during nighttime regardless weather condition. The maximum temperature inside the nursery tunnel were 47.2$^{\circ}C$ in polyethylene tunnel and 37.$0^{\circ}C$ in polyester tunnel which was 21.1$^{\circ}C$ and 10.9$^{\circ}C$ higher than outside the tunnels respectively on sunny day. On cloudy with rain day, the temperature inside nursery tunnel was higher 8.4$^{\circ}C$ and 4.$0^{\circ}C$ polyethylene and polyester tunnel respectively then outside. Daily temperature changes became larger in the polyethylene tunnel, polyester tunnel, and outside the nursery tunnel in order. The rice seedling growth in polyester tunnel was better than the other nursery beds.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.205-240
• /
• 1992

In reality, it is a green revolution of the entire agricultural matrix in Korea that integrated pest control plays an important role in the possible breakthrough in rice self-sufficiency. In paddy agroecosystem as man-modified environment, rice is newly established every year by transplantation under diverse water regimes which affect a microclimate. Standing water benefits rice by regulating the microclimate, but it favors the multiplication of certain pets through the amelioration of the microclimate. Further, the introduction of high yielding varieties with the changing of cultural practices results in changing occurrence pattern of certain pests. In general, japonica type varieties lack genes resistant to most of the important pests and insect-borne virus diseases, whereas indica type possesses more genes conferring varietal resistance. Thus, this differences among indica type, form the background of different approaches to pest management. The changes in rice cultivation such as double cropping, growing high-yielding varieties requiring heavy fertilization, earlier transplanting, intensvie-spacing transplanting, and intensive pesticide use as a consequence of the adoption of improves rice production technology, have intensified the pest problems rather than reduced them. The cultivation of resistant varieties are highly effective to the pest, their long term stability is threathened because of the development of new biotypes which can detroy these varieties. So far, three biotypes of N. lugens are reported in Korea. Since each resistant variety is expected to maintain several years the sequential release of another new variety with a different gene at intervals is practised as a gene rotation program. Another approach, breeding multilines that have more than two genes for resistance in a variety are successfully demonstrated. The average annual rice losses during the last 15 years of 1977-’91 are 9.3% due to insect pests without chemical control undertaken, wehreas there is a average 2.4% despite farmers’insecticide application at the same period. In other words, the average annual losses are prvented by 6.9% when chemical control is properly employed. However, the continuous use of a same group of insecticides is followed by the development of pest resistance. Resistant development of C. suppressalis, L. striatellus and N. cincticeps is observed to organophosphorous insecticides by the mid-1960s, and to carbamates by the early 1970s in various parts of the country. Thus, it is apparent that a scheduled chemical control for rice production systems becomes uneconomical and that a reduction in energy input without impairing the rice yield, is necessarily improved through the implementation of integrated pest management systems. Nationwide pest forecasting system conducted by the government organization is a unique network of investigation for purpose of making pest control timely in terms of economic thresholds. A wise plant protection is expected to establish pest management systems in appropriate integration of resistant varieties, biological agents, cultural practices and other measures in harmony with minimizing use of chemical applications as a last weapon relying on economic thresholds.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.29 no.1 s.139
• /
• pp.35-45
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate thermal properties of soccer wear with different materials and designs. As a beginning step, the questionnaire survey about the actual condition of soccer wears was conducted. with the results of the questinnaire, two soccer wears with new material and design that were improved in tactile sensations, absorption and ventilation were developed. We evaluated thermal and subjective responses of subjects wearing Korea national soccer team uniform in 1998 World Cup (Uniform 98), soccer wear with new material and same design(New II) and with new material and new design(New I). New I was made with mesh in armhole for improving ventilation. Rectal temperature, skin temperature, clothing microclimate, and heart rate were measured in climatic chamber test(twelve times) and field test(eighteen times). The results were as follows. 1. As the results of the climatic chamber test, rectal temperature was lower in New I and New II than Uniform98, and mean skin temperature was lower in New I than Uniform 98 and New II. Heart rate was lower in New I than New II, and total body weight loss and local sweating were not significantly different by soccer wears. 2. As the results of the field test, rectal temperature was lower in New I than Uniform98 and New II. Mean skin temperature was lower in New II than Uniform98 and New I. Clothing microclimate temperature was lower in New II than Uniform98 and New 1, and clothing microclimate humidity was lower in New I, New II than Uniform 98. Heart rate was lower in New I than Uniform 98, New II and total body weight loss and local sweating were lower in New I, New II than Uniform 98. In conclusion, New I using new design using mesh in armhole and new material using sweat absorbent finishing was excellent from the point of view of physical responses, ventilation and sweat absorption.