• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.137-149
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• 2020

This study was carried out to analyze the monthly runoff concentration on non rainfall days in order to prepare basic data to compare the runoff concentration on rainfall days in 7 forest watersheds in the Republic of Korea. Forest stream water has been collected through 15 times of sampling in each watershed and analyzed based on the changes in concentration of Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD), Total Organic Carbon(TOC), Total Nitrogen(TN), and Total Phosphorus(TP). The average concentration was 0.8 mg/L for BOD, 1.4 mg/L for COD, 0.8 mg/L for TOC, 1.85 mg/L for TN and 0.002 mg/L for TP during non rainfall days. Coniferous forested watersheds showed higher value of TN and TP concentration. Concentrations of BOD and TP in early March (p<0.01) were affected by melt water flow input in spring season. Significant differences (p<0.01) in concentrations were observed in BOD and TOC, indicating seasonal rainfall and vegetation growth impacts on forest stream quality. Concentration of TN and TP showed significant positive correlation, and weak negative correlation was found in the concentration of BOD and TOC. It is expected that result of forest stream water on non rainfall days could be basic information in managing non-point source from forest watersheds.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.51-69
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• 2000

This dissertation was to research how some metal level within SipJeonDaeBo - Decoction, one of oriental prescriptions, influence Sprague-Dawley animals. 1. Under the experiment with drinking waters there was no metal ${\sim}0.65\;mg/L$ detected. A metal with feed found 0.001-376.983mg/kg. 2. In the mice's kidney, brain, bones used experiment, As searched 0.474 mg/kg, 0.486 mg/kg, 0.314 mg/kg 0.834 mg/kg respectively ; Cd 0.060 mg/kg, 0.045 mg/kg, 0.030 mg/kg, 0.353 mg/kg, ; Co 0.105 mg/kg, 0.063 mg/kg, 0.030 mg/kg, 0.399 mg/kg, ; Cr 0.292 mg/kg, 0.304 mg/kg, 0.234 mg/kg, 0.962 mg/kg, ; Cu 4.201 mg/kg, 3.759 mg/kg, 1.923 mg/kg, 0.484 mg/kg, ; Fe 57.535 mg/kg, 150.571 mg/kg, 17.178 mg/kg, 281.506 mg/kg, ; no Hg, Mn 0.612 mg/kg, 2.968 mg/kg, 0.528 mg/kg, 4.205 mg/kg, ; Ni 0.094 mg/kg, 0.072 mg/kg, 0.078 mg/kg, 27.714 mg/kg, ; Pb 0.269 mg/kg, 0.293 mg/kg, 0.283 mg/kg, 43.142 mg/kg ; Zn 4.149 mg/kg, 21.861 mg/kg, 8.088 mg/kg, 226.283 mg/kg respectively. 3. In level of hazardous metal within idney control group searched 0.194 {\pm}\; 0.052 mg/kg, experimental I g개up $0.189{\pm}0.036\;mg/kg$, experimental I group $0.264 {\pm}{\pm}\;0.179\;mg/kg$. In level of non hazardous metal control group searched $15.917{\pm}5.575\;mg/kg$, experiment I group $17.064{\pm}2.246\;mg/kg$, experiment II group $16.892{\pm}3.586\;mg/kg$. Besides in total level of metal control g.cup detected $6.484{\pm}2.258\;mg/kg$, experiment I group $6.940{\pm}0.914\;mg/kg$, experiment II group $6.915{\pm} 1.508\;mg/kg$ There all was no statistical significance. 4. In level of hazardous metal within the liver control group searched $0.187{\pm}0.048\;mg/kg$, experiment I g개up $0.168[\pm}0.079\;mg/kg$, experiment II group $0.277{\pm}0.159\;mg/kg$. In level of non hazardous heavy metal control group detected $44.925{\pm}18.468\;mg/kg$, experiment I group $39.917{\pm}12.772\;mg/kg$, experiment II group $49.525{\pm}33.484\;mg/kg$. Besides in total concentration control group searched $18.082{\pm}7.395\;mg/kg$, experiment I group $16.068{\pm}5.128\;mg/kg$, experiment II group $19.977{\pm}13.443\;mg/kg$. There was no statistical significance but hazardous metal gets more level in the experilnent group than in the control group. 5. In level of hazardous metal within brain control group searched $0.145{\pm}0.056\;mg/kg$, experiment I group $$0.167{\pm}0.030\;mg/kg, erperiment II group $0.172{\pm}0.123\;mg/kg$. In level of non hazardous heavy metal control group detected $6.488{\pm}0.965\;mg/kg$, experiment I group $7.290{\pm}0.588\;mg/kg$, experiment II group $7.010{\pm}1.627\;mg/kg$. Besides in total concentration control group searched $2.683{\pm}7.395\;mg/kg$, experiment I group $3.017{\pm}0.238\;mg/kg$, experiment II group $2.908 {\pm} 0.711\;mg/kg$. Therefore there was no statistical significance. 6. In level of hazardous metal within bone control group searched $8.172{\pm}5.195 \;mg/kg$, experiment I group $9.128{\pm}4.143\;mg/kg$, experiment II group $9.401{\pm}6.924\;mg/kg$. There is statistical significance(p<0.05). In level of non hazardous metal control group detected $94.065{\pm}36.035\;mg/kg$, experiment I group $147.563 {\pm}79.939\;mg/kg$, experiment II group $142.730{\pm}77.374\;mg/kg$. Besides in total level control group searched $48.530{\pm}16.523\;mg/kg$, experiment I group $64.502{\pm}31.078\;mg/kg$, experiment II group $62.733 {\pm}34.641\;mg/kg$. Therefore there was no statistical significance. 7 In the correlative research as to how each metal influences to ingestion Cd and Co searched 0.954 and Pb and Ni -0.0884 from kidney. Co and Cd was 0.995 and Zn and As -0.190 from liver. Co and Cd were 0.995 and Zn and Cu -0.393 from brain. Co and Cd were 0.998 and Zn and Mn -0.206 from bones

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.350-356
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• 2011

Environment-friendly agro-materials tend to be preferred to chemical insecticides recently. For this reason, many studies were conducted to develop environment-friendly insecticides containing natural materials. The purpose of this study was to assess ecotoxicity for 5 plant essential oils (Thyme white, Clove bud, Cassia, Lavender, Lemon eucalyptus) expected to prevent from pests and be used for agro-materials. Target species used to assess acute toxicity were aquatic invertebrate (Daphina magna), fish (Oryzias latipes), honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and earthworm (Eisenia fetida). The EC50 value, toxicological responses of thyme white, clove bud, and cassia to Daphina magna were 2.5, 2.8, and $6.9mg\;L^{-1}$ respectively and these values were moderately toxic according to standard of USEPA. $EC_{50}$ of Lavender and lemon eucalyptus were >$10mg\;L^{-1}$ then they were considered as slightly toxicity. In case of acute toxicity test to fish, $LC_{50}$ of thyme white and cassia were 6.7 and $7.5mg\;L^{-1}$ each other. The other plant essential oils indicated $LC_{50}$ >$10mg\;L^{-1}$. Acute contact and oral toxicity test to Honeybee were conducted. As a result, $LD_{50}$ of all essential oils were >$100{\mu}g$ a.i. $bee^{-1}$ in both of tests. In case of acute toxicity test to earthworm, $LC_{50}$ of thyme white, clove bud, cassia, lavender, and lemon eucalyptus were 149, 230, 743, 234, and $635mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. In conclusion, if the safety for earthworm is confirmed, 5 plant essential oils are expected to be use for environment-friendly insecticide materials with low risk against ecosystem and contribute to developing environment-friendly agro-materials.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.779-784
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• 2008

환경부에서 추진하고 있는 토지피복 중분류별 비점오염부하원단위를 산정하기 위한 사업 중 나지로 분류되는 채광지역의 비점오염부하를 측정하였다. 비점오염부하는 강원도 삼척시 도계읍의 도계 작업장(석탄)과 태백시 장성동의 태백 저탄소 등 2곳의 채광지역에서 2007년 9월부터 12월까지 2회의 강우유출사상을 대상으로 측정하였다. 2회 강우사상 동안 총강수량은 도계 작업장에서 149 mm이었으며 태백 저탄소에서 201 mm이었다. 유출량은 수위계와 유량계로 5분 단위로 측정하였으며, 수질시료는 자동채수기로 2시간 간격으로 채취하였다. 수질시료는 환경부의 공정시험법에 따라 SS, BOD, CODcr, T-N, T-P, 그리고 TOC 농도를 분석하였다. 그리고 일부의 시료에 대해서는 Zn, Cb, Cu, 그리고 Pb의 농도를 분석하였다. 도계 작업장의 유량가중평균농도는 갱내수의 수질에 많은 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 도계작업장의 일평균유량가중평균농도는 SS $86.3{\sim}94.9\;mg/{\ell}$, BOD $3.8{\sim}7.6\;mg/{\ell}$, COD $26.9{\sim}51.6\;mg/{\ell}$, T-N $1.5{\sim}2.1\;mg/{\ell}$, T-P $0.2\;mg/{\ell}$ 그리고 TOC $1.8{\sim}2.3\;mg/{\ell}$로 나타났다. 태백 저탄소의 일평균유량가중평균농도는 SS $16.5{\sim}66.6\;mg/{\ell}$, BOD $7.4{\sim}9.8\;mg/{\ell}$, COD $41.1{\sim}66.7\;mg/{\ell}$, T-N $0.7{\sim}1.1\;mg/{\ell}$, T-P $0.2\;mg/{\ell}$ 그리고 TOC $1.7{\sim}2.6\;mg/{\ell}$로 나타났다. 중금속의 농도는 모든 시료에서 환경부의 배출허용기준농도보다 낮게 나타나거나 검출되지 않았다. 도계 작업장의 일오염부하는 SS $1,368.8{\sim}1,984.1\;kg/day$, BOD $56.6{\sim}128.9\;kg/day$, COD $385.7{\sim}933.7\;kg/day$, T-N $23.4{\sim}44.5\;kg/day$, T-P $2.1{\sim}4.8\;kg/day$ 그리고 TOC $24.3{\sim}39.3\;kg/day$이었다. 태백 저탄소의 일오염부하는 SS $8.2{\sim}162.1\;kg/day$, BOD $2.6{\sim}15.3\;kg/day$, COD $13.8{\sim}83.6\;kg/day$, T-N $0.2{\sim}3.1\;kg/day$, T-P $0.1{\sim}0.6\;kg/day$ 그리고 TOC $0.7{\sim}4.4\;kg/day$로 나타났다. 본 연구는 2회의 강우유출사상에 대하여 측정한 자료이므로 연평균농도나 연평균오염부하로 활용하기는 어렵다. 그러나 석탄광산지역의 비점오염부하를 이해하는데 활용할 수 있으며 또한 장기적인 연구자료로 활용하여 석탄광산지역의 비점오염원단위의 산정에 유용한 자료로 활용할 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.68-77
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• 2006

This study was peformed to document the association between nutrient intakes, body mass index (BMI), waist/hip ratio (WHR), and a major risk factor for chronic diseases. A three-day dietary intake survey, using a 24 hour recall method, was obtained from 187 subjects aged 46 to 84 (mean age 65.3) living in Wando island area. The average daily mean energy intakes were 1869.0 kcal for male and 1943.9 kcal for female, respectively. Daily intakes of protein for male and female were 28.0 and 30.4 g, and those of fat were 31.5 and 28.51 g, respectively Carbohydrate dependency was decreased with age. Protein dependency was increased with age. The mean intakes of energy, protein, Vit. A, Vit. D, Vit. E, Ca, Zn did not meet Korean RDA for elderly. The level of serum triglyceride was higher in males than in females and showed the tendency to increase with age in both sexes, whereas HDL-cholesterol tended to decrease with age in both sexes. The levels of serum total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly higher in males than in females, particularly in the age of $46\~59$ (p<0.05). The level of atherogenic index (AI) was significantly higher in females than in males, particularly in the age of 80 and over (p<0.05) Based on these results, it is evident that people in island area did not consume enough nutrient. Specially, dietary intake of protein was not adequate. This study implies that triglyceride, total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, AI were increased with increasing age, BMI and WHR.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.266-272
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• 2011

The safety of liquid-type herbal preparations (47 samples) and beverages containing herbal medicines (18 samples), which are distributed in Gyeonggi province was studied by analyzing heavy metals, benzo(a)pyrene, preservatives and sugar content and to explain the differences between medicine and food based on the labeling standards. The herbal preparation is regarded as medicine and can be differentiated from the beverages containing herbal medicine, which is food, based on the fact that the herbal preparation should be labeled with usage, dosage, efficiency and effect. The mean concentrations of Pb, As, Cd, Hg were found to be 0.014 mg/kg, 0.113 mg/kg, 0.004 mg/kg and 0.003 mg/kg in herbal preparation and 0.009 mg/kg, 0.122 mg/kg, 0.003 mg/kg and 0.002 mg/kg in beverages containing herbal medicines, respectively. In 10 cases of herbal preparations and 6 cases of beverages containing Rehmanniae Radix Preparata (Sukjihwang), benzo(a)pyrene was not found. According to preservative test on herbal medicine, dehydroacetic acid was found less than the indicated content in 6 cases out of 37 cases, which labeled with preservatives, and benzoic acid, dehydroacetic acid and methylparaben were contained with 164.0~198.0 mg/kg, 149.8~272.5 mg/kg and 88.4 mg/kg, respectively, in 3 cases out of 10 cases, which was not labeled with preservatives. Among 16 cases of beverages containing herbal medicines, 3 cases of preservative-labeled beverages had the preservatives, and the rest of all, which was not labeled with preservatives, did not show that they contain any preservative, therefore, it was suitable for the labeling standards. As a result of sugar content test, preservative-labeled products were not appreciably different from the others.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.1208-1213
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• 2008

The changes in the contents of GABA ($\gamma$-aminobutyric acid) and free amino acids (FAA) were analysed by HPLC in soybean fermented with Monascus pilosus IFO 480, which showed the highest GABA-producing ability among the five different strains. The significant increase (p<0.05) of GABA was observed in Monascusfermented soybean (MFS) with an average 4.5-fold increase of FAA. The contents of GABA (78.5 mg /100 g dry weight, dw) and FAA (5458.5 mg /100 g dw) were enhanced in MFS compared with unfermented soybean (31.5 mg /100 g dw, 1634.0 mg/100 g dw, respectively) during 30 days fermentation at $30^{\circ}C$. Acidic amino acids (i.e., glutamic acid and aspartic acid) in FAA files were found in large quantities (837.0 mg /100 g dw, 580.5 mg /100 g dw, respectively). Moreover, the sum of essential amino acids of MFS (1681.5 mg /100 g dw) at 20 days fermentation increased by 3.6 times compared with that of the control (469.0 mg /100 g dw). The results indicate that Monascus-fermentation have great potential for the enrichment of GABA and free amino acids in soybean.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.142-149
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• 2007

In this study, we investigated the biological activity of antioxidant and antibacterial activity of citrus by-product ferment. Hot water extracts and 80% methanol extracts from citrus byproduct of ferment were screened for antibacterial activity pathogenic bacteria by paper disc method. Among the various hot water extracts and 80% methanol extracts the Bacillus subtilis showed relatively strong antibacterial activities in the order. The reducing activity on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical and ${\cdot}OH$ radical scavenging potential were sequentially screened, in search for antioxidant activities of citrus by-product ferment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.123-130
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• 1989

Myofibrillar protein(myofibil) was prepared from Yellowtail fish (Seriola quinqueradiata), and then, it was stored at $0^{\circ}C$(ice-cooling), $-3.5^{\circ}C$(partial freezing) and $-20^{\circ}C$(freezing). Another myofibrils were prepared from the fish stored with ice-cooling, partial freezing and freezing for a week as the maximum. Denaturation of muscle protein during the storage was investigated by the measurement of $Ca^{2+}-$ and $Mg^{2+}-ATPase$ activity. Specific activity of $Ca^{2+}-\;and\;Mg^{2+}-ATPase$ associated with Yellowtail myofibrils was 0.155 and $0.149\;{\mu}\;mole$ Pi/min/mg of protein, respectively, before storgae. ATPase activity of myofibils did not show any significant difference between $0^{\circ}C$ and $-3.5^{\circ}C$ whereas it was decreased faster at $-20^{\circ}C$ than at $0^{\circ}C$ or $-3.5^{\circ}C$. ATPase activity of myofibirls extracted from the fish stored for a week was 1.2-1.8 times higher than myofibils stored with ice-cooling or partial freezing while it was 2.5-3 times higher than that with freezing. Apparent denaturation constant of $Ca^{2+}-ATPase$ of myofibrils was between 0.48-0.65, and it was 2-3 times higher than that of $Mg^{2+}-ATPase$. The constant of myofibrils extracted from the fish did not show significant difference between $Ca^{2+}-\;and\;Mg^{2+}-ATPase$.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.825-837
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• 2004

Studies on the health problems of the elderly have been increased with increasing life expectancy of Koreans. To assess the health status of people over 50 years old including the elderly (678 free-living people: men (168), women (510)), anthropometric measurements and biochemical nutritional status were analyzed. General characteristics and the prevalences of specific diseases were also examined. The mean anthropometric values for males and females were heights of 162 cm and 149 cm, respectively; and weights of 59 kg and 52 kg, respectively, which were much lower than the Korean standards established in the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances. The mean BMI, WHR (waist hip ratio), and body fat rate (%), which are obesity indices, were significantly higher in females than in males. As the age went up, height, weight, lean body mass, and mid-arm circumference decreased. Whereas, blood pressure (SBP) for women increased. Mean blood HDL-cholesterol levels of men and women were 46.0 mg/dl and 46.3 mg/dl, respectively; their triglyceride levels were 129.1 mg/d1 and 135.6 mg/dl, respectively, which were not significantly different. Total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels were significantly higher in females than in males. For man there were significantly different in ${\gamma}$-GTP, Na levels by age. As the age went up for women, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, HDL-cholesterol, ${\gamma}$-GTP and $Ca^{2+}$ levels significantly decreased. Levels of total protein and albumin were above the lower normal limit for the majority of the participants. Prevalence of anemia, assessed by hemoglobin using World Health Organization (WHO) definition, was 43.9% for men and 42.1% for women. Also, many of the subjects were out of the normal range in total cholesterol (women), HDL-cholesterol, TAS (total antioxidant status), APase, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit levels. Therefore, measures to improve the biochemical nutritional status for the people in rural area are required.d.